馬春燕+張晨
[摘要] 近年來,隨著神經(jīng)生物學(xué)的發(fā)展,神經(jīng)炎癥在抑郁癥中的作用日益受到重視,越來越多的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),神經(jīng)免疫異常在抑郁癥的發(fā)生過程中具有重要意義。本文就抑郁癥神經(jīng)炎癥機(jī)制研究的現(xiàn)有進(jìn)展進(jìn)行綜述。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 抑郁癥;神經(jīng)炎癥;細(xì)胞因子;補(bǔ)體
[中圖分類號(hào)] R749 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A [文章編號(hào)] 1673-7210(2017)05(b)-0033-03
[Abstract] Recently, with the development of neurobiology, the effect of neuroinflammation on depression has been highlighted. More and more research find the importance of aberrant neuroinflammation in the development of depression. In this paper, neuroinflammation mechanism of depression is to do a review.
[Key words] Depression; Neuroinflammation; Cytokine; Complement
抑郁癥是一種常見的情感性精神障礙,以顯著而持久的情緒低落,并有相應(yīng)的思維和行為改變?yōu)橹饕卣鳎涓咧職埪屎偷椭斡式o社會(huì)和患者家庭帶來極為沉重的疾病負(fù)擔(dān)?;趩伟奉惿窠?jīng)遞質(zhì)假說研發(fā)的抗抑郁藥物經(jīng)過臨床多年實(shí)踐證明仍存在起效慢、有效率低等缺點(diǎn)[1-2]。近年來,隨著神經(jīng)生物學(xué)的發(fā)展,神經(jīng)炎癥在抑郁癥中的作用日益受到重視,越來越多的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)神經(jīng)免疫異常在抑郁癥的發(fā)生過程中具有重要意義。本文就神經(jīng)炎癥與抑郁癥的相關(guān)研究進(jìn)展進(jìn)行綜述。
1 神經(jīng)炎癥與抑郁癥
神經(jīng)炎癥是指神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)和免疫系統(tǒng)之間的相互作用。由于血腦屏障的存在,神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)一直被認(rèn)為是一個(gè)免疫隔絕的系統(tǒng)。然而,最新研究指出神經(jīng)膜周圍的纖維母細(xì)胞、巨噬細(xì)胞、樹突狀細(xì)胞和內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞在組織損傷時(shí)可被激活,產(chǎn)生細(xì)胞因子、一氧化碳、趨化因子等免疫物質(zhì),并進(jìn)一步誘導(dǎo)循環(huán)中的免疫細(xì)胞進(jìn)入神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)引發(fā)免疫反應(yīng)或炎性損傷,主要途徑包括補(bǔ)體、免疫細(xì)胞和膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞等[3]。補(bǔ)體系統(tǒng)激活被認(rèn)為是慢性神經(jīng)炎癥機(jī)制中的重要環(huán)節(jié)。神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)中多種細(xì)胞可以表達(dá)補(bǔ)體成分和補(bǔ)體受體,而神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)自身也可以合成補(bǔ)體參與多種疾病過程。