王武煉 江文錦 林文韜 肖莉莉 張怡元
(廈門(mén)大學(xué)附屬福州第二醫(yī)院骨科,福建福州350007)
直接前方入路行一期同時(shí)雙側(cè)全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)20例臨床療效分析
王武煉 江文錦 林文韜 肖莉莉 張怡元*
(廈門(mén)大學(xué)附屬福州第二醫(yī)院骨科,福建福州350007)
背景:在雙側(cè)髖關(guān)節(jié)病變晚期,為得到較大功能改善,患者常需行雙側(cè)人工關(guān)節(jié)置換。直接前方入路(direct anterior approach,DAA)全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)采用仰臥體位,可實(shí)現(xiàn)一期同時(shí)雙側(cè)手術(shù)。目的:探討采用DAA行一期同時(shí)雙側(cè)全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)的臨床療效和手術(shù)技巧,報(bào)道短期隨訪結(jié)果。方法:回顧性分析自2014年1月至2016年6月采用DAA行一期同時(shí)雙側(cè)全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)的20例(40髖)患者的臨床資料,分別從手術(shù)時(shí)間、術(shù)中出血量、Harris評(píng)分及影像學(xué)方面進(jìn)行評(píng)估。結(jié)果:本組20例全部獲得隨訪,隨訪時(shí)間(14.0±8.1)個(gè)月,手術(shù)時(shí)間(102.0±20.8)min,術(shù)中出血量(680.0±197.6)ml。所有患者髖關(guān)節(jié)功能均獲改善。與術(shù)前比較,末次隨訪髖關(guān)節(jié)Harris評(píng)分[(29.3±7.6)分vs(92.2±3.3)分]升高(P<0.05)。1側(cè)發(fā)生股骨骨折;9側(cè)出現(xiàn)股外側(cè)皮神經(jīng)損傷;隨訪期內(nèi)無(wú)假體松動(dòng)、假體周圍感染和深靜脈血栓栓塞等并發(fā)癥發(fā)生。結(jié)論:直接前方入路行一期同時(shí)雙側(cè)全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)是一種安全高效的手術(shù),可縮短手術(shù)時(shí)間,減少輸血量。充分的術(shù)前準(zhǔn)備、慎重選擇的病例、嚴(yán)格的假體安裝標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、有效的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)防范是手術(shù)成功的關(guān)鍵。
直接前方入路;雙側(cè);全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換
股骨頭壞死、類風(fēng)濕關(guān)節(jié)炎、強(qiáng)直性脊柱炎引起的髖關(guān)節(jié)病變晚期常伴有雙側(cè)關(guān)節(jié)功能喪失,目前公認(rèn)有效的治療方法是髖關(guān)節(jié)置換。近年來(lái),隨著手術(shù)器械不斷改進(jìn)、手術(shù)技術(shù)和麻醉技術(shù)的普遍提高,使直接前方入路(direct anterior approach,DAA)行雙側(cè)全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換手術(shù)成為可能[1.2]。直接前方入路經(jīng)肌肉、神經(jīng)間隙進(jìn)入,有軟組織損傷小的獨(dú)特優(yōu)勢(shì)[3.4],有助于減少雙側(cè)同時(shí)手術(shù)的創(chuàng)傷程度,而且能夠大幅節(jié)約患者治療費(fèi)用、縮短手術(shù)時(shí)間和麻醉時(shí)間,以其特有的高效性和經(jīng)濟(jì)性,逐漸被人們接受。
選取2014年1月至2016年6月我院收治的20例有雙髖關(guān)節(jié)置換指征的患者,采用DAA入路行雙側(cè)全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù),其中,男12例(24髖),女8例(16髖);年齡31~67歲,平均(54.8±10.1)歲。雙側(cè)股骨頭缺血壞死12例(均為ARCOⅣ期);先天性髖關(guān)節(jié)發(fā)育不良5例(CroweⅠ型3例,CroweⅡ型2例);強(qiáng)直性脊柱炎2例;類風(fēng)濕關(guān)節(jié)炎1例。術(shù)前髖關(guān)節(jié)Har-ris評(píng)分(29.3±7.6)分。
