劉萍 聶敏海
口腔腫瘤是臨床上常見(jiàn)的惡性腫瘤之一,95%以上來(lái)源于口腔黏膜的鱗狀細(xì)胞癌(oral squamous cell carcinoma,OSCC)[1]。據(jù)2012年全球腫瘤流行病統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)(GLOBOCAN2012)顯示,每年有約30萬(wàn)患者被診斷為唇、口腔癌[2]。目前,盡管口腔鱗狀細(xì)胞癌在外科手術(shù)、放療、化療等方面取得了一些新進(jìn)展,但5年生存率僅為50%~60%[3-4]。黏著斑激酶(focal adhesion kinase,F(xiàn)AK)是一種位于細(xì)胞內(nèi)的非受體型酪氨酸激酶,為整合素信號(hào)通路中的關(guān)鍵分子,介導(dǎo)腫瘤細(xì)胞的多個(gè)信號(hào)通路,可將細(xì)胞外的信號(hào)經(jīng)整合素及生長(zhǎng)因子受體等傳導(dǎo)至細(xì)胞內(nèi)[5]。FAK與細(xì)胞黏附密切相關(guān),參與腫瘤細(xì)胞遷移、侵襲及轉(zhuǎn)移。目前國(guó)內(nèi)外對(duì)FAK的研究越來(lái)越多,F(xiàn)AK也已成為研究與開(kāi)發(fā)新型抗腫瘤藥物的重要靶標(biāo)。本文就FAK與口腔鱗狀細(xì)胞癌關(guān)系的研究進(jìn)展作一綜述。
上世紀(jì)90年代早期研究發(fā)現(xiàn)FAK是一些病毒的致癌基因,其中包括HPV18及v-Src家族成員等[6]。FAK的相對(duì)分子量為125 kD,由1 052個(gè)氨基酸組成,其結(jié)構(gòu)可分為4個(gè)部分:N端的FERM(4.1-ezrin-radixinmoesin)區(qū)域、中間的激酶催化區(qū)域、C端的富含脯氨酸(PR1、PR2)區(qū)域以及黏著斑目標(biāo)(focal-adhesion targeting,F(xiàn)AT)區(qū)域,其中C端區(qū)域可決定黏著斑的復(fù)雜性,且在不同細(xì)胞間起關(guān)聯(lián)性作用;而N端的FERM區(qū)域可影響整聯(lián)蛋白及生長(zhǎng)因子受體,是激酶的催化劑,在Src磷酸化時(shí)對(duì)FAK激活起保護(hù)作用[7-8]。
腫瘤細(xì)胞侵襲需要黏著斑和細(xì)胞骨架力學(xué)上的變化、基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶(matrixmetalloproteinases,MMPs)的表達(dá)量或活性改變以及上皮細(xì)胞-間質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化(epithelialmesenchymal transition,EMT)。FAK可通過(guò)多種信號(hào)通路參與黏著斑的形成[9],還可通過(guò)多個(gè)作用位點(diǎn)及相關(guān)區(qū)域的激活促進(jìn)細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)移,其中包括Y925及Y397位點(diǎn)等。FAK的Y925位點(diǎn)可促進(jìn)Grb2基因編碼,從而激活Ras-MAPK信號(hào)通路,同時(shí)通過(guò)腫瘤細(xì)胞的Src通路影響細(xì)胞表面ME1-MMP分子表達(dá),從而介導(dǎo)內(nèi)皮血管收縮肽A2磷酸化,最終增強(qiáng)細(xì)胞的侵襲能力[10]。FAK在Y397位點(diǎn)可發(fā)生磷酸化,此位點(diǎn)可對(duì)細(xì)胞間的黏附信息發(fā)生反應(yīng),同時(shí)負(fù)責(zé)細(xì)胞的多項(xiàng)基本功能,對(duì)FAK的生物活性功能等有重要影響。FAK還可通過(guò)抑制細(xì)胞凋亡以及JNK下游區(qū)域的p30cas激活促進(jìn)細(xì)胞增殖[11]。