史業(yè)輝 趙偉鵬 陳星宇 張菊萍 李帥 賈勇圣 佟仲生
HDAC抑制劑下調(diào)乳腺癌細(xì)胞系HER-2的表達(dá)及miRNA表達(dá)譜的變化*
史業(yè)輝①②趙偉鵬①②陳星宇①張菊萍①李帥③賈勇圣①佟仲生①
目的:探討組蛋白去乙?;福╤istone deacetylase,HDAC)抑制劑下調(diào)乳腺癌HER-2的表達(dá)機(jī)制,為乳腺癌抗HER-2治療提供新的實(shí)驗(yàn)依據(jù)。方法:利用HDAC抑制劑處理HER-2陽性乳腺細(xì)胞,qPCR和Western檢測HER-2基因和蛋白水平的變化,同時采用miRNA芯片篩選HDAC抑制劑相關(guān)的miRNA譜,qPCR驗(yàn)證miRNA表達(dá)變化。結(jié)果:體外細(xì)胞實(shí)驗(yàn)證實(shí)HDAC抑制劑TSA和SAHA可下調(diào)乳腺癌細(xì)胞系HER-2的表達(dá),TSA可下調(diào)BT474的HER-2基因表達(dá),濃度為100 nmol時下調(diào)10.7%,濃度為200 nmol時下調(diào)38.9%(P<0.05)。TSA對原代細(xì)胞HER-2基因表達(dá)無明顯下調(diào)(P>0.05)。SAHA對BT474中HER-2基因表達(dá)的影響,濃度5 μmol/L組下調(diào)93.9%(P<0.05),而1 μmol/L組無明顯下調(diào)。SAHA對原代細(xì)胞HER-2基因表達(dá)下調(diào)較為明顯,濃度1 μmol/L時下調(diào)92.7%,濃度5 μmol/L時下調(diào)87.1%。通過miRNA芯片篩選出7條miRNA,qPCR監(jiān)測SAHA、TSA處理后,miR-762基因表達(dá)上調(diào)2.11倍。結(jié)論:HDAC抑制劑可能通過miRNA表達(dá)譜改變介導(dǎo)下調(diào)乳腺癌HER-2的表達(dá)。
HDAC抑制劑 乳腺癌 HER-2miRNA-762
HER-2基因作為一種原癌基因,在約30%的乳腺癌中過度表達(dá)。HER-2/neu蛋白介導(dǎo)的信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)途徑主要包括Ras/Raf/分裂素活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)途徑,磷脂酰肌醇-3羥基激酶(P13K)/Akt途徑、信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)及轉(zhuǎn)錄激活(STAT)途徑和 PLC 通路等[1]。HER-2陽性可作為乳腺癌獨(dú)立的不良預(yù)后因素預(yù)測指標(biāo)。相比乳腺癌的其他亞型,HER-2陽性乳腺癌患者具有總生存期短、惡性程度高、侵襲能力強(qiáng)、早期復(fù)發(fā)率高等特點(diǎn)。同時有研究顯示HER-2也可介導(dǎo)激素受體陽性患者內(nèi)分泌治療的耐藥。
組蛋白乙?;癄顟B(tài)受組蛋白乙?;福╤istone acetyltransferase,HA)和組蛋白去乙?;福╤istone deacetylase,HDAC)雙重調(diào)節(jié)。HDAC通過組蛋白的去乙?;?,使DNA緊密地纏繞在組蛋白上,從而導(dǎo)致這些DNA不易被基因轉(zhuǎn)錄因子接觸,導(dǎo)致與細(xì)胞分化、細(xì)胞周期阻滯、腫瘤免疫、受損細(xì)胞凋亡等相關(guān)的蛋白表達(dá)受到抑制。HDAC抑制劑作為新型的抗腫瘤藥物,通過表觀遺傳學(xué)改變發(fā)揮抗腫瘤作用,目前認(rèn)為可能與周期依賴性激酶表達(dá)相關(guān),其機(jī)制目前仍需進(jìn)一步研究。
目前的抗HER-2治療以單克隆抗體曲妥珠單抗為主,也包括小分子EGFR抑制劑。曲妥珠單抗通過結(jié)合乳腺癌細(xì)胞HER-2/neu胞外區(qū),阻斷下游信號通路激活,臨床上能夠顯著提高乳腺癌的治療效果,但仍有30%的HER-2陽性患者出現(xiàn)了原發(fā)性耐藥或繼發(fā)性耐藥,導(dǎo)致乳腺癌治療失敗。最近的研究表明去乙?;敢种苿┛赡苣孓D(zhuǎn)HER-2陽性乳腺癌細(xì)胞對曲妥珠單抗的耐藥作用,機(jī)制尚不明確[2],本研究旨在探索HDAC抑制劑對HER-2陽性乳腺癌的影響,為乳腺癌抗HER-2治療提供新的實(shí)驗(yàn)依據(jù)。
1.1 材料
