盛娟
·臨床麻醉·
椎旁神經(jīng)阻滯復(fù)合全身麻醉對(duì)胸腔鏡手術(shù)患者術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛的影響
盛娟
目的 探討連續(xù)椎旁神經(jīng)阻滯復(fù)合全身麻醉對(duì)胸腔鏡肺大泡切除術(shù)患者術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛效果及不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率的影響。方法 全身麻醉下行胸腔鏡肺大泡切除術(shù)患者76例,隨機(jī)分為觀(guān)察組與對(duì)照組,每組各38例,對(duì)照組采用單純?nèi)砺樽?,觀(guān)察組采用全身麻醉復(fù)合胸椎旁神經(jīng)阻滯。觀(guān)察并記錄患者入手術(shù)室后(T1)、誘導(dǎo)插管后(T2)、切皮后5min(T3)、拔管前(T4)的MAP和HR;評(píng)估并記錄患者術(shù)后2h、12h、24h、48h的安靜及咳嗽VAS評(píng)分(0分為無(wú)痛,10分為劇痛);統(tǒng)計(jì)24h、48h鎮(zhèn)痛泵按壓次數(shù)及背景輸注總量;隨訪(fǎng)術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛期間惡心、嘔吐、嗜睡、低血壓、躁動(dòng)、皮膚瘙癢等不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生情況。結(jié)果 觀(guān)察組T2~T4時(shí)的MAP和HR均顯著低于對(duì)照組(P<0.05);觀(guān)察組術(shù)后2h、12h、24h、48h的安靜與咳嗽時(shí)VAS評(píng)分均顯著低于對(duì)照組(P<0.05);觀(guān)察組患者術(shù)后24h、48h的PCIA泵按壓次數(shù)和背景輸注總量顯著低于對(duì)照組;觀(guān)察組術(shù)后惡心嘔吐、輕度嗜睡、躁動(dòng)等不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率顯著低于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。結(jié)論 胸椎旁神經(jīng)阻滯復(fù)合全身麻醉可有效減輕胸腔鏡肺大泡切除術(shù)患者的術(shù)后疼痛,降低患者靜脈鎮(zhèn)痛泵內(nèi)阿片類(lèi)藥物用量,術(shù)后蘇醒期躁動(dòng)、惡心嘔吐等不良反應(yīng)的發(fā)生率也顯著減少,值得臨床推廣。
椎旁神經(jīng)阻滯 全身麻醉 胸腔鏡 術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛
胸腔鏡術(shù)后伴隨劇烈疼痛,不僅嚴(yán)重影響患者的呼吸功能,引發(fā)肺部并發(fā)癥,同時(shí)還會(huì)加劇患者圍術(shù)期的應(yīng)激反應(yīng),增加阿片類(lèi)藥物的用量,進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致相關(guān)炎癥因子及腫瘤標(biāo)志物水平的上升,最終引起全身性不良反應(yīng)或疾病的進(jìn)一步發(fā)展,因此有效控制術(shù)后疼痛是保證治療效果的重要措施[1]。胸椎旁阻滯(Thoracic paravertebral block,TPVB)是近年來(lái)用于肺癌根治術(shù)、肺葉切除術(shù)等多種開(kāi)胸疼痛性疾病的有效區(qū)域阻滯技術(shù),其操作簡(jiǎn)便,并發(fā)癥少,圍術(shù)期鎮(zhèn)痛效果好,在胸腔鏡手術(shù)中的應(yīng)用也越來(lái)越廣泛[2]。本文評(píng)價(jià)椎旁神經(jīng)阻滯復(fù)合全身麻醉對(duì)胸腔鏡手術(shù)患者術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛的效果,報(bào)道如下。
1.1 一般資料 選擇2014年3月至2015年11月全身麻醉下行胸腔鏡肺大泡切除術(shù)患者76例,男53例,女23例;年齡28~79歲,平均年齡(44.7±11.3)歲。體重指數(shù)(BMI)20~25kg/m2,平均(23.6±2.5)kg/m2。ASA Ⅰ或Ⅱ級(jí)。隨機(jī)分為觀(guān)察組和對(duì)照組,每組各38例,對(duì)照組采用單純?nèi)砺樽?,觀(guān)察組采用全身麻醉復(fù)合胸椎旁神經(jīng)阻滯。兩組患者一般資料差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。
1.2 麻醉方法 所有患者入手術(shù)室后常規(guī)監(jiān)測(cè)心電圖、血氧飽和度、中心靜脈壓,手術(shù)對(duì)側(cè)橈動(dòng)脈穿刺監(jiān)測(cè)有創(chuàng)血壓。對(duì)照組麻醉誘導(dǎo)靜脈注射咪噠唑侖0.03mg/kg,芬太尼2~4μg/kg,依托咪酯0.3mg/kg,羅庫(kù)溴銨0.6mg/kg,順利插入雙腔支氣管導(dǎo)管。術(shù)中麻醉維持,靶控輸注丙泊酚4~8mg/(kg·h)、苯磺順阿曲庫(kù)銨1~2μg/(kg·h),BIS監(jiān)測(cè)麻醉深度,維持BIS值40~60,術(shù)畢患者清醒后拔管,PACU完全清醒后接鎮(zhèn)痛泵靜脈自控鎮(zhèn)痛[3]。PCIA鎮(zhèn)痛均采用電子鎮(zhèn)痛泵,配方為4μg/kg芬太尼+0.1mg/kg托烷司瓊共100ml,負(fù)荷劑量2ml,背景輸注2ml/h,自控劑量1ml/次,鎖定時(shí)間15min[4]。術(shù)后患者可根據(jù)VAS自行調(diào)控PCIA泵:0分無(wú)痛時(shí)停背景輸注;>0分開(kāi)啟背景輸注;靜息時(shí)或活動(dòng)時(shí)VAS≥4分啟動(dòng)自控按鈕給予一次自控劑量的鎮(zhèn)痛藥。術(shù)前指導(dǎo)患者使用PCIA泵及VAS評(píng)分。