李元,龔斐*
(1.中南大學(xué)生殖與干細(xì)胞工程研究所,長(zhǎng)沙 410008;2.中信湘雅生殖與遺傳??漆t(yī)院,長(zhǎng)沙 410008)
GnRH-a促排周期中晚卵泡期孕酮上升的原因與策略
李元1,2,龔斐1,2*
(1.中南大學(xué)生殖與干細(xì)胞工程研究所,長(zhǎng)沙 410008;2.中信湘雅生殖與遺傳??漆t(yī)院,長(zhǎng)沙 410008)
GnRH-a促排過(guò)程中晚卵泡期孕酮(P)提前上升可能是腎上腺和卵巢來(lái)源共同作用結(jié)果,而這種P提前上升可能主要影響了子宮內(nèi)膜容受性。在臨床管理中如何避免晚卵泡期P上升顯得尤為重要。首先尋找P上升原因,針對(duì)原因解決問(wèn)題:如通過(guò)地塞米松降低基礎(chǔ)P的影響;控制促排周期重組卵泡刺激素(rFSH)的劑量、及時(shí)添加合適的重組黃體生成素(rLH)制劑和穩(wěn)定HCG日LH水平。而且,在不同卵巢反應(yīng)性的人群中,P上升界定值及其意義不一。對(duì)于無(wú)法避免的晚卵泡期P上升的最佳策略為取消鮮胚移植,進(jìn)行全胚冷凍。
促性腺激素釋放激素類似物; 基礎(chǔ)孕酮; 晚卵泡期; 孕酮上升; 子宮內(nèi)膜容受性; 體外受精/卵胞漿內(nèi)單精子注射
(JReprodMed2017,26(11):1095-1099)
在自然周期早卵泡期,由于卵泡內(nèi)無(wú)血管供應(yīng),顆粒細(xì)胞和膜細(xì)胞缺乏合成大量孕酮(P)所需要的原材料膽固醇;同時(shí)膜細(xì)胞上黃體生成素(LH)受體不足,因此,早卵泡期P上升主要來(lái)源于腎上腺合成皮質(zhì)醇的中間產(chǎn)物[1]。隨著優(yōu)勢(shì)卵泡生長(zhǎng),雌激素分泌增加,LH分泌增加,LH與膜細(xì)胞LH受體結(jié)合后使膽固醇合成孕烯醇酮進(jìn)而形成睪酮和雄烯二酮,后兩者進(jìn)入顆粒細(xì)胞成為雌激素的前體物質(zhì)(排卵前按△5途徑合成雌激素);LH峰后顆粒細(xì)胞和膜細(xì)胞黃素化有直接的血液供應(yīng),利用膽固醇合成孕酮和17α-羥孕酮(17a-OHP) 濃度增加(△4途徑)[2]。然而與自然周期不一樣的是:刺激周期由于外源性促性腺激素(Gn)的持續(xù)使用,多個(gè)卵泡發(fā)育導(dǎo)致整體外周血P濃度增加[3-4]。
在促性腺激素釋放激素激動(dòng)劑(GnRH-a)使用以前,晚卵泡期血清孕酮的上升是LH提前上升的結(jié)果,因此,定義為“提前黃素化(premature luteinization)”[5]。但在GnRH-a使用周期,仍有P提前上升;近13%~31.6% 的GnRH-a周期會(huì)出現(xiàn)晚卵泡期P上升[6-7];因此,在LH正常狀態(tài)下的GnRH-a周期,P提前上升可能與提前黃素化無(wú)關(guān),而主要與卵巢刺激相關(guān)[8]。本文就GnRH-a使用周期P上升對(duì)妊娠結(jié)局的影響及P上升的原因與對(duì)策進(jìn)行綜述,期望為臨床解決難題。
生殖科臨床醫(yī)生都很關(guān)注HCG日P水平,源于HCG日P上升可能帶來(lái)的不良結(jié)局。既往少量回顧性研究提示HCG日P上升組優(yōu)胚率明顯降低[9],但具體機(jī)制不清楚。而Meta分析和后續(xù)研究認(rèn)為刺激周期P上升可能不會(huì)影響卵母細(xì)胞和胚胎質(zhì)量[10-12]。
然而,對(duì)于HCG日P上升對(duì)內(nèi)膜容受性的研究頗多。早在1997年,已有Ubaldi等[13]對(duì)HCG日P上升組的子宮內(nèi)膜病理組織學(xué)觀察,發(fā)現(xiàn)其發(fā)育提前(P<0.01),且HCG日P上升合并內(nèi)膜發(fā)育提前超過(guò)3天者無(wú)一例妊娠。研究者發(fā)現(xiàn)刺激周期HCG 日P上升組與對(duì)照組相比,子宮內(nèi)膜具有差異性表達(dá)的基因[14-15],這些差異性表達(dá)的基因功能主要表現(xiàn)為細(xì)胞粘附、發(fā)育、免疫系統(tǒng)等內(nèi)膜正常發(fā)育表現(xiàn)的相關(guān)功能等。其中25個(gè)基因是作為子宮內(nèi)膜容受性標(biāo)志物,13個(gè)基因在上升組過(guò)度表達(dá),這13個(gè)基因中的8個(gè)基因是孕激素應(yīng)答元件(progesterone response elements,PRE)。因此,目前的觀點(diǎn)都傾向于HCG日P上升產(chǎn)生的不良結(jié)局可能主要影響子宮內(nèi)膜容受性。