人乳腺癌細(xì)胞系BT474細(xì)胞購自美國ATCC細(xì)胞庫,由本課題組保存。RPMI 1640細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)基購自美國Hyclone公司;胎牛血清購自美國Gibco公司;兔抗人HER-2和β-action單克隆抗體購自美國Cell Signaling Technology公司;反轉(zhuǎn)錄試劑盒、Taq HS酶、Trizol試劑(日本Taraka公司);PVDF膜(美國Millipor公司);miRNA-762引物和All-in-OneTMmiRNA qRT-PCR檢測試劑盒(美國Genecopoeia公司);雙熒光素酶檢測試劑盒(美國Promega公司);HDAC抑制劑TSA和SAHA購自selleckchem公司,分別DMSO溶解至儲存濃度10 mM和100 mM。
1.2 方法
1.2.1 細(xì)胞培養(yǎng) 人乳腺癌細(xì)胞株BT474在37℃、5%CO2,含10%胎牛血清的RPMI 1640培養(yǎng)基中培養(yǎng)。原代乳腺癌細(xì)胞培養(yǎng):1)術(shù)中留取部分乳腺癌組織,冰凍結(jié)果明確后,送至實(shí)驗(yàn)室準(zhǔn)備下一步工作。2)超凈工作臺中除去周圍肌肉和脂肪組織后置新鮮洗滌液中,室溫條件下浸泡10 min后重復(fù)洗滌組織2次。3)無菌條件下將組織剪成直徑為0.2~0.5 mm的碎片。4)將剪碎組織置于37℃恒溫?fù)u床中消化,至肉眼無法觀察到組織塊狀態(tài)為止。5)取出并吹打細(xì)胞液,取少量細(xì)胞進(jìn)行計(jì)數(shù),對細(xì)胞進(jìn)行培養(yǎng)。行細(xì)胞存活率及純度檢測。
1.2.2HER-2和miRNA-762 qPCR實(shí)驗(yàn) HER-2引物上游:5'-CCATCAAAGTGTTGAGGGAAAC-3',下游:5'-AATCTGCATACACCAGTTCAGCA-3',常規(guī)進(jìn)行qPCR。miRNA-762 qPCR反轉(zhuǎn)錄及熒光定量miRNA-762引物miR-762及內(nèi)參。5'-GGGGCTGGGGCCGGGGCCGAG C-3',5'-GCGAGCACAGAATTAATACGAC-3';U65'-CG CTTCGGCAGCACATATACTA-3',5'-CGCTTCACGAAT TTGCGTGTCA-3'。反轉(zhuǎn)錄PCR:70℃10min、42℃60min、70℃ 10 min。熒光定量PCR:94℃ 30 s、94℃ 5s、60℃34 s,40個循環(huán)。反轉(zhuǎn)錄及熒光定量PCR具體步驟參照All-in-OneTMmiRNA qRT-PCR試劑盒和說明書。每組設(shè)3復(fù)孔。每次檢測重復(fù)3次。
1.2.3 Western blot檢測 HER-2蛋白表達(dá):細(xì)胞經(jīng)裂解、離心、電泳、轉(zhuǎn)膜,室溫下封閉,溫育過夜(一抗以1:200稀釋,二抗以1:300稀釋),發(fā)光檢測,圖像軟件Image J進(jìn)行掃描。
1.2.4 miRNA芯片篩選 HADC抑制劑SAHA處理乳腺癌細(xì)胞48 h后,RNA抽提和純化,采用Agilent miRNA芯片雜交后分析數(shù)據(jù)。
2.1 HDAC抑制劑下調(diào)HER-2基因的表達(dá)
HDAC抑制劑TSA和SAHA分別處理BT474和原代細(xì)胞。HDAC抑制劑TSA和SAHA分別采用預(yù)實(shí)驗(yàn)濃度:TSA濃度梯度0、100、200 nmol/L;SAHA濃度為0、1、5 μmol/L。藥物處理細(xì)胞均為48 h。以空白對照為100%,利用qPCR檢測HER-2基因表達(dá)水平,TSA可下調(diào)BT474中HER-2基因表達(dá),濃度100 nmol時下調(diào)10.7%,濃度200 nmol時下調(diào)38.9%(P<0.05)。TSA對原代細(xì)胞的下調(diào)不顯著,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。SAHA下調(diào)BT474的HER-2基因在濃度5 μmol/L組下調(diào)93.9%(P<0.05),而1 μmol/L組無明顯下調(diào)。而SAHA對原代細(xì)胞較為顯著,濃度1 μmol/L時下調(diào)92.7%,濃度5 μmol/L下調(diào)87.1%(P<0.05,圖1)。
2.2 HDAC抑制劑下調(diào)HER-2蛋白的表達(dá)
按照2.1步驟分組,以TSA和SAHA分別處理BT474細(xì)胞,Western blot檢測HER-2蛋白表達(dá)情況,HER-2蛋白對比空白對照均有下調(diào),不同濃度TSA(100和 200 nmol/L)和 SAHA(1和 5μmol/L)處理BT474細(xì)胞,200 nmol/L濃度的TSA顯著下調(diào)HER-2蛋白;1和5 μmol/L濃度的SAHA均可下調(diào)HER-2蛋白的表達(dá)(圖2)。
2.3 HDAC抑制劑處理乳腺細(xì)胞系miRNA的變化
