新疆 段佳歡 常玉國(特級教師)
代詞??家谆炜键c“面面觀”
新疆 段佳歡 常玉國(特級教師)
代詞是代替名詞的一種詞類,在歷年高考中,都是必考的內(nèi)容。除了在閱讀、完形等試題中大量出現(xiàn)以外,在主觀性試題語法填空、短文改錯和書面表達中也頻繁考查。在考試中代詞的考查形式較為靈活,主要考查考生靈活運用代詞及英語語言的能力,要依據(jù)特定語境進行判斷。研讀歷年高考試題我們可以發(fā)現(xiàn),出現(xiàn)頻率最高的是不定代詞,其次是it的用法、疑問代詞、反身代詞以及人稱代詞等。
分類 代詞 基本功能 備注主格 I,you,he/she/it,we,____you,they______________代指人、事、物等人稱代詞-賓格 me,you,him/her/it,us,____you,them_______________________注意人稱、數(shù)的變化形容詞性物主代詞_名詞_性_my,your,his/her/its,our,your,their 表示所有關(guān)系mine,yours,his/her/its,yours,theirs_____________________________注意人稱、數(shù)的變化單數(shù) myself,yourself,himself/___herself/itself___________指某(些)人自身反身代詞-復(fù)數(shù) ourselves,yourselves,____themselves_______________________________相互代詞 each other____one another____________注意單復(fù)數(shù)變化表示相互關(guān)系_____________單數(shù) this,that 用來指示或標(biāo)識人或事物的_______________________代詞_____________指示代詞 注意單復(fù)數(shù)變化復(fù)數(shù) these,those疑問代詞 who,whom,whose,____what,which___________特殊疑問句_____________連接代詞特別強調(diào)所充當(dāng)?shù)某煞旨癬_________意義___關(guān)系代詞 who,whom,whose,____that,which,as________who,whom,whose,what,which,whoever,whatever,whichever,whosever引導(dǎo)名詞性從句引導(dǎo)定語從句_____注意成分及意義_不定代詞all,both,each,one/ones,none,no one,other/others,another,little,few,much,many,either,neither,both,every-,some-,____any-,no-________________________________不指明數(shù)量多,用法多,考查頻率高
1.人稱代詞不僅僅指人,也可以指事或物。
2.第三人稱的人稱代詞分陽性 he(him),陰性 she(her)和中性 it(it);復(fù)數(shù)則只有一個形式 they 和 them,不分性別。
3.選用什么人稱代詞,取決于所要代替的名詞,在數(shù)和性上要與所代替的名詞保持一致。
【高考鏈接】(2015,廣東卷,語法填空)Now it occurred to_______that his farm had much potential and that the death of the cow was a bit of luck.
【解析】him。此處代指全文主人公,他。充當(dāng)賓語,故用賓格。
【高考鏈接】(2015,湖南卷,語法填空)You need to learn how to sort through and find the relevant information for your particular project. Also, ______need to check the accuracy of it.
【解析】you??疾槿朔Q代詞,上下文保持一致,前句話主語是you,此句也是。
1.物主代詞分為兩類,名詞性物主代詞和形容詞性物主代詞。
2. 物主代詞有人稱和數(shù)的變化。第三人稱單數(shù)的物主代詞還有性別的變化。
3. 形容詞性物主代詞不可單獨使用,必須后跟名詞或代詞;名詞性物主代詞必須單獨使用,相當(dāng)于“形容詞性物主代詞+名詞”。
【高考鏈接】(2016,全國新課標(biāo)卷Ⅰ,語法填空)On my recent visit,I held a lively three-month-old twin that had been rejected by 68 (it) mother.
【解析】its。此處應(yīng)該修飾其后的名詞mother,作定語,故用其形容詞性物主代詞。
【高考鏈接】(2015,全國新課標(biāo)卷Ⅰ,語法填空)A few hours earlier,I’d been at home in Hong Kong,with_______(it)choking smog.
【解析】its。此處應(yīng)該修飾其后的名詞choking smog,作定語,故用其形容詞性物主代詞。
【高考鏈接】(2016,全國新課標(biāo)卷Ⅱ,短文改錯)If we go on a trip abroad,we can broaden your view and gain knowledge we cannot get from books.
【解析】your改成our。此處形容詞性物主代詞應(yīng)該與上下文人稱代詞保持一致。故將your改成our。
1. 表示“我(們)自己”“你(們)自己”“他/她/它(們)自己”的代詞稱為反身代詞。
2. 第一、二人稱的反身代詞是由形容詞性物主代詞加-self或-selves構(gòu)成,第三人稱的反身代詞由人稱代詞的賓格加-self或-selves構(gòu)成。
3. 反身代詞與它所指代的名詞或代詞形成互指關(guān)系,在人稱、性、數(shù)上保持一致,在句中分別作賓語、同位語、表語等。
【高考鏈接】(2016,全國新課標(biāo)卷Ⅲ,短文改錯)At first,I thought I knew everything and could make decisions by yourself.
