高鵬 楊斌 焦力群 張鴻祺 朱鳳水
·綜述·
頸動脈粥樣硬化斑塊無創(chuàng)性高分辨力磁共振成像研究進(jìn)展
高鵬 楊斌 焦力群 張鴻祺 朱鳳水
頸動脈粥樣硬化性狹窄與腦卒中復(fù)發(fā)密切相關(guān)。目前頸動脈狹窄的治療方法主要包括藥物治療和外科手術(shù)(頸動脈支架成形術(shù)和頸動脈內(nèi)膜切除術(shù))。腦卒中預(yù)防在于識別頸動脈狹窄危險因素,篩查腦卒中復(fù)發(fā)高?;颊?,從而使其從藥物治療或外科手術(shù)中獲益,然而目前僅根據(jù)頸動脈狹窄程度制定治療方案,缺乏個體化治療。近年來,新型影像學(xué)技術(shù)如無創(chuàng)性高分辨力磁共振成像(HRMRI)等,可以檢測出頸動脈易損斑塊。與傳統(tǒng)數(shù)字減影血管造影術(shù)測量的頸動脈狹窄程度相比,無創(chuàng)性HRMRI可以根據(jù)頸動脈斑塊特征準(zhǔn)確預(yù)測同側(cè)腦卒中風(fēng)險,從而指導(dǎo)個體化治療。
頸動脈狹窄; 動脈粥樣硬化; 磁共振成像; 綜述
頸動脈狹窄程度和粥樣硬化斑塊穩(wěn)定性均與腦卒中發(fā)生和復(fù)發(fā)密切相關(guān)。目前主要采用數(shù)字減影血管造影術(shù)(DSA)定量檢測頸動脈狹窄程度,而較少關(guān)注頸動脈斑塊穩(wěn)定性。近年來,無創(chuàng)性高?分辨力磁共振成像(HRMRI)逐漸用于檢測頸動脈斑塊的穩(wěn)定性。與DSA相比,HRMRI具有無創(chuàng)性、安全、費用相對較低和可重復(fù)性等優(yōu)點,在DSA顯示血管狹窄的同時,HRMRI可以檢測斑塊穩(wěn)定性,提供更敏感和客觀信息,具有較高的個體化預(yù)測價值,是一項極具潛力的影像學(xué)技術(shù)。本文擬對近年HRMRI檢測頸動脈斑塊穩(wěn)定性研究進(jìn)展進(jìn)行綜述。
根據(jù)美國心臟協(xié)會(AHA)/美國卒中協(xié)會(ASA)指南[1],頸動脈狹窄藥物治療和外科手術(shù)[包括頸動脈支架成形術(shù)(CAS)和頸動脈內(nèi)膜切除術(shù)(CEA)]的治療決策主要依靠兩方面:(1)頸動脈狹窄程度,狹窄率<50%,輕度狹窄;50%~69%,中度狹窄;≥70%,重度狹窄。(2)是否存在臨床癥狀。結(jié)合上述兩方面,近20年涌現(xiàn)出大量頸動脈狹窄相關(guān)臨床試驗,例如,1991年的北美癥狀性頸動脈內(nèi)膜切除術(shù)試驗(NASCET)顯示,對于頸動脈狹窄程度>70%患者,隨訪2年CEA組腦卒中復(fù)發(fā)率為9%,遠(yuǎn)低于單純藥物組的26%[2]。2004年針對無癥狀性頸動脈狹窄患者的無癥狀性頸動脈外科手術(shù)試驗(ACST)顯示,當(dāng)頸動脈狹窄程度>60%時,隨訪5年CEA組腦卒中復(fù)發(fā)率為6.4%,低于單純藥物組的11.8%;該項研究還顯示,對于>75歲的頸動脈狹窄程度>70%患者,隨訪5年腦卒中復(fù)發(fā)率和病死率顯著下降[3];2010年,ACST試驗10年長期隨訪結(jié)果發(fā)表于Lancet,CEA組腦卒中復(fù)發(fā)率為13.4%,低 于 單 純 藥 物 組 的 17.9%[4]。 Abbott 等[5]和Nicolaides等[6]報告的無癥狀性頸動脈狹窄患者單純藥物治療后同側(cè)腦卒中年復(fù)發(fā)率為0.6%~1.3%,低于ACST試驗的CEA組(5年腦卒中復(fù)發(fā)率為6.4%,腦卒中年復(fù)發(fā)率約1.3%[3])和無癥狀性頸動脈粥樣硬化研究(ACAS)的CEA組(5年腦卒中復(fù)發(fā)率為5.1%,腦卒中年復(fù)發(fā)率為1.0%[7])。