觀(guān)察組側(cè)臥位,手術(shù)側(cè)朝上,胸部適當(dāng)墊高,弓背屈曲,標(biāo)注對(duì)應(yīng)的棘突,常規(guī)消毒鋪單。便攜式超聲引導(dǎo)下行椎旁間隙穿刺置管,選擇高頻線(xiàn)陣探頭,調(diào)節(jié)超聲探頭頻率為7MHz,調(diào)節(jié)焦距和增益,優(yōu)化成像能力[5]。選取手術(shù)側(cè)T4棘突下緣旁開(kāi)2.5~3.0cm處為穿刺點(diǎn),移動(dòng)探頭位置,與脊柱垂直。超聲視窗中觀(guān)察到隨呼吸移動(dòng)的強(qiáng)回聲胸膜亮線(xiàn),在胸膜上緣觀(guān)察到一突狀亮線(xiàn)即為T(mén)4橫突,在橫突下外側(cè)胸膜上觀(guān)察到楔形低回聲區(qū)的椎旁間隙[6]。采用平面內(nèi)進(jìn)針的方式,在超聲下實(shí)時(shí)觀(guān)察調(diào)整穿刺針位置,依次穿過(guò)皮膚、肋間外肌、肋間內(nèi)膜,到達(dá)椎旁間隙,注入0.375%羅哌卡因15~20ml,此時(shí)可見(jiàn)胸椎旁間隙擴(kuò)張,胸膜被局麻藥推向腹側(cè),15min后測(cè)試麻醉平面,平面固定后全身麻醉誘導(dǎo),全身麻醉誘導(dǎo)及維持方法同對(duì)照組,術(shù)后連續(xù)鎮(zhèn)痛配方同對(duì)照組。
1.3 觀(guān)察指標(biāo)(1)觀(guān)察并記錄患者入手術(shù)室后(T1)、誘導(dǎo)插管后(T2)、切皮后5min(T3)、拔管前(T4)的MAP和HR。(2)評(píng)估并記錄患者術(shù)后2h、12h、24h、48h的安靜及咳嗽VAS評(píng)分(0分為無(wú)痛,10分為劇痛)。(3)統(tǒng)計(jì)24h、48h鎮(zhèn)痛泵按壓次數(shù)及背景輸注總量。(4)隨訪(fǎng)術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛期間惡心、嘔吐、嗜睡、低血壓、躁動(dòng)、皮膚瘙癢等不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生情況。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法 采用SPSS19.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件。計(jì)量數(shù)據(jù)均以(x±s)表示,組間用方差分析,組內(nèi)采用重復(fù)測(cè)量方差分析;計(jì)數(shù)資料用χ2檢驗(yàn),P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2.1 兩組T1~T4 MAP和HR值比較 見(jiàn)表1。
表1 兩組T1~T4MAP和HR值比較(x±s)
2.2 兩組術(shù)后VAS評(píng)分比較 見(jiàn)表2。
表2 兩組術(shù)后VAS評(píng)分比較(x±s)
2.3 兩組術(shù)后PCIA泵按壓次數(shù)和背景輸入總量比較 見(jiàn)表3。
表3 兩組術(shù)后PCIA泵按壓次數(shù)和背景輸入總量比較(x±s)
2.4 術(shù)后不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生情況 觀(guān)察組術(shù)后惡心嘔吐2例(5.3%)、輕度嗜睡1例(2.6%)、躁動(dòng)1例(2.6%),顯著低于對(duì)照組的惡心嘔吐8例(21.1%)、輕度嗜睡4例(10.5%)、躁動(dòng)3例(7.9%),差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。此外對(duì)照組還出現(xiàn)低血壓和皮膚瘙癢各1例(2.6%),兩組患者均未出現(xiàn)呼吸抑制。
術(shù)后疼痛可能會(huì)使胸腔鏡手術(shù)患者術(shù)后呼吸頻率加快,抑制患者的咳嗽反射和自發(fā)深吸氣,嚴(yán)重時(shí)還會(huì)引起墜積性肺炎和肺葉不張等不良反應(yīng),對(duì)患者的呼吸功能造成嚴(yán)重影響。而對(duì)于胸腔鏡手術(shù)術(shù)后疼痛程度和原因的判斷,Maxwell C[7]等認(rèn)為應(yīng)與胸腔鏡器械操作和胸腔鏡套管的肋間安置密切相關(guān),其中器械對(duì)于患者肋骨的過(guò)度杠桿作用極易引起肋間神經(jīng)炎或神經(jīng)瘤,而套管的不正確放置或不當(dāng)操作也會(huì)引起肋間神經(jīng)的損傷和壓迫,最終引起中度至重度的疼痛。本資料結(jié)果顯示,椎旁神經(jīng)阻滯復(fù)合全身麻醉對(duì)于患者心血管功能的影響較小,血管擴(kuò)張不明顯,血流動(dòng)力學(xué)更加穩(wěn)定,分析原因應(yīng)該與椎旁神經(jīng)阻滯區(qū)域小,交感神經(jīng)阻滯程度弱且范圍局限,無(wú)明顯的血管擴(kuò)張相關(guān)[8]。術(shù)后VAS評(píng)分結(jié)果,相比單純?nèi)砺樽礞?zhèn)痛組,椎旁神經(jīng)阻滯復(fù)合全身麻醉的術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛起效更快,且觀(guān)察組術(shù)后2h、12h、24h、48h的安靜與咳嗽時(shí)VAS評(píng)分均顯著低于對(duì)照組,表明觀(guān)察組術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛效果更為明顯。
臨床中多項(xiàng)術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛研究表明,阿片類(lèi)鎮(zhèn)痛藥物具有免疫抑制效應(yīng),其使用劑量的增加不僅會(huì)導(dǎo)致患者術(shù)后不良反應(yīng)率上升,還可能會(huì)間接刺激血管再生,加速肺癌等惡性腫瘤細(xì)胞的播散[9]。本資料顯示,觀(guān)察組患者術(shù)后24h、48h的PCIA泵按壓次數(shù)和背景輸注總量顯著低于對(duì)照組,即椎旁神經(jīng)阻滯復(fù)合全身麻醉可有效減少患者術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛阿片類(lèi)鎮(zhèn)痛藥物的用量,而觀(guān)察組的術(shù)后惡心嘔吐、輕度嗜睡、躁動(dòng)等不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生顯著低于對(duì)照組,也與其鎮(zhèn)痛藥物用量的減少密切相關(guān)。分析原因應(yīng)該與椎旁神經(jīng)阻滯可以有效縮短患者的炎癥反應(yīng)、應(yīng)激狀態(tài)時(shí)程,減少胸內(nèi)滲出,胸膜吸收增加等密切相關(guān)。