整聯(lián)蛋白是一類(lèi)細(xì)胞黏附分子,可將細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)(extracellularmatrix,ECM)的信號(hào)向細(xì)胞內(nèi)傳遞。近期研究表明,F(xiàn)AK很大程度依靠整聯(lián)蛋白的吞噬作用以及促細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)、抗凋亡作用促進(jìn)腫瘤細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)移[12]。腫瘤組織中血運(yùn)豐富,新生血管較多,而這些新生血管滲出液可使內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞黏附關(guān)聯(lián)性減弱。研究表明,用小分子或單克隆抗體(monoclonal antibodies,mAbs)阻礙整聯(lián)蛋白表達(dá),腫瘤的血管生成明顯減少[13]。由此可見(jiàn),F(xiàn)AK可通過(guò)不同位點(diǎn)的激活,調(diào)節(jié)其他相關(guān)信號(hào)因子表達(dá),促進(jìn)腫瘤細(xì)胞血管生成、生長(zhǎng)以及細(xì)胞遷移、增殖、侵襲等過(guò)程。
FAK在不同起源的腫瘤細(xì)胞中隨腫瘤分化程度及轉(zhuǎn)移狀態(tài)的不同,其核酸及蛋白的表達(dá)也不同,但目前大多認(rèn)為在惡性程度高的腫瘤或發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)移的腫瘤組織中,F(xiàn)AK表達(dá)顯著升高??谇击[狀細(xì)胞癌是口腔黏膜的上皮癌,所處環(huán)境復(fù)雜,易受外界刺激,F(xiàn)AK在口腔鱗狀細(xì)胞癌中的研究也越來(lái)越多。近期研究表明,在頭頸部鱗狀細(xì)胞癌中,中斷FAK信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)過(guò)程,可導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞之間的黏附、細(xì)胞侵襲及運(yùn)動(dòng)能力減弱,由此認(rèn)為FAK在細(xì)胞的侵襲過(guò)程中扮演著重要角色[14]。
De Vicente等[15]研究表明,口腔上皮非典型異常增生組織轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榭谇击[狀細(xì)胞癌后,F(xiàn)AK表達(dá)量也增加,轉(zhuǎn)移后表達(dá)量較轉(zhuǎn)移前高,由此得出FAK可作為診斷口腔上皮癌前病變的腫瘤標(biāo)志物。Min等[16]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),F(xiàn)AK在口腔腫瘤相關(guān)成纖維細(xì)胞(CAFs)中的表達(dá)較正常人牙齦成纖維細(xì)胞(HGFs)高,并可促進(jìn)口腔鱗狀細(xì)胞癌細(xì)胞SCC-25遷移及侵襲。當(dāng)siRNA沉默F(xiàn)AK基因、減少FAK表達(dá)時(shí),則抑制SCC-25細(xì)胞遷移及侵襲。Rosado等[17]研究表明FAK在口腔鱗狀細(xì)胞癌中高表達(dá)與其調(diào)節(jié)并抑制p53表達(dá)密切相關(guān)。Chuang等[18]證實(shí)Cyr61可通過(guò)FAK、MEK、ERK等信號(hào)通路促進(jìn)MMP-3表達(dá),并通過(guò)提高FAK、MEK磷酸化促進(jìn)口腔鱗狀細(xì)胞癌遷移。Han等[19]研究表明,提高內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞FAK表達(dá)可促進(jìn)口腔內(nèi)皮腫瘤(oral intraepithelialneoplasia,OIN)轉(zhuǎn)化為口腔鱗狀細(xì)胞癌,同時(shí)可加快細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)及增殖。