納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①年齡<75歲;②無(wú)嚴(yán)重骨質(zhì)疏松,無(wú)嚴(yán)重髖關(guān)節(jié)畸形;③入院前能獨(dú)立行走或扶拐行走;④BMI<28 kg/m2;⑤美國(guó)麻醉師協(xié)會(huì)評(píng)分(ASA)1~3分。
排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①先天性髖關(guān)節(jié)發(fā)育不良CroweⅣ型者;②術(shù)側(cè)膝關(guān)節(jié)僵直者;③強(qiáng)直髖患者;④髖臼后側(cè)巨大缺損者;⑤存在神經(jīng)肌肉系統(tǒng)疾患者;⑥手術(shù)內(nèi)植物殘留者;⑦明顯炎癥指標(biāo)異常者。
術(shù)前30 min使用一組抗生素。選擇全身麻醉,術(shù)中采用仰臥位,雙下肢同時(shí)消毒、鋪巾。所有病例均由兩組DAA全髖置換術(shù)實(shí)踐超過(guò)60例的高年資醫(yī)生進(jìn)行手術(shù),全部選擇DAA,兩側(cè)同時(shí)開(kāi)始,均從髂前上嵴分別向后、向下2 cm沿闊筋膜張肌中央向患側(cè)腓骨小頭方向延伸,切口長(zhǎng)約8 cm[5]。在股直肌和闊筋膜張肌之間用拉鉤將其牽開(kāi),其深層是旋股外側(cè)動(dòng)脈的升支。識(shí)別后并將其用電刀燒灼。隨后清除關(guān)節(jié)前方脂肪墊,倒“T”字形切開(kāi)前方關(guān)節(jié)囊,并用絲線穿過(guò)后將其牽開(kāi),并可作為“拉鉤”使用。放置好拉鉤,在股骨頭下做股骨頸預(yù)截骨,按照截骨模板行二次截骨,保留小粗隆上緣約1.0 cm內(nèi)側(cè)骨皮質(zhì),電動(dòng)取頭器取出股骨頭。拉鉤牽引下清楚顯露髖臼,避免磨銼髖臼時(shí)損傷外側(cè)的闊筋膜張肌。對(duì)髖臼唇和骨贅進(jìn)行充分的暴露和清除。定位髖臼橫韌帶,逐號(hào)銼磨,試模滿意后外展40°、前傾15°置入臼杯,并用重力式角度測(cè)量?jī)x確定前傾角。股骨側(cè)顯露是DAA手術(shù)的難點(diǎn)之一。先將關(guān)節(jié)囊下方在“4”字體位下適量松解,再將股骨側(cè)關(guān)節(jié)囊鞍區(qū)進(jìn)行充分松解直至股骨可以抬起。將術(shù)床恥骨聯(lián)合的頭端后仰20°,遠(yuǎn)端下降30°,使雙髖關(guān)節(jié)保持后伸位,再將雙下肢呈“剪刀腿式”內(nèi)收并極度外旋。由兩個(gè)助手分別負(fù)責(zé)該體位的擺放,同時(shí)應(yīng)盡量伸直膝關(guān)節(jié),才能真正使股骨段得到充分內(nèi)收外旋同時(shí)避免闊筋膜張肌緊張。開(kāi)口器從截骨面橢圓形中心進(jìn)入,緩慢旋轉(zhuǎn)貼近外側(cè)皮質(zhì)擴(kuò)向遠(yuǎn)端,弧形髓腔探針確定股骨髓腔后用髓腔銼依次擴(kuò)髓,安裝試模,復(fù)位髖關(guān)節(jié),檢查髖關(guān)節(jié)穩(wěn)定性和雙下肢長(zhǎng)度,C型臂X線機(jī)透視觀察假體位置情況。
患者從麻醉狀態(tài)恢復(fù)清醒后及時(shí)行雙下肢肌肉等長(zhǎng)收縮訓(xùn)練,同時(shí)在住院臥床期間每天練習(xí)踝泵、使用空氣波治療儀和抗凝藥物預(yù)防下肢深靜脈血栓形成。在血壓穩(wěn)定情況下術(shù)后第1天練習(xí)下地站立;術(shù)后第2天可在助行器下輔助行走;術(shù)后第3天可進(jìn)行上下臺(tái)階練習(xí)。為促進(jìn)快速康復(fù),發(fā)揮中醫(yī)藥特色,可對(duì)術(shù)后患者進(jìn)行中醫(yī)辨證論治,如有氣陰兩虛汗證者可予益氣滋陰止汗,術(shù)后津虧便秘者可予潤(rùn)腸通便,對(duì)術(shù)后淤血腫脹者可予消腫散瘀等。術(shù)后常規(guī)進(jìn)行電針和耳針治療,可促進(jìn)消腫、改善睡眠、緩解疼痛等。采用Harris評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)評(píng)定療效。
術(shù)后1周拍攝雙髖X線片和CT,測(cè)量、分析假體位置。并分別在術(shù)后1、2、6、12個(gè)月進(jìn)行門(mén)診復(fù)查,拍攝雙髖X線片和CT以及功能康復(fù)情況。假體下沉采用Callaghan方法測(cè)量,應(yīng)力遮擋性骨吸收按Engh和Bobyn法評(píng)估。評(píng)估并發(fā)癥:有無(wú)血管神經(jīng)損傷、股骨假體穿出、關(guān)節(jié)脫位、假體周圍感染、假體下沉、深靜脈血栓形成。所有數(shù)據(jù)均由2名高年資醫(yī)師分別評(píng)估后確認(rèn)。