【解析】yourself改成myself。by oneself意為“單獨,獨自,靠自己”,但此處應(yīng)該用by myself,與上文人稱代詞保持一致。
【經(jīng)典試題】(2017,烏魯木齊高三二診,短文改錯)Sometimes they went to concerts together and sometimes they give performance himself.
【解析】himself改為themselves。此處應(yīng)與上文they保持人稱、數(shù)的一致。
【經(jīng)典試題】If our parents do everything for us children,we won’t learn to depend on________.
【解析】ourselves。本題考查反身代詞,主語為we,因此應(yīng)填ourselves。depend on oneself意為“自力更生,靠自己”。
1. 相互代詞是表示相互關(guān)系的代詞,主要有each other,one another,意為“互相,相互”。
2. each other 一般用于兩者之間;one another用于三者或三者以上。
3. 相互代詞在句中只能作賓語、定語等。each other 和one another 的所有格形式為each other’s和one another’s。
【經(jīng)典試題】(單句改錯)In class,we learn together.After class,we help each another.
【解析】another改為other,或each改為one。固定搭配為each other或one another。
1. 指示代詞是用來指代或標(biāo)記人或事物的代詞,表示“這個(些)”“那個(些)”。
2. 指示代詞與定冠詞、人稱代詞一樣,都具有指定的含義;它們所指的對象取決于說話者和聽話者共同熟悉的語境。
3. 指示代詞在句中可作定語、主語、賓語、表語等。
【經(jīng)典試題】—Silly me! I forget what my luggage looks like.—What do you think of_______over there?
【解析】that。句意:“我真傻!想不起來自己的行李是什么樣子的。”“你看看那邊的是不是你的?”指示代詞that指時間與空間上較遠的事物,over there交代了空間上的遠距離。
1.用來表達疑問或構(gòu)成疑問句的代詞叫疑問代詞。
2.主要的疑問代詞及其功能如下所示:
(1)指人的疑問代詞在句中的語法功能:
①who:作主語或賓語
②whom:作賓語,可跟of短語搭配
③whose:作主語或賓語、表語、定語
(2)指物的疑問代詞在句中的語法功能:
①which(可指人):作主語或賓語、定語;可跟of短語搭配
②what:作主語或賓語、表語、定語
【高考鏈接】(2016,全國新課標(biāo)卷Ⅱ,短文改錯)My classmates and I are talking about how to do during the holiday.
【解析】how改為what。此處須作及物動詞do的賓語,故將how改為what。
1. 連接代詞在句中可用作主語、賓語、表語、定語等,常用來引導(dǎo)主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句。
2. 使用連接代詞時,特別要注意其在從句中充當(dāng)?shù)木渥映煞?,以及其意義是否與上下文一致。
【高考鏈接】(2015,上海卷,語法填空)The temptation to see_______is connecting him is just too great.
【解析】who。在賓語從句中充當(dāng)is connecting him的主語,指人,故填who。
【經(jīng)典試題】 ______struck me most in the movie was the father’s deep love for his son.
【解析】What。本題考查主語從句。主句謂語動詞was之前為主語從句,從句中缺少主語,指事物,故使用代詞what。句意:這部電影讓我最感動的地方就是父親對兒子的深深的愛。
【經(jīng)典試題】From space,the earth looks blue. This is_______about seventy-one percent of its surface is covered by water.
【解析】because。本題考查表語從句。is后面為表語從句。前面是結(jié)果,后面是原因。句意:從太空上看地球是藍色的,這是因為地球表面大約71%的面積被水覆蓋。
1. 關(guān)系代詞用來引導(dǎo)定語從句。它代表先行詞,同時在從句中作一定的句子成分。
2. 關(guān)系代詞有主格、賓格和屬格之分,并有指人與指物之分。
【高考鏈接】(2015,上海卷,語法填空) I recently read an article about “nomophobia”, ______is a real illness people can’t suffer from the fear of being without your phone!
【解析】which。which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句,且在定語從句中作主語,此處指代先行詞nomophobia。
【高考鏈接】(2015,廣東卷,語法填空)He owned a farm,________looked almost abandoned.
