楊俊 秦環(huán)龍
炎癥性腸病患者圍手術(shù)期營(yíng)養(yǎng)治療策略
楊俊1秦環(huán)龍2
楊俊 上海交通大學(xué)附屬第六人民醫(yī)院普外科副主任醫(yī)師,醫(yī)學(xué)博士,碩士研究生導(dǎo)師,上海醫(yī)學(xué)會(huì)腸外與腸內(nèi)營(yíng)養(yǎng)學(xué)分會(huì)委員。主要從事胃腸外科及外科營(yíng)養(yǎng)的基礎(chǔ)研究與臨床工作,發(fā)表論文50余篇,其中SCI收錄13篇。
炎性腸?。↖BD),包括克羅恩病和潰瘍性結(jié)腸炎,是以腸道炎癥為特征的一組疾病。IBD患者常需要外科手術(shù)干預(yù),但疾病伴隨的營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良可能帶來不良預(yù)后。多數(shù)研究顯示圍手術(shù)期營(yíng)養(yǎng)治療可以減少IBD患者手術(shù)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和術(shù)后并發(fā)癥,但如何實(shí)施最佳的圍手術(shù)期營(yíng)養(yǎng)仍須進(jìn)一步研究。
克羅恩病; 潰瘍性結(jié)腸炎; 圍手術(shù)期; 營(yíng)養(yǎng)
炎癥性腸?。╥nf l ammatory bowel disease,IBD)包括克羅恩?。–rohn′s disease,CD)和潰瘍性結(jié)腸炎(ulcerative colitis,UC),是以腸道炎癥為特征的一組疾病。CD表現(xiàn)為胃腸道任何區(qū)域中的透壁性炎癥和跳躍性病變,UC則表現(xiàn)為連續(xù)的且局限于結(jié)腸粘膜的病變。CD與UC的發(fā)病機(jī)制至今仍不清楚,都可表現(xiàn)為難以控制的出血性腹瀉、腹痛、發(fā)熱、貧血等[1]。
IBD治療遵循個(gè)體化的原則,根據(jù)患者具體情況決定治療方式。當(dāng)氨基水楊酸、糖皮質(zhì)激素、免疫調(diào)節(jié)劑、抗生素及生物制劑等藥物治療失敗或在某些緊急情況下,手術(shù)干預(yù)可能變得難以避免。據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì),約50%的CD患者和15~30%的UC患者在發(fā)病的10年內(nèi)需要接受手術(shù)[2-3]。CD的手術(shù)方法取決于疾病的部位和癥狀的嚴(yán)重性,包括減輕和/或解除狹窄、梗阻、腹部膿腫、穿孔或癌癥等[4]。UC患者的選擇性手術(shù)多為全結(jié)直腸切除加回腸儲(chǔ)袋肛管吻合(ileal pouch-anal anastomosis,IPAA)。緊急情況下可以先行全部或次全結(jié)腸切除術(shù)加末端回腸造口術(shù),幾個(gè)月后再行確定性手術(shù)[2]。
IBD患者手術(shù)前合并的營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良、急性炎癥、貧血和感染是導(dǎo)致手術(shù)效果不佳的重要因素。其中以營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良尤為常見,主要表現(xiàn)為蛋白質(zhì)——能量缺乏,機(jī)體組分改變和微營(yíng)養(yǎng)素缺失[5]。由于文獻(xiàn)中營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良的定義存在差異,目前尚缺乏IBD相關(guān)營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良發(fā)生率的確切統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)。早期的研究通過人體測(cè)量就發(fā)現(xiàn)與健康對(duì)照相比,CD患者所有人體測(cè)量指標(biāo)都顯著降低[6]。2010年,Mijac等[7]的一項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)67%的IBD活動(dòng)期患者在發(fā)病后6個(gè)月出現(xiàn)了不同程度的體重減輕。作者預(yù)測(cè)25~70%的IBD病例存在著嚴(yán)重營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良。新近的兩項(xiàng)研究也提示IBD相關(guān)嚴(yán)重營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良的發(fā)生率明顯高于一般住院患者[8-9]。相比之下,CD患者的營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良發(fā)生比UC患者更為普遍,可能與CD導(dǎo)致小腸功能破壞更加嚴(yán)重有關(guān)。IBD患者營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良高發(fā)可能與多個(gè)因素有關(guān),其中既有疾病的病理生理改變也有醫(yī)源性的因素。在疾病的活動(dòng)期,患者的能量攝入普遍低于健康人群,但基礎(chǔ)代謝率卻反而升高[10]。一些藥物如甲氨蝶呤的胃腸道副作用加重了食欲的缺乏。雖然服用皮質(zhì)類固醇藥物增加食欲,但也造成了機(jī)體非脂肪成分的減少[11]。腸道吸收障礙是IBD及CD患者營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良的另一重要原因。疾病引起的膽汁酸吸收不良常導(dǎo)致脂肪消化吸收不良、脂肪瀉、腸管運(yùn)動(dòng)異常和腸道菌群失調(diào)。另外,全身炎癥引發(fā)的高代謝狀態(tài)也促使IBD患者營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良發(fā)生率增高[12]。
