李思源,周杰,張鷗,耿雨,薛亞軍,劉芳,繆國斌*
冠狀動脈粥樣硬化性心臟病已成為威脅人類生命健康的一類重要疾病,其病理學(xué)基礎(chǔ)是冠狀動脈粥樣硬化性斑塊形成。冠狀動脈鈣化是冠狀動脈粥樣硬化斑塊發(fā)展到一定程度后鈣鹽在斑塊中沉積而形成的,是冠狀動脈粥樣硬化形成的特異性標(biāo)志,也是粥樣斑塊達(dá)到負(fù)荷程度的標(biāo)志,是冠狀動脈粥樣硬化性心臟事件發(fā)生的一個獨立預(yù)測因子。
最新研究表明,冠狀動脈粥樣硬化性鈣化是一個主動過程[1]。鈣化主要形式是羥磷灰石,鈣化過程有組織、有調(diào)控,主要與冠狀動脈粥樣硬化和炎癥相關(guān),炎癥甚至是動脈鈣化和動脈粥樣硬化的橋梁。年齡、吸煙、糖脂代謝紊亂、慢性腎臟病等各種危險因素可引起血管內(nèi)皮功能障礙,啟動炎癥反應(yīng),促進(jìn)動脈粥樣硬化發(fā)生和動脈壁細(xì)胞骨化。動脈粥樣硬化區(qū)域的間質(zhì)細(xì)胞(如血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞、成纖維細(xì)胞、平滑肌細(xì)胞)可形成類成骨細(xì)胞,類成骨細(xì)胞表達(dá)骨鈣素、骨橋蛋白、堿性磷酸酶等相關(guān)蛋白。在血鈣、血磷水平升高的基礎(chǔ)上,轉(zhuǎn)化生長因子、氧化低密度脂蛋白等可引起細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)鈣化,最終導(dǎo)致血管鈣化。
多項研究證實,基因、年齡、性別、憤怒抑郁情緒、吸煙、睡眠情況、高血壓、高血糖、高脂血癥、腎臟疾病等多種因素影響冠狀動脈鈣化的形成[2-5]。
全基因組關(guān)聯(lián)研究已經(jīng)確定了56個與冠狀動脈疾病風(fēng)險相關(guān)的位點,與冠狀動脈鈣化相關(guān)的基因有MRAS、PHACTR1、CDKN2BAS1、COL4A1-COL4A2、ADAMTS7[6]。另一研究表明,PHACTR1基因具有很大程度的多態(tài)性,在主動脈和心肌組織中高表達(dá),該基因表達(dá)減少后組織鈣化減少,反之則鈣化增加,表明PHACTR1基因的表達(dá)影響冠狀動脈鈣化[7]。
冠狀動脈鈣化發(fā)生率和鈣化積分隨年齡增長而增加[8],年齡和性別對其有顯著影響,其中男性冠狀動脈鈣化發(fā)生率明顯高于女性[9]。一項針對40~50歲健康成年人的臨床研究表明,22.4%男性和7.9%女性發(fā)生冠狀動脈鈣化;冠狀動脈鈣化男性發(fā)生突然事件風(fēng)險比冠狀動脈無鈣化者增加11.8倍,冠狀動脈鈣化檢測對于預(yù)測無癥狀年輕男性冠狀動脈粥樣硬化性心臟突發(fā)事件的發(fā)生有重要價值[10]。
研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn),憤怒抑郁情緒與冠狀動脈鈣化的發(fā)生密切相關(guān)[11,12],中位憤怒評分以上人群冠狀動脈鈣化的比率是中位憤怒評分人群的2倍,憤怒是支架植入術(shù)后再狹窄和頸動脈中膜增厚的預(yù)測因子。人憤怒時腎上腺素等兒茶酚胺水平升高,收縮壓升高,神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌調(diào)節(jié)時間延長,這可能與冠狀動脈鈣化相關(guān)。雖無縱向研究證實抑郁與冠狀動脈鈣化的關(guān)系,但性別例外,女性抑郁者冠狀動脈鈣化的發(fā)生率比男性更高[13]。
不良的生活習(xí)慣,諸如吸煙、高脂飲食、睡眠不足、睡眠呼吸暫停等,都是引起冠狀動脈鈣化的危險因素。
2.4.1 吸煙 長期吸煙(≥20包/年)與冠狀動脈鈣化的發(fā)生和進(jìn)展有密切關(guān)系。長期吸煙者戒煙后,不論以前的吸煙量大小,均能減少冠狀動脈鈣化積累,從而有可能在一定程度上減少冠狀動脈粥樣硬化性心臟事件的風(fēng)險[14]。煙草中的尼古丁可引起氧化應(yīng)激和炎癥反應(yīng),從而導(dǎo)致血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞受損、變性和壞死,提供鈣化初期需要的基質(zhì)。