采用SPSS 20.0軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,計(jì)量資料以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差表示,比較采用t檢驗(yàn),計(jì)數(shù)資料采用χ2檢驗(yàn)。
本組20例全部獲得隨訪,隨訪時(shí)間6~28個(gè)月,平均(14.0±8.1)個(gè)月。手術(shù)時(shí)間75~145 min,平均(102.0±20.8)min,術(shù)中出血量450~900 ml,平均(680.0±197.6)ml。與術(shù)前比較,末次隨訪髖關(guān)節(jié)Harris評(píng)分[(29.3±7.6)分vs(92.2±3.3)分]升高(P<0.05)。1側(cè)因股骨側(cè)顯露不佳發(fā)生術(shù)中股骨側(cè)骨折,予以鋼絲捆綁,術(shù)后2個(gè)月愈合。9側(cè)發(fā)生單側(cè)股外側(cè)皮神經(jīng)損傷。未見(jiàn)假體松動(dòng)、假體周圍感染和深靜脈血栓栓塞等并發(fā)癥發(fā)生。末次隨訪無(wú)患者出現(xiàn)假體周圍明顯透亮線,未見(jiàn)明顯骨吸收,無(wú)患者需行翻修術(shù)(圖1)。
圖1 患者,男,29歲,主訴“雙側(cè)股骨頭壞死3年,保髖術(shù)后疼痛1年”,診斷為雙側(cè)股骨頭壞死伴塌陷,ARCOⅢC,行雙側(cè)保髖失敗后直接前方入路行雙側(cè)全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換
1881年Heuter首次闡述了髖關(guān)節(jié)的前方入路[6,7],隨后Smith-Peterson對(duì)其進(jìn)行改良并首次應(yīng)用于髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)[8,9]。近年來(lái),關(guān)節(jié)外科醫(yī)生對(duì)直接前方入路全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)的興趣愈來(lái)愈濃,該入路手術(shù)例數(shù)也日趨增多[10]。直接前方入路是真正的神經(jīng)、肌肉間隙入路,不損傷短外旋肌群、外展肌群和后側(cè)關(guān)節(jié)囊[11]。Kamada等[12]通過(guò)力學(xué)感應(yīng)器測(cè)量患者術(shù)后外展肌力,認(rèn)為微創(chuàng)入路可加速患者術(shù)后的肌力恢復(fù)。Kwak等[13]發(fā)現(xiàn),微創(chuàng)全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后血液中肌酸激酶、白介素、醛縮酶等肌肉損傷指標(biāo)均較常規(guī)入路組降低。Bremer等[14]在一項(xiàng)關(guān)于DAA和PA的前瞻性隨機(jī)對(duì)照研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),DAA組術(shù)后3個(gè)月時(shí)功能康復(fù)較好和VAS評(píng)分較低,減少住院時(shí)間和止痛要求,提高髖關(guān)節(jié)功能評(píng)分[15]。與后外側(cè)入路行全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)比較,經(jīng)直接前方入路的患者術(shù)后住院時(shí)間明顯縮短[16]。
非創(chuàng)傷性導(dǎo)致的股骨頭無(wú)菌性壞死常見(jiàn)有雙側(cè)髖關(guān)節(jié)的同時(shí)病變,保守治療無(wú)效后,一期同時(shí)雙側(cè)全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)是改善關(guān)節(jié)功能的最佳選擇。據(jù)報(bào)道[17],雙側(cè)進(jìn)展性髖關(guān)節(jié)疾患并已行單側(cè)置換的患者,最后需進(jìn)行另一側(cè)置換的概率達(dá)97%。在雙側(cè)髖關(guān)節(jié)疾患中,如果沒(méi)有進(jìn)行雙側(cè)的置換,其髖關(guān)節(jié)功能不會(huì)得到真正的改善,尤其合并有屈曲攣縮者[18]。