Nanda等[20]研究亦發(fā)現(xiàn),MMP-9通過(guò)激活并磷酸化FAK的Try397位點(diǎn),可促進(jìn)口腔鱗狀細(xì)胞癌侵襲。Hsin等[21]發(fā)現(xiàn)MMP-11可通過(guò)FAK/Src路徑激活OSCC并促進(jìn)其遷移,尤其是淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移。Chang等[22]通過(guò)對(duì)臨床病理標(biāo)本進(jìn)行研究發(fā)現(xiàn),F(xiàn)AK可分泌雌激素受體α(ERA),加速細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng),而雌激素α受FAK/AKT信號(hào)通路調(diào)節(jié),對(duì)其有促進(jìn)作用,由此得出雌激素α及FAK可作為口腔鱗狀細(xì)胞癌的治療靶點(diǎn)。
由此可見(jiàn),F(xiàn)AK與口腔鱗狀細(xì)胞癌的惡性程度及轉(zhuǎn)移程度呈正相關(guān),同時(shí)可與其他細(xì)胞分泌的多種物質(zhì)(MMPs)互相影響口腔鱗狀細(xì)胞癌生長(zhǎng)、遷移和侵襲等過(guò)程。
目前有較多關(guān)于FAK抑制劑的研究,早期一些可口服的非特異性ATP競(jìng)爭(zhēng)結(jié)合性FAK抑制劑,主要作用于非特異性受體結(jié)合部位。近期研究主要有關(guān)影響激酶磷酸化的變構(gòu)體,不像以往作用于A T P[23]。研究表明大多激酶抑制劑作用靶點(diǎn)為“DFG out”,這是位于Asp-P he-Gly(DGF)復(fù)合體附近的可激活蛋白激酶作用環(huán)(A-l oop)的位點(diǎn),也稱(chēng)為“DFG out”位點(diǎn)[24]?,F(xiàn)已有較多F A K抑制劑在臨床上使用,基礎(chǔ)研究及臨床試驗(yàn)等均取得較好的效果。
在臨床前期研究中,有多種F A K抑制劑,如SC-203950/Y15、CFA K-C4、DNX500、Y11、PF-431396、NVPTA E226等[25],其中NVP-TAE226是一種A T P競(jìng)爭(zhēng)結(jié)合性小分子酪氨酸激酶抑制劑,其作用靶點(diǎn)為F A K。研究表明,在體外細(xì)胞實(shí)驗(yàn)及體內(nèi)動(dòng)物模型誘癌實(shí)驗(yàn)中,NVP-TAE226可有效阻斷F A K信號(hào)通路,抑制腫瘤生長(zhǎng)及侵襲,延長(zhǎng)大鼠壽命[26-27]。
P F-00562271(P fizer)是一種A T P非依賴型小分子抑制劑,通過(guò)抑制血管增生,可有效治療頭頸部腫瘤、前列腺腫瘤及胰腺腫瘤[28]。V3-4718是一種針對(duì)腫瘤干細(xì)胞的抑制劑,目前仍處于臨床試驗(yàn)階段。2013年C E P-37440已開(kāi)始用于治療腫瘤晚期或伴有轉(zhuǎn)移的腫瘤。其他藥物治療無(wú)效時(shí),G S K-2256098可替代治療,其不良反應(yīng)較少,療效較好[25]。芬維A胺通過(guò)抑制F A K表達(dá),可減少O IN向口腔鱗狀細(xì)胞癌轉(zhuǎn)化,同時(shí)可促進(jìn)口腔鱗狀細(xì)胞癌細(xì)胞凋亡[29]。目前,還有類(lèi)似的F A K抑制劑正在投入臨床使用,提供了更多的選擇。
目前,F(xiàn) A K在口腔鱗狀細(xì)胞癌中的研究主要集中于信號(hào)通路、腫瘤相關(guān)表面標(biāo)志物、藥物治療等領(lǐng)域,基因領(lǐng)域及圍繞F A K的各種信號(hào)通路是否具有某種關(guān)聯(lián)互相影響,以及互相影響的機(jī)制尚不清楚。但隨著對(duì)F A K研究的深入,其在口腔鱗狀細(xì)胞癌中的作用機(jī)制也會(huì)逐漸明了,將為腫瘤預(yù)防和治療帶來(lái)新思路。
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