手術(shù)前營(yíng)養(yǎng)治療有益于改善IBD患者的營(yíng)養(yǎng)狀況、減輕疾病嚴(yán)重程度、減少手術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)[13]。更重要的是可以減少術(shù)后并發(fā)癥甚至縮小外科手術(shù)切除范圍[14]。與其他疾病營(yíng)養(yǎng)治療的原則相似,治療前系統(tǒng)評(píng)價(jià)IBD患者的營(yíng)養(yǎng)狀況,選出可以從營(yíng)養(yǎng)治療中獲益的人群至關(guān)重要。遺憾的是,至今為止仍沒有就IBD營(yíng)養(yǎng)狀況評(píng)價(jià)的臨床或?qū)嶒?yàn)室指標(biāo)達(dá)成共識(shí)[15]。相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)的評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)雖不盡相同,但從目前的證據(jù)看,可以將6個(gè)月內(nèi)體重減輕>10~15%,BMI<18.5 kg/m2,血清白蛋白<30 g/L(沒有合并肝腎功能障礙情況下)作為判斷IBD患者是否存在營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),也可以通過各種營(yíng)養(yǎng)篩查工具評(píng)定這些患者的營(yíng)養(yǎng)狀況[16-17]。
已有的研究結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)術(shù)前腸內(nèi)營(yíng)養(yǎng)(enteral nutrition,EN)可以減少術(shù)后并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生[18-19],其結(jié)果也得到了薈萃分析的支持[20]。對(duì)于已經(jīng)合并營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良、雖然還未達(dá)到營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良標(biāo)準(zhǔn)但預(yù)期術(shù)后禁食超過七天或預(yù)計(jì)術(shù)后超過十天口服攝入達(dá)不到推薦攝入量60~75%以上的患者都應(yīng)進(jìn)行7~14天的營(yíng)養(yǎng)支持[21]。除非一些緊急情況,如完全性腸梗阻,難以控制的出血,中毒性巨結(jié)腸或其他一些急腹癥外都應(yīng)盡可能延遲手術(shù),在此期間進(jìn)行營(yíng)養(yǎng)治療,以達(dá)到改善營(yíng)養(yǎng)狀況的目的。如果胃腸道功能正常,首先應(yīng)在專業(yè)人員的指導(dǎo)下進(jìn)行經(jīng)口攝食指導(dǎo)并予以口服營(yíng)養(yǎng)補(bǔ)充(oral nutritional supplements,ONS)。一旦正常飲食加口服營(yíng)養(yǎng)補(bǔ)充仍不能滿足機(jī)體的需要,則應(yīng)考慮實(shí)施管飼腸內(nèi)營(yíng)養(yǎng)。那些術(shù)前無法經(jīng)腸營(yíng)養(yǎng)或者腸內(nèi)途徑不能滿足機(jī)體60%能量需求的患者應(yīng)該考慮實(shí)施腸內(nèi)與腸外營(yíng)養(yǎng)(parenteral nutrition,PN)相結(jié)合的營(yíng)養(yǎng)模式以滿足需要。而對(duì)于存在胃腸道功能衰竭(如合并短腸的CD患者)和腸外瘺的患者,其腸道功能可能已降至不能滿足對(duì)大分子營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)及電解質(zhì)、水分的最小吸收量,則PN成為唯一可供選擇的營(yíng)養(yǎng)途徑。需要注意的是,雖然有研究顯示圍手術(shù)期PN可以顯著降低術(shù)后并發(fā)癥(包括傷口感染、吻合口漏等)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),改善機(jī)體免疫反應(yīng)[22-23],減少CD患者術(shù)中切除小腸的長(zhǎng)度[14],但PN也可能增加導(dǎo)管相關(guān)感染的發(fā)生[24]。因此,IBD圍手術(shù)期的PN支持必須嚴(yán)格指征,權(quán)衡導(dǎo)管感染潛在風(fēng)險(xiǎn)與PN支持獲益之間的關(guān)系。
同大多數(shù)選擇性手術(shù)相同,加速康復(fù)外科(enhanced recovery after surgery,ERAS)的理念在IBD手術(shù)患者中一樣適用。一項(xiàng)CD患者行開放性回——結(jié)腸切除術(shù)接受早期EN的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),術(shù)后即予EN可顯著降低住院時(shí)間和再入院率[25]。因此,多數(shù)IBD患者術(shù)后除了給予水和電解質(zhì)以確保血液動(dòng)力學(xué)穩(wěn)定性以外,第一或第二天就可以給予清流質(zhì)飲食并盡早過度到正常食物,這種做法并不會(huì)增加腸道吻合口漏的可能。如果能在術(shù)中行針導(dǎo)管空腸造口術(shù)(needle catheter jejunostom)或者經(jīng)鼻置管,把導(dǎo)管頭置于吻合口遠(yuǎn)端則更增加保險(xiǎn)系數(shù)。但如果患者術(shù)后腸功能不能耐受EN時(shí),則應(yīng)選擇PN,持續(xù)時(shí)間可能幾天甚至幾周,直到胃腸道功能恢復(fù)。