2.4.2 高脂飲食 2015年關(guān)于飲食對動脈鈣化影響的調(diào)查表明,脂肪和單糖可能通過誘導(dǎo)氧化應(yīng)激反應(yīng)而促進(jìn)鈣化,魚油的長鏈ω-3脂肪酸可能起保護(hù)作用[15]。高脂飲食促進(jìn)血液膽固醇和低密度脂蛋白合成,可引起高脂血癥,從而成為冠狀動脈粥樣硬化斑塊形成的基石。青年期高脂高熱量飲食,可引起青年腹型和全身肥胖,與亞臨床冠狀動脈粥樣硬化性心臟病密切相關(guān)[16],是中年人疾病進(jìn)展的獨立影響因素,青年期預(yù)防或延緩肥胖的發(fā)生可能會降低動脈粥樣硬化形成的風(fēng)險。
2.4.3 睡眠 King等[17]隨訪了495名芝加哥青年參與者并獲取了其5年左右的家庭睡眠監(jiān)測和自我睡眠評估數(shù)據(jù)。統(tǒng)計學(xué)分析結(jié)果表明,長時間睡眠可以減低冠狀動脈鈣化的發(fā)生率。韓國的一項回顧性研究表明[18],在無癥狀亞臨床心血管疾病人群中,阻塞性睡眠呼吸暫停綜合征與冠狀動脈鈣化相關(guān);單因素分析顯示,冠狀動脈鈣化評分與睡眠缺乏、低氧飽和度、睡眠呼吸暫停低通氣指數(shù)、覺醒指數(shù)相關(guān),中重度睡眠呼吸暫停和冠狀動脈鈣化顯著相關(guān)。因此,保證睡眠充足和提高睡眠質(zhì)量對于預(yù)防冠狀動脈鈣化至關(guān)重要,應(yīng)受到重視。
最新的一項研究表明,糖尿病患者冠狀動脈鈣化發(fā)生率女性達(dá)16.5%、男性達(dá)23.3%,而糖尿病患者心血管事件危險系數(shù)是非糖尿病患者的2~4 倍[19]。高血糖、高胰島素血癥或胰島素抵抗等可導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞毒性損傷和血管功能障礙,引起動脈內(nèi)皮功能不全,加速動脈粥樣硬化斑塊進(jìn)程,從而促進(jìn)冠狀動脈鈣化的發(fā)生。
多項研究表明,血壓升高,尤其是舒張壓升高,是冠狀動脈鈣化的重要危險因素。研究表明血壓升高可導(dǎo)致血管壁損傷,刺激和誘導(dǎo)骨橋蛋白表達(dá)增高[20]。老年高血壓患者冠狀動脈鈣化程度及范圍明顯加重,同時高敏C-反應(yīng)蛋白(high sensitivity C-reactive protein,hs-CRP)濃度顯著升高。老年人血壓升高可能通過血管壁損傷、氧化應(yīng)激等介導(dǎo)血管炎癥反應(yīng)而加重冠狀動脈粥樣硬化及鈣化形成。然而,在慢性腎臟病患者中,夜間收縮壓下降>10%是冠狀動脈鈣化的危險因素,與夜間血壓下降及下降的比率密切相關(guān)[21]。
一項血脂與冠狀動脈鈣化關(guān)系的研究表明,與冠狀動脈鈣化聯(lián)系最為密切的是載脂蛋白B (apolipoprotein B,apoB),其與冠狀動脈鈣化的決定系數(shù)在男性為20.2%,女性為21.6%;而低密度脂蛋白膽固醇(low-density lipoprotein cholesterol,LDL-C)/高密度脂蛋白膽固醇(high-density lipoprotein cholesterol,HDL-C)、apoB/apoA-1、脂蛋白a(lipoprotein a, Lpa)等亦與冠狀動脈鈣化密切相關(guān)[3]。另一項研究[22]則證實,HDL-C與冠狀動脈鈣化有顯著相關(guān)性,HDL-C水平越低,冠狀動脈鈣化積分越高。Lpa水平過高時,可橫穿動脈內(nèi)皮轉(zhuǎn)移膽固醇和氧化磷脂類,從而沉積于動脈內(nèi)皮下[23],促進(jìn)血管平滑肌細(xì)胞增生和內(nèi)皮損傷,穿過內(nèi)皮與細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)牢固結(jié)合促進(jìn)冠狀動脈脂質(zhì)沉積,促進(jìn)冠狀動脈粥樣硬化斑塊形成及鈣鹽沉積。