傳統(tǒng)多采用雙側(cè)分期髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù),但由于分期置換術(shù)需要兩次住院手術(shù),大大增加了患者的總住院費(fèi)用[19],同時(shí)兩次麻醉、手術(shù)及術(shù)后康復(fù)也給患者增加不適感;傳統(tǒng)分期置換術(shù)常采用側(cè)臥位,骨盆難以維持恒定的位置,關(guān)節(jié)假體安放準(zhǔn)確度受骨盆旋轉(zhuǎn)的影響較大,同時(shí)也很難進(jìn)行精確的雙下肢長(zhǎng)度對(duì)比。近年來(lái),傳統(tǒng)分期置換術(shù)已發(fā)展為一期先后置換術(shù)。一期先后置換術(shù)既有采用側(cè)臥體位,亦有采用仰臥體位,但無(wú)論是哪種體位,與本研究所采用的一期同時(shí)雙側(cè)置換術(shù)比較,都需要較長(zhǎng)的手術(shù)時(shí)間。
隨著手術(shù)器械不斷改進(jìn)、手術(shù)技術(shù)和麻醉技術(shù)的普遍提高,使DAA入路行同期雙側(cè)全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換手術(shù)成為可能。其在解除患者痛苦、恢復(fù)關(guān)節(jié)功能方面有明顯的優(yōu)越性。與分期先后手術(shù)治療雙側(cè)髖關(guān)節(jié)病變的術(shù)式比較,同期雙側(cè)髖關(guān)節(jié)人工置換術(shù)有以下優(yōu)點(diǎn):①采用1次麻醉和1次圍手術(shù)期用藥治療,避免重復(fù)檢查、重復(fù)圍手術(shù)期處理和用藥,醫(yī)療費(fèi)用明顯降低,減輕患者經(jīng)濟(jì)負(fù)擔(dān);②雙側(cè)病痛1次住院1次手術(shù)、1次術(shù)后康復(fù),患者雙側(cè)病痛只需要經(jīng)歷1次的術(shù)后疼痛不適,也大大降低了患者和家屬的時(shí)間成本;③雙側(cè)手術(shù)只需要1次的消毒、鋪巾,行第2側(cè)時(shí)無(wú)需再次翻身固定擺放體位和消毒、鋪巾,兩組醫(yī)生雙側(cè)同時(shí)進(jìn)行節(jié)約大量手術(shù)時(shí)間[20];④雙側(cè)手術(shù)同時(shí)進(jìn)行不僅縮短手術(shù)時(shí)間,也縮短麻醉時(shí)間,減少麻醉風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[21],也提高醫(yī)院效益[22];⑤雙下肢長(zhǎng)度比較更方便,長(zhǎng)度調(diào)節(jié)更靈活,臼杯角度控制更精確。
DAA也可能導(dǎo)致一些并發(fā)癥。本研究9側(cè)發(fā)生單側(cè)股外側(cè)皮神經(jīng)損傷,但運(yùn)動(dòng)功能沒(méi)有受到限制。因?yàn)楣赏鈧?cè)皮神經(jīng)與切口相近,易導(dǎo)致股外側(cè)皮神經(jīng)損傷[23]。Martin等[4]發(fā)現(xiàn),在DAA入路中,股外側(cè)皮神經(jīng)損傷、感覺(jué)障礙率達(dá)17%;Goulding等[24]關(guān)于132例DAA入路研究中,81%患者出現(xiàn)皮膚感覺(jué)障礙,但是患者的運(yùn)動(dòng)功能沒(méi)有受到限制,隨著時(shí)間推移,所有患者感覺(jué)障礙全部得到好轉(zhuǎn),沒(méi)有留下后遺癥。本研究發(fā)生1例術(shù)中單側(cè)股骨近端骨折,考慮為股骨側(cè)暴露時(shí)手術(shù)折床不夠,股骨近端抬起不足,導(dǎo)致股骨髓腔與髓腔銼軸向不一致,在假體植入過(guò)程中發(fā)生邊緣應(yīng)力集中性骨折。DAA雖然從肌間隙進(jìn)入,但如果操作不當(dāng)亦容易損傷肌肉,特別是闊筋膜張肌。本研究20例40髖中均未見(jiàn)明顯的闊筋膜張肌挫裂傷。建議在暴露過(guò)程中將所有可能對(duì)闊筋膜張肌壓迫的拉鉤下都?jí)|1張無(wú)菌光滑薄膜,減少拉鉤對(duì)闊筋膜張肌的摩擦和挫傷。同時(shí),若無(wú)必要保持術(shù)側(cè)下肢內(nèi)收位時(shí),應(yīng)盡量放松闊筋膜張肌,以減少拉鉤對(duì)闊筋膜張肌的壓強(qiáng)。本研究中雙下肢術(shù)后長(zhǎng)度差異均未超過(guò)0.8 cm,這也是DAA仰臥下雙側(cè)手術(shù)同時(shí)進(jìn)行的優(yōu)勢(shì)。建議可通過(guò)調(diào)節(jié)雙側(cè)的股骨柄打入深度,從而使雙下肢長(zhǎng)度差異最小化,比單純的單側(cè)調(diào)節(jié)有更寬的調(diào)節(jié)窗口。
綜上所述,DAA全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)有創(chuàng)傷小、快速康復(fù)的優(yōu)點(diǎn),同時(shí),利用DAA仰臥位的優(yōu)勢(shì),可行雙側(cè)髖關(guān)節(jié)同時(shí)手術(shù),大大縮短手術(shù)時(shí)間和麻醉時(shí)間;雙側(cè)病變僅需1次住院手術(shù),減少總住院費(fèi)用和總住院時(shí)間。雖然在雙側(cè)DAA手術(shù)實(shí)踐過(guò)程中發(fā)生部分并發(fā)癥,但主要為該入路本身的手術(shù)并發(fā)癥,同樣也發(fā)生于單側(cè)DAA關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)中。由于雙側(cè)DAA手術(shù)患者的病例選擇較為慎重,故也存在主觀因素影響,且雙側(cè)同時(shí)手術(shù)的數(shù)量有限,樣本量較小,結(jié)果的有效性存在不確定因素。