因此,積極藥物治療仍是頸動脈狹窄的主要治療方法,主要表現(xiàn)為:(1)部分高?;颊卟⒉荒軓念i動脈支架成形術(shù)和頸動脈內(nèi)膜切除術(shù)中獲益。(2)無論癥狀性(頸動脈狹窄程度<70%)或無癥狀性頸動脈狹窄患者,均無證據(jù)顯示頸動脈支架成形術(shù)和頸動脈內(nèi)膜切除術(shù)療效優(yōu)于單純藥物治療[8]。因此,僅根據(jù)頸動脈狹窄程度進(jìn)行危險程度分層是遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不夠的,準(zhǔn)確評價頸動脈狹窄程度和檢測斑塊穩(wěn)定性以預(yù)測同側(cè)腦卒中風(fēng)險的個體化分析具有潛在的臨床價值。
頸動脈斑塊性狀的判斷和易損斑塊的辨別,應(yīng)借鑒“冠狀動脈易損斑塊”定義?!肮跔顒用}易損斑塊”的定義最早由Virmani等[9]于2002年提出,他在尸檢中發(fā)現(xiàn)冠狀動脈粥樣硬化斑塊存在較大的富脂壞死核心(LRNC)和菲薄的纖維帽(FC),并確定其與心源性猝死有關(guān)。經(jīng)臨床、病理學(xué)、分子生物學(xué)和影像學(xué)研究,一致認(rèn)為典型易損斑塊的病理學(xué)特征為[7,10]:(1)較大的富脂壞死核心。(2)菲薄的纖維帽。(3)炎癥反應(yīng),如巨噬細(xì)胞浸潤。(4)斑塊裂隙(fissured plaque)。(5)斑塊表面鈣化結(jié)節(jié)。(6)斑塊內(nèi)出血(IPH)。然而,上述“易損斑塊”定義僅限于病理學(xué)層面,實際工作中難以獲得活體斑塊,因此需要影像學(xué)技術(shù)以實現(xiàn)體外無創(chuàng)性斑塊成像。鑒于此,基于MRI的冠狀動脈和頸動脈易損斑塊成像技術(shù)和影像學(xué)分型應(yīng)運而生[11]。1995年,AHA/ASA指南基于尸體解剖提出冠狀動脈粥樣硬化斑塊病理學(xué)分型,分為Ⅰ~Ⅷ型[12],并在此基礎(chǔ)上衍生出基于HRMRI的頸動脈易損斑塊影像學(xué)分型,亦分為Ⅰ~Ⅷ型(表1)[13]。
1.較大的富脂壞死核心和菲薄的纖維帽顯著增加腦卒中復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險 (1)HRMRI可以識別和定量檢測頸動脈斑塊富脂壞死核心。既往大量研究顯示,富脂壞死核心體積較大和(或)纖維帽菲薄或破裂與近期腦卒中事件、同側(cè)動脈?動脈栓塞性缺血性卒中事件、頸動脈斑塊去穩(wěn)定化、纖維帽破裂、斑塊內(nèi)出 血 和 斑 塊 體 積 擴 大 顯 著 相 關(guān)[9,14?18]。 一 項 針 對 頸動脈狹窄程度50%~99%患者的橫斷面臨床研究顯示,HRMRI顯示的同側(cè)短暫性腦缺血發(fā)作(TIA)和(或)腦卒中與較大的富脂壞死核心和(或)菲薄或破裂的纖維帽顯著相關(guān),而與頸動脈狹窄程度無關(guān)聯(lián)性[14]。(2)富脂壞死核心及其體積可以指導(dǎo)強化調(diào)脂治療,亦可以評價調(diào)脂治療效果[19]。Demarco等[14]的研究顯示,盡管頸動脈狹窄程度未達(dá)重度狹窄(≤70%),但HRMRI仍顯示易損斑塊,表現(xiàn)為較大的富脂壞死核心合并斑塊內(nèi)出血、菲薄或破裂的纖維帽,考慮為腦卒中高?;颊?,與近期腦卒中風(fēng)險具有相關(guān)性;盡管頸動脈狹窄程度達(dá)重度狹窄(>70%),但HRMRI仍顯示穩(wěn)定斑塊,表現(xiàn)為富脂壞死核心體積較小、無斑塊內(nèi)出血、纖維帽厚重,考慮為無癥狀性頸動脈狹窄。一項納入33例頸動脈狹窄患者的前瞻性臨床試驗顯示,經(jīng)過3年強化調(diào)脂治療(阿托伐他汀10~80 mg/d+煙酸緩釋片2 g/d+考來維侖3.80 g/d),復(fù)查HRMRI顯示富脂壞死核心體積縮小,生物學(xué)時間效應(yīng)表現(xiàn)為先出現(xiàn)斑塊脂質(zhì)排空,再出現(xiàn)斑塊消融[19]。(3)HRMRI不單純依靠 DSA測量的頸動脈狹窄程度即可定性和定量檢測頸動脈斑塊富脂壞死核心,從而進(jìn)行腦卒中危險程度分層,篩選出適宜進(jìn)行強化調(diào)脂治療或外科手術(shù)的患者,以及評價治療效果。