SAHA處理BT474細(xì)胞48h后,采用miRNA芯片分析miRNA變化,變化1倍以上篩選出miRNA譜。SAHA處理BT474細(xì)胞上調(diào)包括miR-150-3p(上調(diào)5倍,P=0.0006),miR-937-5p(上調(diào)4.45倍,P=0.004),miR-629-3p(上調(diào)4.48 倍,P=0.03),miR-4634(上調(diào)3.63倍,P=0.016),miR-371a-5p(上調(diào) 3.02倍,P=0.002),miR-762(上調(diào)2.42倍,P=0.03)和miR-642a-3p(上調(diào)2.1倍,P=0.008)等7條miRNA(表1,圖3)。
2.4 qPCR驗(yàn)證HDACi抑制劑上調(diào)miR-762水平
根據(jù)文獻(xiàn)檢索分析,以miR-762為研究對象,分析qPCR的結(jié)果,HDAC抑制劑TSA(200 nmol/L)、SAHA(5 μmol/L)可上調(diào)miR-762水平約2倍。相較未處理組,TSA處理細(xì)胞后miR-762基因1.86倍;SAHA、TSA處理后miR-762基因表達(dá)上調(diào)2.11倍(圖4)。
圖1HDACi下調(diào)乳腺癌細(xì)胞中HER-2Figure 1 HER-2 expression was down-regulated by HDACi in breast cancer cells
圖2 HDACi對乳腺癌細(xì)胞株HER-2蛋白的影響Figure 2 Effect of HDACi on HER-2 protein in breast cancer cell lines
表1 TSA處理BT474細(xì)胞48 h miRNA變化(P<0.05)Table 1 MiRNA changes after the BT474 cells were treated with SAHA for 48 h,*P<0.05
圖3HDACi上調(diào)miRNA的表達(dá)譜Figure 3 Up-regulation of miRNA expression by HDACi
圖4 q-PCR驗(yàn)證TSA、SAHA處理BT474細(xì)胞48 h后miR-762基因Figure 4 qPCR was used to verify the miR-762 levels after treating BT474 cells with TSA or SAHA for 48 h
HER-2與相應(yīng)的配體結(jié)合活化,引起受體的同源或異源二聚體化,導(dǎo)致受體胞內(nèi)區(qū)酪氨酸激酶區(qū)激活,使二聚體內(nèi)特異的酪氨酸殘基發(fā)生自身磷酸化,從而激活眾多的下游信號通路,進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致腫瘤細(xì)胞過度增殖活化。針對擴(kuò)增的HER-2基因靶向治療已經(jīng)成為包括乳腺癌、胃癌等標(biāo)準(zhǔn)治療方式,單克隆抗體曲妥珠單抗是代表性藥物,且在乳腺癌和胃癌的治療領(lǐng)域已經(jīng)成為各大指南和共識的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)用藥。對曲妥珠單抗介導(dǎo)抗腫瘤作用研究表明,曲妥珠單抗不僅可介導(dǎo)細(xì)胞毒效應(yīng)(antibody-dependent cellmediated cytotoxicity,ADCC),還可以同時直接抑制HER-2的一個或多個下游靶標(biāo),從而阻斷HER-2信號通路的下傳,從本質(zhì)上下調(diào)乳腺癌HER-2的表達(dá),達(dá)到殺傷腫瘤目的[3-4]。但是仍然有大量HER-2過表達(dá)患者治療效果不佳,因而尋找新的聯(lián)合抗HER-2治療策略成為研究方向之一。
表觀遺傳學(xué)參與腫瘤相關(guān)基因表達(dá)調(diào)控,表觀遺傳學(xué)修飾藥物的問世為研究者提供了有效的研究工具[5]。組蛋白去乙?;敢种苿┮殉蔀槿橄侔┌邢蛑委煹难芯啃聼狳c(diǎn),其對腫瘤細(xì)胞遷移、侵襲、轉(zhuǎn)移的抑制作用和抗腫瘤血管生成作用也被證實(shí)[6]。有研究顯示在HER-2陽性激素受體陽性乳腺癌細(xì)胞系中,HDAC抑制劑entinostat與類視黃醇的聯(lián)合可下調(diào)HER-2表達(dá)并減少芳香酶抑制劑抗性,但具體機(jī)制尚不清楚[7]。