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Clinical analysis off 20 cases with one-stage bilateral total hip arthroplasty through direct anterior approach
WANG Wulian,JIANG Wenjin,LIN Wentao,XIAO Lili,ZHANG Yiyuan*
(Department of Orthopedics,Fuzhou Second Hospital,Xiamen University,Fuzhou 350007,China)
Background::Bilateral total hip arthroplasty is often performed in patients with advanced bilateral hip joint lesions.One-stage bilateral total hip arthroplasty can be carried out through direct anterior approach(DAA)when patients lie down on supine position.Objecttiivee::To explore the clinical outcome and surgical techniques of one-stage bilateral total hip arthroplasty through DAA,and report the short-term follow-up results.Methodss::Clinical data including the operative time, blood loss,Harris score and imaging of 20 patients(40 hips)undergoing one-stage bilateral total hip arthroplasty through DAA from January 2014 to June 2016 were retrospectively analyzed.Resullttss::The mean follow-up period was(14.0±8.1) months.The mean operative time and blood loss were(102.0±20.8)min and(680.0±197.6)ml,respectively.Hip function improved in all the patients.Hip Harris score was higher at final follow-up than that before operation(92.2±3.3 vs 29.3±7.6, P<0.05).Femoral fracture occurred in one hip;unilateral lateral femoral cutaneous nerve injury occurred in nine hips.But no complications such as loosening,infection or deep venous thrombosis were found.Conclusiionss::One-stage bilateral total hip arthroplasty is a safe and efficient surgical technique,which can reduce operative time and blood transfusion volume. Adequate preoperative preparation,careful selection of cases,strict prosthesis installation standards and effective risk prevention are the key to the success of the surgery.
DirectAnteriorApproach;Bilateral;Total HipArthroplasty
2095-9958(2017)06-0 203-04
10.3969/j.issn.2095-9958.2017.03-06
*通信作者:張怡元,E-mail:2311800579@qq.com