IBD患者圍手術(shù)期的能量和蛋白質(zhì)供應(yīng)與其他腹部手術(shù)相似,并不需要額外增加。在營(yíng)養(yǎng)制劑選擇方面,標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的大分子聚合物腸內(nèi)營(yíng)養(yǎng)制劑可以滿足絕大多數(shù)IBD患者的需求。包括谷氨酰胺,精氨酸和ω-3脂肪酸在內(nèi)的免疫營(yíng)養(yǎng)成分可以對(duì)抗手術(shù)應(yīng)激產(chǎn)生的異常代謝變化,通過控制免疫應(yīng)答和調(diào)節(jié)蛋白質(zhì)合成,降低術(shù)后死亡率。研究顯示魚油配方脂肪乳劑可以減少腸粘膜炎癥并減少IBD患者抗炎藥物和類固醇藥物的使用[26]。圍手術(shù)期6天的免疫營(yíng)養(yǎng)可以增加患者的CD4淋巴細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù),從而起到減少術(shù)后感染性并發(fā)癥的作用[27]。當(dāng)然,針對(duì)IBD患者的免疫營(yíng)養(yǎng)研究仍舊缺乏,它們?cè)趪中g(shù)期的使用是否真正有益這一特殊群體仍有待進(jìn)一步的觀察。另外,對(duì)于曾經(jīng)切除末端回腸超過20 cm的CD患者應(yīng)在圍手術(shù)期補(bǔ)充維生素B12和葉酸,有柳氮磺吡啶或甲氨蝶呤治療史的患者應(yīng)注意補(bǔ)充葉酸。
雖然目前尚缺乏足夠循證學(xué)證據(jù),但是非常多的研究確實(shí)證明了圍手術(shù)期營(yíng)養(yǎng)治療在減少IBD患者手術(shù)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和術(shù)后并發(fā)癥的積極作用??傮w而言,當(dāng)胃腸道功能正常,并可安全使用時(shí),EN應(yīng)被認(rèn)為是第一選擇,而且術(shù)后早期EN也是可行的。當(dāng)EN不可行時(shí),PN可以成為有效的替代。但考慮到PN可能帶來額外的感染風(fēng)險(xiǎn),圍手術(shù)期PN應(yīng)局限于術(shù)前已經(jīng)存在營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良的患者。當(dāng)然,如何實(shí)施最佳圍術(shù)期營(yíng)養(yǎng)以提高IBD手術(shù)患者的預(yù)后仍有待更大型、設(shè)計(jì)更好的臨床試驗(yàn)結(jié)果來指導(dǎo)。
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Perioperative nutritional strategies in patients with inflammatory bowel disease
Yang Jun1, Qin
Huanlong2.1Shanghai Sixth People′s Hospital Aff i liated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200233, China;2Shanghai Tenth People′s Hospital Aff i liated to Tong Ji University, Shanghai 200072, China
Qin Huanlong, Email: huanlong_qin@live.cn
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), including Crohn′s disease and ulcerative colitis are chronic, life-long, and relapsing diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. Surgical interventions are often necessary in the treatment of IBD. Malnutrition which is common may increase the likelihood of poor surgical outcomes. Although enteral nutrition (EN) is considered the preferred nutrition support modality when the gastrointestinal tract is accessible and functional, parenteral nutrition (PN) may provide a suitable alternative when the use of EN is not feasible. Although results appear promising, additional, larger studies are necessary to improve our understanding of the benef i ts of perioperative nutritional support in patients with IBD.
Crohn′s disease; Ulcerative colitis; Perioperative; Nutrition
2016-11-25)
(本文編輯:劉正)
10.3877/cma.j.issn.2095-3224.2017.04.005
200233 上海交通大學(xué)附屬第六人民醫(yī)院普外科1;200072 上海,同濟(jì)大學(xué)附屬第十人民醫(yī)院外科2
秦環(huán)龍,Email:huanlong_qin@live.cn
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