閆躍
短文改錯的設題類型有三種:加詞、刪詞和改詞。在十處錯誤中,加詞與刪詞一般占據(jù)2~3處,盡管比例不高,卻是同學們失分的“重災區(qū)”。本文結合近五年的全國卷高考真題,對短文改錯中加詞與刪詞的考點作一歸納,希望對同學們平時的備考有所啟發(fā)。
[加詞類]
1. 添加限定詞
(1)添加定冠詞
例1 (2017·全國卷Ⅲ) When I look at this picture of myself ... Around me in picture are the things that were very important in my life at that time: car magazines and musical instruments.
解析 此句中介詞in后面的名詞picture已經(jīng)在上文出現(xiàn)過,這里是重復出現(xiàn),屬于特指,所以它的前面應加定冠詞the。
例2 (2016·全國卷Ⅱ) If we stay at home, it is comfortable and there is no need to spend money. But in that case, we will learn little about world.
解析 本句中,名詞world表示的是“我們所居住的世界”,屬于特指,因此它前面需要加定冠詞the。
(2)添加不定冠詞
例3 (2014·全國卷Ⅰ) Since then—for all these years—we have been allowing tomatoes to self-seed where they please. As result, the plants are growing everywhere.
解析 固定詞組as a result表示“結果,因此”。很明顯,上句中result之前需要加上不定冠詞a。
(3)添加形容詞性物主代詞
例4 (2015·全國卷Ⅱ)A woman saw him crying and told him to wait outside the shop. Five minutes later, Tony saw parents.
解析 名詞復數(shù)前面如果沒有限定詞,表示的是泛指,但這里的parents指的是Tony的“父母”,所以它前面應加上指代Tony的形容詞性物主代詞his。
例5 (2017·全國卷Ⅰ) In the summer holiday following my eighteenth birthday, I took driving lessons. I still remember how hard first day was.
解析 除在某些固定用法中,用來限定名詞的序數(shù)詞之前通常應該有個物主代詞或者定冠詞,所以上句first之前需要加上my。(本題中first之前加the也可以。)
2. 添加介詞
例6 (2016·全國卷Ⅰ) My uncle says that he never dreams becoming rich in a short period of time. Instead, he hopes that his business will grow steadily.
解析 動詞短語“夢想做某事”的正確翻譯應是dream of/about doing sth.,故本句中dreams之后需加上介詞of/about。
例7 (2014·全國卷Ⅱ) We can lie on the grass for a rest, or sit by the lake listening music.
解析 本句中的listening是現(xiàn)在分詞,用作動詞sit的伴隨狀語,但listening是不及物動詞,不可以直接用music作賓語,所以本句listening之后應加上介詞to。
3. 添加人稱代詞
例8 (2016·全國卷Ⅲ) At last, I will be on my own, but I still want to have my parents to turn to whenever need help.
解析 本句中的時間狀語從句缺少主語,根據(jù)句意,是“我”在需要幫助時向父母求助,所以need之前應加上人稱代詞I。
4. 添加連詞
例9 (2013·全國卷Ⅰ) He had a deep voice, which set him apart from others in our small town, he was strong and powerful.
解析 上面是一個包含定語從句的復合句以及一個簡單句,二者均是獨立分句,但獨立分句是不能直接用逗號連接的,需要根據(jù)邏輯關系加上連詞。鑒于上面兩個獨立句之間是順承關系,所以he之前需添加并列連詞and。
5. 添加不定式的標記詞
例10 (2017·全國卷Ⅱ) When summer comes, they will invite their students pick the fresh vegetables.
解析 動詞詞組“邀請某人做某事”的正確翻譯為invite sb. to do sth.,不定式作賓語補足語。所以,上句的pick之前應該加上不定式的標記詞to。
[加詞類]
1. 添加限定詞
(1)添加定冠詞
例1 (2017·全國卷Ⅲ) When I look at this picture of myself ... Around me in picture are the things that were very important in my life at that time: car magazines and musical instruments.endprint
解析 此句中介詞in后面的名詞picture已經(jīng)在上文出現(xiàn)過,這里是重復出現(xiàn),屬于特指,所以它的前面應加定冠詞the。
例2 (2016·全國卷Ⅱ) If we stay at home, it is comfortable and there is no need to spend money. But in that case, we will learn little about world.
解析 本句中,名詞world表示的是“我們所居住的世界”,屬于特指,因此它前面需要加定冠詞the。
(2)添加不定冠詞
例3 (2014·全國卷Ⅰ) Since then—for all these years—we have been allowing tomatoes to self-seed where they please. As result, the plants are growing everywhere.
解析 固定詞組as a result表示“結果,因此”。很明顯,上句中result之前需要加上不定冠詞a。
(3)添加形容詞性物主代詞
例4 (2015·全國卷Ⅱ)A woman saw him crying and told him to wait outside the shop. Five minutes later, Tony saw parents.
解析 名詞復數(shù)前面如果沒有限定詞,表示的是泛指,但這里的parents指的是Tony的“父母”,所以它前面應加上指代Tony的形容詞性物主代詞his。
例5 (2017·全國卷Ⅰ) In the summer holiday following my eighteenth birthday, I took driving lessons. I still remember how hard first day was.
解析 除在某些固定用法中,用來限定名詞的序數(shù)詞之前通常應該有個物主代詞或者定冠詞,所以上句first之前需要加上my。(本題中first之前加the也可以。)
2. 添加介詞
例6 (2016·全國卷Ⅰ) My uncle says that he never dreams becoming rich in a short period of time. Instead, he hopes that his business will grow steadily.
解析 動詞短語“夢想做某事”的正確翻譯應是dream of/about doing sth.,故本句中dreams之后需加上介詞of/about。
例7 (2014·全國卷Ⅱ) We can lie on the grass for a rest, or sit by the lake listening music.
解析 本句中的listening是現(xiàn)在分詞,用作動詞sit的伴隨狀語,但listening是不及物動詞,不可以直接用music作賓語,所以本句listening之后應加上介詞to。
3. 添加人稱代詞
例8 (2016·全國卷Ⅲ) At last, I will be on my own, but I still want to have my parents to turn to whenever need help.
解析 本句中的時間狀語從句缺少主語,根據(jù)句意,是“我”在需要幫助時向父母求助,所以need之前應加上人稱代詞I。
4. 添加連詞
例9 (2013·全國卷Ⅰ) He had a deep voice, which set him apart from others in our small town, he was strong and powerful.
解析 上面是一個包含定語從句的復合句以及一個簡單句,二者均是獨立分句,但獨立分句是不能直接用逗號連接的,需要根據(jù)邏輯關系加上連詞。鑒于上面兩個獨立句之間是順承關系,所以he之前需添加并列連詞and。
5. 添加不定式的標記詞
例10 (2017·全國卷Ⅱ) When summer comes, they will invite their students pick the fresh vegetables.
解析 動詞詞組“邀請某人做某事”的正確翻譯為invite sb. to do sth.,不定式作賓語補足語。所以,上句的pick之前應該加上不定式的標記詞to。
不難看出,近五年全國卷的短文改錯中,被添加的詞語一般都是虛詞,而被刪除的詞語除了虛詞之外,還有可能是實詞,但僅限于副詞、情態(tài)動詞和助動詞。建議同學們在解答短文改錯時,應先從添加和刪除的詞類入手,從而提高答題的正確率。endprint