本研究采用HDAC抑制劑TSA和SAHA處理HER-2陽性的細(xì)胞株,發(fā)現(xiàn)在基因水平和蛋白水平上均可下調(diào)HER-2的表達(dá),從而引起表觀遺傳特征改變,包括DNA甲基化和組蛋白修飾,這種改變可能是通過miRNA實(shí)現(xiàn)。本研究提示在乳腺癌細(xì)胞中,HDACi可增強(qiáng)乳腺癌細(xì)胞中Ac-HH3乙?;剑€可能誘導(dǎo)DNA甲基轉(zhuǎn)移酶(DNMT1),同時增加的Ac-HH3和減少的啟動子甲基化有助于SAHA誘導(dǎo)的HER-2下調(diào)。miRNA是一類長度為17~22 bp的非編碼RNA,通過與目的基因mRNA堿基互補(bǔ)配對結(jié)合,抑制目的基因翻譯或誘導(dǎo)目的基因mRNA的降解,最終實(shí)現(xiàn)對目的基因的調(diào)控。HER-2基因被證實(shí)通過結(jié)合靶mRNA的3'UTR上miRNA靶向序列來調(diào)節(jié)mRNA活性[8-9],繼而本研究采用miRNA芯片分析HDAC抑制相關(guān)的miRNA譜,進(jìn)一步說明HDAC抑制劑上調(diào)miRNA表達(dá)譜的變化。
本研究篩選出的miRNA主要功能包括抑制成骨細(xì)胞生成、參與哮喘炎癥、類風(fēng)濕炎癥、心肌病等病理生理過程,其中與乳腺癌相關(guān)的僅miR-762。
miR-150-3p直接靶向β-catenin mRNA的3'-UTR,抑制其表達(dá),在間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞TNF-α誘導(dǎo)成骨過程中,通過下調(diào)β-catenin抑制成骨細(xì)胞活性[10]。在哮喘炎癥患者痰中篩選出miR-629-3p,其意義有待進(jìn)一步研究[11]。miR-4634存在于中國類風(fēng)濕關(guān)節(jié)炎患者中的miRNA表達(dá)譜中,可能介導(dǎo)了類風(fēng)濕關(guān)節(jié)炎的擴(kuò)散[12]。miR-371a-5p在心肌病中上調(diào)心肌細(xì)胞中BAG3,可能參與了心肌細(xì)胞的肥大過程[13]。
目前已知的miR-762通過抑制DNA損傷修復(fù)促進(jìn)腫瘤細(xì)胞未成熟支持細(xì)胞的增殖和抑制凋亡[14-16],另外Li等[17]研究提示miR-762在乳腺癌細(xì)胞系和標(biāo)本中高表達(dá),而且與干擾素調(diào)節(jié)因子7(IRF7)呈負(fù)相關(guān)。本研究以miRNA芯片篩選驗(yàn)證了HDACi可能上調(diào)miR-762表達(dá)。miR-762在HER-2陽性乳腺癌的作用仍需后續(xù)實(shí)驗(yàn)進(jìn)一步證明。另外,Wang等[18]研究顯示entinostat下調(diào)乳腺癌的erbB2/erbB3表達(dá),可通過miR-125a、miR-125b及miR-205協(xié)同作用及下調(diào)IGF-1等途徑實(shí)現(xiàn)。
對于HER-2陽性乳腺癌采用曲妥珠單抗耐藥是否可以通過HDAC抑制直接下調(diào)HER-2的表達(dá),達(dá)到逆轉(zhuǎn)耐藥的效果。本研究認(rèn)為,HDAC抑制劑可能通過上調(diào)H3K4me2,繼而上調(diào)miRNA譜,從而下調(diào)HER-2基因的表達(dá),可能為解決抗HER-2失敗患者提供新的希望。
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(2017-02-07收稿)
(2017-07-07修回)
(編輯:鄭莉 校對:楊紅欣)
Histone deacetylase inhibitor down-regulated the expression of HER-2 in breast cancer through the changes in miRNA
Yehui SHI1,2,Weipeng ZHAO1,2,Xingyu CHEN1,Juping ZHANG1,Shuai LI3,Yongsheng JIA1,Zhongsheng TONG1
Zhongsheng TONG;E-mail:tongzhongsheng@tjmuch.com
Objective:To investigate the mechanism of histone deacetylase(HDAC)inhibitor in down-regulating the expression of HER-2 in breast cancer cells and to provide an innovative therapeutic option to overcome the disadvantages of anti-HER-2 therapy.Methods:HER-2-positive breast cell lines were treated with HDAC inhibitors.The changes in the gene and protein levels of HER-2 