近來有研究表明,心包和心臟脂肪沉積是心血管疾病的一個危險因素[24]。心包脂肪組織較大者,往往年齡較大,體質(zhì)量指數(shù)、平均收縮壓、血糖水平、hs-CRP、白細(xì)胞介素-6(interleukin-6,IL-6)、甘油三酯和LDL-C水平均較高,冠狀動脈鈣化評分也較高[25]。脂肪細(xì)胞的炎癥反應(yīng)被認(rèn)為是過量脂肪導(dǎo)致心血管疾病的機(jī)制[26],心包脂肪組織相比皮下脂肪可產(chǎn)生更多的炎癥因子[27];因冠狀動脈臨近心包脂肪,容易受炎癥活動影響,導(dǎo)致冠狀動脈鈣化。
頸動脈及股動脈粥樣硬化,尤其是后者,是心血管疾病重要的危險因素;股動脈粥樣斑塊形成預(yù)測冠狀動脈鈣化有非常高的敏感性[28]。
慢性腎臟疾病常引起水、電解質(zhì)、糖類、脂類、維生素等代謝紊亂,引起低鈣血癥、高磷血癥、繼發(fā)性甲狀旁腺功能亢進(jìn)癥、維生素K缺乏癥、高尿酸血癥等。其中,維生素 K是糖基化蛋白激活必不可少的一部分,也是組織鈣化有效的抑制劑,維生素K缺乏容易導(dǎo)致血管鈣化,補(bǔ)充維生素K2可顯著減緩冠狀動脈鈣化進(jìn)展和減少頸動脈內(nèi)膜厚度[29]。研究也表明,維生素K缺乏可能是血液透析患者的一個心血管危險因素;另外,維生素 K拮抗劑可能加重血液透析患者的血管鈣化[30]。
甲狀旁腺激素(parathyroid hormone,PTH)主要參與調(diào)節(jié)鈣磷代謝,冠狀動脈鈣化者PTH水平顯著高于非冠狀動脈鈣化者;PTH水平與冠狀動脈鈣化積分呈正相關(guān);PTH水平≥31.05 pg/ml為預(yù)測冠狀動脈鈣化的最佳分界點[31]。研究也表明,PTH可誘發(fā)高血壓和心肌肥大,與心力衰竭密切相關(guān),甚至可預(yù)測冠狀動脈粥樣硬化性心臟病的發(fā)生。
動脈中層鈣化以中層動脈厚度增加為特點,可減少動脈彈性和順應(yīng)性,減弱血管收縮和舒張反應(yīng),使收縮壓、脈搏波速度和脈壓升高,導(dǎo)致舒張功能不全,影響冠狀動脈灌注和誘發(fā)心力衰竭。川崎病是動脈中層鈣化的一個典型,其他如系統(tǒng)性紅斑狼瘡、類風(fēng)濕性關(guān)節(jié)炎等系統(tǒng)性疾病也會發(fā)生動脈中層鈣化,進(jìn)而誘發(fā)全身動脈鈣化,對于預(yù)測冠狀動脈鈣化有一定的作用。
研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn),衣原體、肝炎病毒、人類免疫缺陷病毒(human immunodeficiency virus,HIV)等常沉積于血管平滑肌細(xì)胞,導(dǎo)致血管內(nèi)皮損傷,而鈣化常發(fā)生在這些包含衣原體的血管平滑肌細(xì)胞中[32]。IL-37是新發(fā)現(xiàn)的IL-1家族成員,是一種抗炎細(xì)胞因子[33]。最新研究表明[34],IL-37可減輕動脈硬化和血管鈣化,IL-37、骨化蛋白、hs-CRP在冠狀動脈鈣化評分>400時顯著升高,和冠狀動脈鈣化嚴(yán)重程度相關(guān)。
汽車尾氣等產(chǎn)生的吸入細(xì)顆粒物(PM2.5)可導(dǎo)致內(nèi)皮損傷和血管鈣化。胸主動脈鈣化程度[35]和冠狀動脈鈣化進(jìn)展[36]相關(guān)。砷中毒會增強(qiáng)磷酸鹽介導(dǎo)的主動脈血管平滑肌細(xì)胞鈣化,細(xì)顆粒物可增加頸動脈內(nèi)膜中層厚度[37],而這些均是心血管疾病的危險因素[38]。
綜上所述,冠狀動脈鈣化是冠狀動脈粥樣硬化的重要標(biāo)志[39],基因變異直接導(dǎo)致冠狀動脈鈣化,老齡、男性、暴躁抑郁性格人群冠狀動脈鈣化發(fā)生率增加;吸煙、高脂飲食、睡眠障礙等不良生活習(xí)慣加速冠狀動脈鈣化的發(fā)生發(fā)展;高血壓、高血糖、高脂血癥等代謝性疾病與冠狀動脈鈣化相互作用;慢性腎臟疾病、感染性疾病、系統(tǒng)性疾病等在冠狀動脈鈣化的形成中發(fā)揮著重要作用。多種因素交互作用、密切相關(guān),對預(yù)測和評估心血管疾病的發(fā)生發(fā)展有重要作用。因此,臨床實踐中如何做好冠狀動脈鈣化危險因素的評估,延緩冠狀動脈鈣化進(jìn)展,將是預(yù)防急性冠狀動脈事件和改善冠狀動脈疾病預(yù)后的一項任重道遠(yuǎn)的工作。
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