尋找HCG日P上升的原因則需要了解P的來(lái)源。孕激素生物合成需要兩個(gè)酶促步驟:第一,由細(xì)胞色素P450scc催化的膽固醇向孕烯醇酮(P5)的轉(zhuǎn)化;其次,其由3β-羥基類固醇脫氫酶(3βHSD)催化隨后轉(zhuǎn)化為孕酮[16]。卵巢在卵泡早期基本不合成孕酮,此時(shí)外周血P水平主要來(lái)源于腎上腺;當(dāng)LH排卵峰發(fā)生時(shí),排卵前卵泡的顆粒細(xì)胞黃素化,激活膽固醇側(cè)鏈裂解酶/17-a羥化酶等,使膽固醇按△4途徑轉(zhuǎn)化為孕酮,開始分泌少量孕酮;排卵后,由于血管侵入顆粒細(xì)胞層,使黃體顆粒細(xì)胞內(nèi)合成孕酮的膽固醇增加而使孕酮逐漸增加。因此,晚卵泡期P上升是腎上腺和卵巢來(lái)源共同作用的結(jié)果。
而在刺激周期持續(xù)相對(duì)大劑量的FSH刺激,使得顆粒細(xì)胞來(lái)源的P合成增多;足夠LH狀態(tài)下,P在膜細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)化為雄激素,如果缺乏LH活性則代謝途徑受阻,使得P累積量增加;刺激周期高雌激素狀態(tài)使得顆粒細(xì)胞雄激素轉(zhuǎn)化為雌激素途徑被抑制,P間接累積量增加[3](圖1)。既往文獻(xiàn)提示:GnRH-a/GnRH-ant方案增加刺激周期rFSH劑量則增加P上升發(fā)生率[17-18]。且在GnRH-a方案中LH相對(duì)缺乏狀態(tài)下,P代謝為雄激素過(guò)程受阻而使得P累積量增加;及時(shí)添加LH制劑可以相對(duì)降低HCG日P水平[19-20]。
圖1 自然周期和刺激周期P合成與代謝[3]
定義P上升的切割值是判斷是否存在P提前上升的前提,然而,既往文獻(xiàn)對(duì)于P上升的定義存在爭(zhēng)議。Venetis等[19]通過(guò)Meta分析對(duì)12個(gè)研究中的2 733例患者進(jìn)行分析發(fā)現(xiàn):P>0.9 ng/ml(2.853 nmol/L) 定義為P上升,P上升組臨床妊娠率有下降趨勢(shì),但無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異;Bosch 等[6]在一項(xiàng)前瞻性研究中定義HCG日P上升的切割值為1.2 ng/ml(3.804 nmol/L);一項(xiàng)4 032個(gè)周期的回顧性研究定義P上升的切割值為1.5 ng/ml(4.755 nmol/L)[20];而在2013年的一項(xiàng)研究分析發(fā)現(xiàn),在卵巢高反應(yīng)組P提前上升不影響妊娠結(jié)局,而對(duì)于卵巢正常/低反應(yīng)人群P>1.5 ng/ml(4.755 nmol/L)則明顯降低繼續(xù)妊娠率[21];尚有對(duì)卵巢高反應(yīng)者進(jìn)行研究發(fā)現(xiàn)P>2.25 ng/ml(7.132 5 nmol/L)則繼續(xù)妊娠率明顯降低[22]。Papanikolaou等[23]和Huang 等[24]評(píng)估P上升對(duì)移植D3/D5胚胎妊娠結(jié)局的影響時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn):當(dāng)P>1.0 ng/ml(3.17 nmol/L)時(shí)明顯不利于D3胚胎移植成功率;Huang等[24]發(fā)現(xiàn)當(dāng)P達(dá)到1.75 ng/ml(5.547 5 nmol/L) 時(shí),移植D5囊胚也會(huì)產(chǎn)生不利影響,然而在2009年的研究中認(rèn)為移植D5囊胚不會(huì)影響P上升者的妊娠結(jié)局[23]。目前,國(guó)內(nèi)外大部分生殖中心采用HCG日P≥1.5 ng/ml(4.755 nmol/L)作為晚卵泡期P上升的切割值。