2.斑塊內(nèi)出血可以顯著增加腦卒中復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險
(1)斑塊內(nèi)出血發(fā)生機制是頸動脈斑塊內(nèi)富脂壞死核心的紅細(xì)胞滲出和鐵離子沉積。上述兩個過程促進(jìn)炎癥反應(yīng),導(dǎo)致斑塊去穩(wěn)定化[10,20]。一項前瞻性臨床試驗顯示,頸動脈斑塊內(nèi)出血與斑塊進(jìn)展相關(guān)[21]。既往由于臨床檢查方法有限,不能動態(tài)觀察斑塊內(nèi)出血的發(fā)生與發(fā)展過程;現(xiàn)有的無創(chuàng)性頸動脈斑塊成像技術(shù)可以同時觀察斑塊進(jìn)展和頸動脈粥樣硬化自然病程。(2)斑塊內(nèi)出血與斑塊體積擴大和同側(cè)動脈?動脈栓塞性缺血性卒中事件相關(guān)。Takaya等[17]納入98例無癥狀性中至重度頸動脈狹窄患者,HRMRI顯示43例(43.88%)存在斑塊內(nèi)出血,經(jīng)過38.20個月隨訪,6例(6.12%)發(fā)生同側(cè)缺血性卒中且均存在斑塊內(nèi)出血。Altaf等[22]納入64例癥狀性頸動脈狹窄患者(狹窄程度30%~69%),39例(60.94%)基線HRMRI顯示存在斑塊內(nèi)出血,經(jīng)28個月隨訪,14例(21.88%)發(fā)生同側(cè)缺血性卒中,其中13例(20.31%)存在斑塊內(nèi)出血。Meta分析顯示,基線HRMRI顯示存在斑塊內(nèi)出血的頸動脈狹窄患者發(fā)生同側(cè)腦卒中風(fēng)險是無斑塊內(nèi)出血患者的 5.60 倍[23]。
表1 基于HRMRI的頸動脈易損斑塊影像學(xué)分型[13]Table 1. Conventional and modified classification of carotid vulnerable plaque based on HRMRI[13]
3.頸動脈斑塊性狀的性別差異及其與同側(cè)腦卒中風(fēng)險的關(guān)系 Ota等[24]納入131例頸動脈狹窄患者(狹窄程度≥50%),男性不穩(wěn)定型斑塊特征高于女性,表現(xiàn)為男性頸動脈斑塊富脂壞死核心、纖維帽菲薄或破裂、斑塊內(nèi)出血發(fā)生率均高于女性,男性易損斑塊發(fā)生率亦高于女性,可以部分解釋頸動脈內(nèi)膜切除術(shù)在預(yù)防男性無癥狀性頸動脈狹窄相關(guān)腦卒中方面優(yōu)于女性。另一項研究顯示,頸動脈斑塊性狀的性別差異不僅限于中至重度頸動脈狹窄患者,亦存在于輕度頸動脈狹窄患者(狹窄程度<50%)[25]。因此,頸動脈狹窄的治療策略應(yīng)同時考慮易損斑塊特征和性別因素。