were detected by qPCR and Western blot.MiRNA microarray was used to identify the HDAC inhibitors,whereas qPCR was used to verify the miRNA expression.Results:In vitro cell experiments confirmed that the HDAC inhibitors TSA and SAHA can down-regulate the expression of HER-2 in breast cancer cell lines.TSA can down-regulate the expression of HER-2 gene in BT474 and decrease the concentrations of 100 nmol by 10.7%and 200 nmol by 38.9%(P<0.05).TSA had no effect on the primary cells.The expression of HER-2 gene of BT474 was down-regulated by 93.9%(P<0.05)in the 5 μmol/L group but not in the 1 μmol/L group.SAHA significantly affected the primary cells at a concentration of 1 μmol/L and reduced the cells at 87.1%at a concentration of 5 μmol/L.Seven miRNAs were identified from the miRNA microarray.MiR-762 was used as a basis to identify the changes in miRNA.The miRNA sputum identified by miRNA microarray and qPCR may be associated with the down-regulation of HER-2 by HDAC inhibitors.Conclusion:HDAC inhibitors may down-regulate the expression of HER-2 in breast cancer cells by changing some miRNAs.
HDAC inhibitor,breast cancer,HER-2,miRNA-762
10.3969/j.issn.1000-8179.2017.13.128
①天津醫(yī)科大學(xué)腫瘤醫(yī)院乳腺內(nèi)科,國家腫瘤臨床醫(yī)學(xué)研究中心,乳腺癌防治教育部重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室(天津市300060);②Ⅰ期試驗(yàn)病房;③乳腺病理科
*本文課題受國家自然科學(xué)基金面上項(xiàng)目(編號:81472183)和國家科技支撐計(jì)劃課題(編號:2015BAI12B15)資助
佟仲生 tongzhongsheng@tjmuch.com
1Department of Breast Cancer,Internal Medicine Department of Breast Cancer,2Phase I trial ward;3Department of Breast Pathology,Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital;National Clinical Research Center for Cancer;Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy,Tianjin;Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer;Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy,Tianjin Medical University,Ministry of Education,Tianjin 300060,China
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81472183)and the National Science and Technology Pillar Program(No.2015BAI12B15)
史業(yè)輝 專業(yè)方向?yàn)閻盒阅[瘤的化療。特別是對于乳腺癌的綜合治療和個體化治療,包括化療、內(nèi)分泌治療及靶向治療。
E-mail:shiyehui@tjmuch.com