回顧性分析我院2016年01月~12月GnRH-a方案(n=9 931)HCG日P上升[≥1.5 ng/ml(4.755 nmol/L)]的相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù),進(jìn)行單因素和多因素分析發(fā)現(xiàn)HCG日P與基礎(chǔ)P[OR1.282,95%CI(1.097,1.497)](P=0.002)、回收卵數(shù)[OR1.099,95%CI(1.071,1.127)](P<0.001)明顯相關(guān),HCG日P上升多來(lái)源于多個(gè)卵母細(xì)胞的發(fā)育,與卵巢反應(yīng)性相關(guān);然后,我們對(duì)GnRH-a方案不同卵巢反應(yīng)性HCG日P上升發(fā)生率進(jìn)行分析發(fā)現(xiàn):高反應(yīng)(獲卵≥15個(gè))、正常反應(yīng)(獲卵5~15個(gè))、低反應(yīng)(獲卵≤4個(gè))分別為4.23%、2.28%、0.68%(P=0.001),而卵巢高反應(yīng)與正常反應(yīng)組相比無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異(P=0.431)。由此提示:對(duì)于低反應(yīng)這類回收卵數(shù)較少的患者,HCG日P≥1.5 ng/ml (4.755 nmol/L)的切割值是否適合值得考慮。之后對(duì)GnRH-a方案卵巢低反應(yīng)患者(獲卵≤4個(gè),AMH≤1.8 ng/ml,n=504)通過(guò)單因素、多因素分析后發(fā)現(xiàn)HCG日P與妊娠結(jié)局無(wú)明顯相關(guān)[(0.48±0.27)ng/ml vs.(0.51±0.25)ng/ml ](P=0.309),而與患者年齡[OR0.936,95%CI(0.896,0.979)](P=0.004)、HCG日P/E2[OR0.425,95%CI(0.194,0.933)](P=0.033)、回收卵數(shù)[OR1.454,95%CI(1.189,1.777)](P<0.001)明顯相關(guān)(數(shù)據(jù)待發(fā)表)。因此,對(duì)于不同卵巢反應(yīng)的患者單純以HCG日P作為判斷妊娠與否的預(yù)測(cè)指標(biāo)是不夠精準(zhǔn)的??赡苓€需參考其他指標(biāo),如HCG日P/E2。
既往文獻(xiàn)對(duì)于HCG日P上升的影響因素進(jìn)行分析發(fā)現(xiàn):基礎(chǔ)P水平對(duì)HCG日P水平的影響很大[OR12.21,95%CI(1.82,81.70)][25]。我院數(shù)據(jù)發(fā)現(xiàn)HCG日P與基礎(chǔ)P[OR1.282,95%CI(1.097,1.497)](P=0.002)明顯正相關(guān)(數(shù)據(jù)待發(fā)表)。早卵泡期孕酮上升主要來(lái)源于腎上腺;到晚卵泡期,P上升則主要來(lái)源于卵巢[1]。因此對(duì)于基礎(chǔ)P上升者采用地塞米松負(fù)反饋可以抑制部分腎上腺來(lái)源的P分泌。我院2016年數(shù)據(jù)提示:使用地塞米松等干預(yù)后HCG日P上升發(fā)生率2.57%(256/9 931)(數(shù)據(jù)待發(fā)表),相對(duì)于既往文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道的P上升發(fā)生率明顯降低?;仡櫺苑治?016年我院GnRH-a方案,基礎(chǔ)P相對(duì)匹配狀態(tài)下,使用地塞米松后會(huì)有一個(gè)迅速的P下降過(guò)程,但是在HCG日不管是否使用地塞米松,P仍有上升,但是較未使用對(duì)照組低(圖2)。我院數(shù)據(jù)提示晚卵泡期P的上升不能由地塞米松的添加[OR0.806,95%CI(0.565,1.15)](P=0.234)而完全緩解(數(shù)據(jù)待發(fā)表)。說(shuō)明腎上腺來(lái)源的P對(duì)于HCG日P上升有一定影響,但HCG日P部分來(lái)源于卵巢多卵泡的發(fā)育。
圖2 血清孕酮水平波動(dòng)曲線
即使經(jīng)過(guò)嚴(yán)格的臨床管理,如及時(shí)使用地塞米松,刺激周期控制rFSH劑量、及時(shí)添加rLH并控制HCG日LH水平等,仍有一部分人群HCG日P上升。這部分人群如強(qiáng)烈要求鮮胚周期移植者,部分研究者認(rèn)為可以考慮囊胚培養(yǎng)后移植,但也是有爭(zhēng)議的[22-23]。而全胚冷凍是目前國(guó)內(nèi)外生殖中心所推薦的。我院對(duì)2016年1~12月因HCG日P上升而進(jìn)行胚胎移植的患者進(jìn)行回顧性分析發(fā)現(xiàn):256個(gè)周期HCG日P上升者中38個(gè)周期要求鮮胚移植,余218個(gè)周期取消鮮胚移植全在凍胚周期移植;38個(gè)鮮胚移植者著床率(32.83%)、臨床妊娠率(44.73%)均有明顯下降趨勢(shì);而218個(gè)周期全在凍胚周期移植組與基線匹配的同期凍胚患者(n=218)助孕結(jié)局相比:著床率(44.44% vs.42.58%)(P=0.611)、臨床妊娠率(60.47% vs.56.54%)(P=0.411)均無(wú)明顯差異(數(shù)據(jù)待發(fā)表)。