補(bǔ)體系統(tǒng)不僅促發(fā)固有免疫反應(yīng),還可造成T細(xì)胞、B細(xì)胞活化,引起適應(yīng)性免疫反應(yīng)。補(bǔ)體激活方式包括經(jīng)典途徑、旁路途徑和凝集素途徑,這三條途徑殊途同歸,最終形成C5轉(zhuǎn)化酶,并形成膜攻擊復(fù)合物(membrane attack complex,MAC)。補(bǔ)體因子H(complement factor H,CFH)是補(bǔ)體系統(tǒng)中重要的調(diào)節(jié)因子,是補(bǔ)體激活途徑的調(diào)節(jié)因子。Zhang等[4]發(fā)現(xiàn)抑郁癥患者外周血中CFH蛋白水平顯著低于正常健康人,CFH基因rs1061170位點(diǎn)與抑郁癥具有顯著性關(guān)聯(lián),eQTL分析結(jié)果顯示該位點(diǎn)顯著影響腦內(nèi)下橄欖核和枕葉皮質(zhì)內(nèi)CFH基因表達(dá),提示CFH可能與抑郁癥有關(guān)。在旁路途徑中,CFH可以通過抑制C3轉(zhuǎn)化酶的組裝調(diào)控旁路途徑,避免補(bǔ)體系統(tǒng)過度激活所致的免疫病理反應(yīng),因此CFH對(duì)C3有負(fù)性調(diào)節(jié)作用。迄今已有多項(xiàng)報(bào)道顯示C3在抑郁癥患者中樞和外周組織中顯著升高,同時(shí)一項(xiàng)全基因組關(guān)聯(lián)研究(genome-wide association study,GWAS)顯示CFH基因rs3753394位點(diǎn)與補(bǔ)體C3表達(dá)之間具有顯著性關(guān)聯(lián)[5]。因此,上述研究提示補(bǔ)體系統(tǒng)可能在抑郁癥的發(fā)生過程中具有重要作用,CFH可能是抑郁癥發(fā)生的易感基因。
抑郁癥自殺者尸腦研究發(fā)現(xiàn)患者腦內(nèi)細(xì)胞因子以及巨噬細(xì)胞、小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞和星形細(xì)胞內(nèi)一氧化碳合成酶合成顯著增加[6]。細(xì)胞因子包括促炎因子,如干擾素-γ(IFN-γ)、白介素-6(IL-6)、腫瘤壞死因子-α(TNF-α)、轉(zhuǎn)化生長(zhǎng)因子-β(TGF-β)和IL-23以及抗炎因子,如IL-4、IL-5、IL-10和IL-13。促炎因子和抗炎因子失衡在抑郁樣行為發(fā)生中具有重要作用。已有多項(xiàng)研究指出,抑郁癥患者外周血血清或血漿中多種細(xì)胞因子,如IL-1β、IL-2、IL-6、TNF-α和IFN-γ均顯著升高[7]。某些細(xì)胞因子升高,如IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α見于老年性抑郁癥患者,但不見于不典型抑郁癥患者[8]。薈萃分析結(jié)果顯示抑郁癥患者體內(nèi)促炎因子,如IL-1、IL-6和TNF-α水平顯著高于健康人,且與抑郁癥狀嚴(yán)重程度呈正相關(guān)[9-11]。臨床研究也指出,實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物經(jīng)脂多糖處理后,腦內(nèi)IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α水平顯著上升,并出現(xiàn)抑郁樣行為,如睡眠障礙、快感缺失和動(dòng)力不足等[12]。臨床藥理學(xué)已證明NMDA受體拮抗劑Ketamine對(duì)于抑郁癥的顯著療效,前扣帶皮質(zhì)主要負(fù)責(zé)NMDA拮抗信號(hào)內(nèi)流,同時(shí)神經(jīng)影像學(xué)研究也指出前扣帶回皮質(zhì)功能和結(jié)構(gòu)異常在抑郁癥神經(jīng)機(jī)制中的重要地位[13-14]?,F(xiàn)有證據(jù)顯示抑郁癥患者細(xì)胞因子升高的同時(shí)往往伴有前扣帶皮質(zhì)內(nèi)小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞激活[15-16],提示前扣帶回皮質(zhì)可能是抑郁癥神經(jīng)炎性反應(yīng)的易感腦區(qū)。