1.頸動脈斑塊HRMRI技術(shù) 未來頸動脈斑塊HRMRI技術(shù)有待改進(jìn)和提高成像質(zhì)量、縮短成像時間。2013年出現(xiàn)的非對比血管造影和出血成像(SNAP),將檢查時間縮短至4~5分鐘,可以檢測到斑塊內(nèi)出血[26]。2012年出現(xiàn)的多對比三維梯度回波序列,可以提高成像質(zhì)量,提供良好的信噪比(SNR)[27]。共識普遍認(rèn)為,綜合 3 項 HRMRI序列(如SNAP、3D?T1WI和增強3D?T1WI)掃描4分鐘,即可獲得頸動脈易損斑塊的所有特征,包括富脂壞死核心、纖維帽和斑塊內(nèi)出血。若這一技術(shù)實現(xiàn),快速多對比頸動脈斑塊成像可以列入常規(guī)影像學(xué)檢查。此外,提高成像質(zhì)量還有賴于專用的頸動脈斑塊線圈。第1代4通道線圈通常置于頸部中間,可以提供高信噪比圖像,掃描范圍覆蓋10~12 cm區(qū)域;第2代頸部線圈采用高密度設(shè)計(6~8通道線圈),全面提高信噪比,亦可以增加掃描范圍(覆蓋16~18 cm區(qū)域),第1和2代線圈均已通過美國食品與藥品管理局(FDA)審批,并已廣泛應(yīng)用于臨床;第3代線圈為頸部高度集成線圈,系神經(jīng)血管專用,掃描范圍下至主動脈弓,上至Willis環(huán)和腦組織。如果將第3代線圈與新研發(fā)的HRMRI序列相結(jié)合,可以在45分鐘內(nèi)完成主動脈弓、頸動脈、腦組織和Willis環(huán)成像,極大地擴展頸動脈斑塊成像的臨床應(yīng)用。目前,HRMRI技術(shù)自動識別頸動脈斑塊成分的可行性已經(jīng)完成[28],有助于臨床醫(yī)師對頸動脈斑塊的認(rèn)識和理解。
2.頸動脈斑塊HRMRI的前瞻性多中心研究未來研究最核心的問題在于,頸動脈斑塊HRMRI能否替代傳統(tǒng)DSA測量的頸動脈狹窄程度以指導(dǎo)臨床決策、改進(jìn)治療效果??梢栽O(shè)想,頸動脈易損斑塊HRMRI可以同時指導(dǎo)藥物治療和外科手術(shù)。(1)HRMRI可以檢出頸動脈易損斑塊的富脂壞死核心,從而指導(dǎo)臨床醫(yī)師進(jìn)行積極藥物治療;此外,還可以根據(jù)頸動脈斑塊HRMRI設(shè)計前瞻性多中心隨機對照臨床試驗,將存在富脂壞死核心的頸動脈狹窄患者隨機分為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)藥物治療組和積極藥物治療組,除將短暫性腦缺血發(fā)作和(或)腦卒中作為終點事件外,也將富脂壞死核心體積變化作為終點事件或頸動脈粥樣硬化療效判定指標(biāo)。(2)對于近期發(fā)生癥狀性頸動脈狹窄的患者,HRMRI可以進(jìn)行腦卒中危險程度分層,篩選出適宜早期外科手術(shù)(頸動脈支架成形術(shù)或頸動脈內(nèi)膜切除術(shù))的患者。由此可見,即使輕至中度頸動脈狹窄患者,如果HRMRI檢出斑塊內(nèi)出血,同側(cè)短暫性腦缺血發(fā)作和(或)腦卒中風(fēng)險明顯增加;早期外科手術(shù)(頸動脈支架成形術(shù)或頸動脈內(nèi)膜切除術(shù))可以有效預(yù)防腦卒中復(fù)發(fā),尚待前瞻性多中心隨機對照臨床試驗的驗證。
綜上所述,腦卒中預(yù)防的關(guān)鍵在于早期識別危險因素。過去幾十年,全世界在危險因素控制方面取得長足進(jìn)步,如高血壓、冠心病、糖尿病、高脂血癥等均得到有效控制。未來腦卒中預(yù)防的重點在于識別個體化危險因素。國際上多個單中心臨床試驗業(yè)已證實基于HRMRI的頸動脈易損斑塊成像技術(shù)較傳統(tǒng)的頸動脈超聲或DSA能夠更準(zhǔn)確預(yù)測腦卒中復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險[17,29?30]。我們也寄希望于國際上的前瞻性臨床試驗以驗證頸動脈易損斑塊與同側(cè)動脈?動脈栓塞性缺血性卒中事件的相關(guān)性。未來有望根據(jù)頸動脈易損斑塊的HRMRI,提供個體化藥物治療和外科手術(shù)方案。
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Research progress of noninvasive high?resolution magnetic resonance imaging in carotid atherosclerotic plaque