【解析】which。空格處引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句,且在從句中作主語,故填which。
1. 代替名詞和形容詞,在句中作主語、賓語、表語和定語。
2. 不定代詞比較多,考查頻率高,要特別注意其用法差異。如以下幾組:
one/ones/another/that/it,some/any/every(以及其構(gòu)成的合成詞),none/no one,little/few/much/many,either/both/neither/all等。
【經(jīng)典試題】(2017,烏魯木齊高三二診,完形填空改編)Abby’s dream has_______to do with expensive shopping.
【解析】nothing。由全文可知,艾比的夢想和奢侈的購物沒有任何關(guān)系。
【高考鏈接】(2015,天津卷改編)The quality of education in this small school is better than_______in some larger schools.
【解析】that。句中空格處代替前面的不可數(shù)名詞The quality of education,故填代詞that。
【高考鏈接】(2015,福建卷改編)The research group produced two reports based on the survey,but_______contained any useful suggestions.
【解析】neither。此處是表示對兩者的全部否定,故用neither。
【經(jīng)典試題】In some countries,people eat with chopsticks,while in________,knives and forks.
【解析】others??疾榇~。句意:在一些國家,人們用筷子吃飯,而在其他的國家,(人們用)刀叉(吃飯)。others相當(dāng)于other countries。
【經(jīng)典試題】If you’re buying today’s paper from the stand,could you get________for me?
【解析】one。句意:如果你去報攤上買今天的報紙,給我捎回一份好嗎?此處one作“一個”,“一本”,“一件”等解,用來代替上文提到過的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞,表示“同類不同物”。此處paper相當(dāng)于a copy of paper。
【知識點撥】代詞it和one都可指代可數(shù)名詞單數(shù),但是it指代的是同名同物,表特指;one指代的是同名異物,表泛指。that多用來指代上文提到的不可數(shù)名詞,不能和冠詞連用;指代可數(shù)名詞時,that相當(dāng)于the one。
1. 充當(dāng)人稱代詞,代指前文提及過的事件或物品。
My pen is missing. I can’t find it.(我的鋼筆丟了,我找不到它。)
The dog is Tom’s. It is very cute.(這狗是湯姆的,它很可愛。)
2. 充當(dāng)形式主語。
It is necessary for me to do so.(對我來說這樣做有必要。)
It is certain that they would not come.(可以肯定他們不會來。)
It is no use/good reading without understanding it.(讀書而不求甚解是無用/無益的。)
3. 充當(dāng)形式賓語。
【高考鏈接】(2016,北京卷改編)To make________easier to get in touch with us,you’d better keep this card at hand.
【解析】it。it作形式賓語,用于指代to get in touch with us。
【高考鏈接】(2015,浙江卷改編)How would you like_______if you were watching your favorite TV program and someone came into the room and just shut it off without asking you?
【解析】it。it作形式賓語,用于指代if you were watching...asking you這件事。
4. 代指沒有說明性別的嬰兒或無需、無法說明性別的情形。
Is it your baby?(這是你的寶寶嗎?)
5. it用于強調(diào)句型。
【高考鏈接】(2016,天津卷改編)You are waiting at a wrong place.______is at the hotel that the coach picks up tourists.
【解析】It。此句考查強調(diào)句型的用法,注意首字母大寫。
【知識拓展】強調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)的基本形式是It is/was+被強調(diào)部分+that/who...,可以用來強調(diào)主語、賓語、狀語等,不能強調(diào)謂語動詞,此結(jié)構(gòu)去掉后句子依然成立。注意強調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)的疑問式、not...until...句式的強調(diào)句式等變形、通常考查強調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)的判別以及使用強調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)后的主謂一致。
【牛刀小試】(每空一詞)
1. Lily has lived in New York and Boston,but she doesn’t like_______of them.
2. She’d lived in London and Manchester,but she liked_______and moved to Cambridge.
3. You can ask anyone for help.______here is willing to lend you a hand.
4. I like this house with a beautiful garden in front,but I don’t have enough money to buy________.
5. I like a house with a beautiful garden in front,but I don’t have enough money to buy_______.
6. I felt so bad all day yesterday that I decided this morning I couldn’t face_______day like that.
7.—I’ve read another book this week.—Well,maybe_______is not how much you read but what you read that counts.
8. Don’t laugh at the failure of others’,because________enjoys being laughed at.
9. We couldn’t eat in a restaurant because_______of us had any money on us.
10. —Susan,go and join your sister cleaning the yard.—Why_______? John is sitting there doing nothing.
Key:1. either 2. neither 3. Everyone/Everybody 4. it 5. one 6. another 7. it 8. nobody 9. none 10. me
段佳歡 新疆哈密伊吾高中;常玉國 新疆哈密市第二中學(xué))