GnRH-a方案促排過(guò)程中HCG日P上升與基礎(chǔ)P和回收卵數(shù)明顯相關(guān)?;A(chǔ)P上升主要來(lái)源于腎上腺;HCG日P上升與回收卵數(shù)即卵巢反應(yīng)性明顯相關(guān),不同卵巢反應(yīng)性HCG日P上升的界定值不一,且對(duì)于卵巢低反應(yīng)綜合評(píng)估HCG日P/E2具有更高臨床妊娠預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值;P上升的管理重在預(yù)防,充分的降調(diào)節(jié),適時(shí)使用地塞米松、控制FSH劑量、適時(shí)添加LH制劑、不盲目追求多卵泡發(fā)育;對(duì)于經(jīng)過(guò)干預(yù)后仍出現(xiàn)HCG日P上升者可考慮全胚冷凍,且不影響凍胚移植成功率。
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[編輯:谷炤]
The causes and countermeasures of premature progesterone elevation during the late follicular phase in GnRH-agonist cycles
LIYuan1,2,GONGFei1,2*
1.InstituteofReproductive&StemCellEngineering,CentralSouthUniversity,Changsha410008 2.Reproductive&GeneticHospitalofCITIC-XiangYa.Changsha410008
Emerging evidence shows that premature progesterone elevation during the late follicular phase in stimulated IVF cycles,which may be caused by the co-effect of adrenal and ovarian origin,does negatively affect the outcome of assisted reproductive techniques.The elevated peripheral progesterone level in the late follicular phase seems to effect on the endometrium,which may lead to asynchrony between the endometrium and developing embryo.The causes of premature progesterone elevation during ovarian stimulation are still unclear.However,recent studies point towards it is helpful that usage of dexamethasone,controlling the dose of rFSH and stabilizing the serum LH level on HCG day.Moreover,the definition and its significance of progesterone elevation are different in the patients with different ovarian response.Whole embryos frozen may be a good choice for unavoidable late follicular phase progesterone increased.
GnRH-analogues; Basal progesterone level; Late follicular phase; Progesterone rise; Endometrial receptivity; IVF/ICSI
10.3969/j.issn.1004-3845.2017.11.009
2017-08-23;
2017-08-30
國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金(81501328)
李元,女,湖南岳陽(yáng)人,碩士,醫(yī)師,生殖醫(yī)學(xué)專業(yè).(*
,Email:lj_0305@126.com)