GAO Peng,YANG Bin,JIAO Li?qun,ZHANG Hong?qi,ZHU Feng?shui
Department of Neurosurgery,Xuanwu Hospital,Capital Medical University,Beijing 100053,China
Carotid atherosclerotic stenosis is closely related to recurrent ischemic stroke.Currently,therapies for carotid artery stenosis are mainly intensive medication or surgery,including carotid artery stenting(CAS)and carotid endarterectomy(CEA).The prevention of stroke lies in identifying risk factors for carotid artery stenosis,screening patients with high risk of recurrent stroke,so as to benefit from medication or surgery.However,therapeutic schedule is formulated only according to the degrees of carotid artery stenosis,and there lacks of individualized treatment. Recently,new imaging modalities,such as noninvasive high?resolution MRI(HRMRI)could detect the vulnerability of carotid atherosclerotic plaque.Compared with the degree of carotid artery stenosis measured by conventional DSA,noninvasive HRMRI can precisely predict the risk of ipsilateral stroke according to plaque morphology,so as to guide individualized treatment.
Carotid stenosis; Atherosclerosis; Magnetic resonance imaging; Review
ZHU Feng?shui(Email:zhufengshui@sina.com)
This study was supported by the NationalKey Research and DevelopmentProgram (No.2016YFC1301700)and Beijing Municipal Scientific and Technological New Star Plan Program (No.2010B052).
10.3969/j.issn.1672?6731.2017.05.012
國家重點研發(fā)計劃項目(項目編號:2016YFC1301700);北京市科技新星計劃項目(項目編號:2010B052)
100053 北京,首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)宣武醫(yī)院神經(jīng)外科
朱鳳水(Email:zhufengshui@sina.com)
2017?05?02)