總之,椎旁神經(jīng)阻滯復(fù)合全身麻醉用于胸腔鏡肺大泡切除術(shù),具有并發(fā)癥少,禁忌證少,減少術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛藥物用量,及提供良好的術(shù)中麻醉和完善的術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛。且術(shù)后蘇醒期躁動(dòng)、惡心嘔吐等不良反應(yīng)的發(fā)生率也顯著減少的優(yōu)點(diǎn)。
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Objective To investigate the effect of continuous paravertebral nerve block combined with general anesthesia on the postoperative analgesia and the incidence of adverse reactions in patients underwent thoracoscopic lung bull or resection. Methods 76 cases of thoracoscopic pulmonary bullae resection under general anesthesia were randomly divided into the observation group and the control group. 38 cases in each group,the control group was treated with general anesthesia,and the observation group was treated with general anesthesia combined with thoracic paravertebral nerve block. The MAP and HR of patients were observed and recorded after entering operating room(T1),after tracheal intubation(T2),5min after skin incision(T3),and before extubation(T4). The quiet and cough VAS scores of patients 2h,12h,24h,48h after operation(0 as painless,10 as painful) were evaluated and recorded. The times of analgesia pump and total amount of background infusion of 24h and 48h were counted. Nausea,vomiting,lethargy,hypotension,restlessness,pruritus and other adverse reactions were followed up during the postoperative analgesia period. Results The MAP and HR of observation group were significantly lower than those in the control group at T2-T4(P<0.05). The quiet and cough VAS scores were significantly lower than those in control group 2h,12h,24h,48h after operation(P<0.05). The times of PCIA pump press and background infusion volume were significantly lower than those in the control group 24h and 48h after operation(P<0.05). The incidence of adverse reactions such as nausea,vomiting,mild drowsiness and restlessness in the observation group was lower than that in the control group(P<0.05). Conclusion Thoracic paravertebral nerve block combined with general anesthesia can effectively relieve postoperative pain in patients undergoing thoracoscopic resection of bullae of lung,and reduce opioids dosage of intravenous analgesia. The incidence of postoperative restlessness,nausea,vomiting and other adverse reactions also decreased significantly,which is worthy of clinical promotion.
Paravertebral nerve block General anesthesia Thoracoscopy Postoperative analgesia
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