一項(xiàng)針對(duì)長(zhǎng)期使用低劑量重組人IL-2蛋白的癌癥患者的隨訪研究顯示,經(jīng)過3個(gè)月的治療,80%患者抑郁水平顯著上升[17]。雖然細(xì)胞因子與抑郁癥的因果關(guān)系仍有爭(zhēng)議,但不可否認(rèn)的是神經(jīng)炎癥機(jī)制對(duì)于大腦神經(jīng)可塑性的負(fù)性調(diào)節(jié)在抑郁癥發(fā)生過程中具有重要作用,同時(shí),研究也表明細(xì)胞因子水平異常升高與譫妄和自殺風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加有關(guān)[18]。
目前的證據(jù)顯示神經(jīng)炎癥系統(tǒng)具有維持突觸持續(xù)聯(lián)系的作用,在生理和病理層面上控制突觸可塑性。感染、外傷以及慢性應(yīng)激可誘導(dǎo)免疫細(xì)胞激活并分泌高水平的細(xì)胞因子和前列腺素。這些促炎因子通過神經(jīng)毒性作用、損害線粒體功能造成神經(jīng)營(yíng)養(yǎng)因子下降,引起神經(jīng)可塑性、神經(jīng)發(fā)生和記憶異常[19-20]。例如,細(xì)胞因子引起NMDA功能異常激活可能導(dǎo)致神經(jīng)退行性變以及認(rèn)知功能障礙[21]。在突觸水平,研究顯示TNF-α上調(diào)突觸膜NMDA受體NR1亞基,引起NMDA誘發(fā)鈣離子大量釋放并提高興奮性突觸后電位,導(dǎo)致海馬突觸可塑性改變[22-23]。
一項(xiàng)最新囊括了18個(gè)臨床研究,包括583例有自殺抑郁癥患者,315例無自殺抑郁癥患者和845名健康人的薈萃分析[24]結(jié)果顯示,IL-1β和IL-6在有自殺抑郁癥患者外周血和腦組織中的水平顯著高于無自殺抑郁癥患者。體外實(shí)驗(yàn)顯示有自殺抑郁癥患者外周血單核細(xì)胞IL-2生成顯著低于無自殺抑郁癥患者。有自殺抑郁癥患者腦脊液內(nèi)IL-8水平顯著低于正常對(duì)照者。其他研究證據(jù)也提示IL-1β、IL-6升高以及小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞增生和單核細(xì)胞增多與自殺行為有關(guān)[25]。藥理學(xué)研究指出很多抗抑郁藥物具有抗炎作用,也間接支持炎性反應(yīng)是抑郁癥的潛在病理機(jī)制[18]。
2 神經(jīng)炎癥機(jī)制
炎性反應(yīng)增加活性氧自由基生成,如過氧化氫、超氧化物等,損傷腦細(xì)胞和神經(jīng)突觸,影響大腦功能[26],其機(jī)制在于氧自由基可誘導(dǎo)線粒體通透性轉(zhuǎn)換通道開放,使細(xì)胞膜去極化,導(dǎo)致線粒體受氧自由基損害。在分子水平上,Zhang等[27]發(fā)現(xiàn)線粒體復(fù)合物Ⅰ亞基NDUFV2基因啟動(dòng)子rs12457810和rs12964485組成的T-C單體型與抑郁癥呈顯著性相關(guān),提示線粒體是抑郁癥發(fā)生的易感部位。多項(xiàng)正電子發(fā)射型計(jì)算機(jī)斷層顯像(PET)研究顯示抑郁癥患者基底節(jié)和前額葉皮質(zhì)等區(qū)域葡萄糖代謝能量減低,血液灌注減少,提示患者腦內(nèi)神經(jīng)元活動(dòng)受限,代謝能量減少[28]。磁共振波譜(MRS)研究也顯示抑郁癥患者腦內(nèi)乳酸水平升高,前額葉磷酸單脂水平升高,高能磷酸化合物減少,磷酸肌酸與無機(jī)磷酸鹽比值降低[29],提示抑郁癥患者腦內(nèi)ATP功能不足。此外,抑郁癥患者外周肌肉細(xì)胞活檢結(jié)果也顯示細(xì)胞線粒體ATP生成減少[30]。因此,炎性反應(yīng)可能通過增加氧自由基生成,造成線粒體ATP產(chǎn)能異常、跨膜電位改變、線粒體膜離子泵功能失調(diào)等一系列級(jí)聯(lián)反應(yīng),導(dǎo)致腦細(xì)胞功能障礙,增加抑郁癥的發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
3 小結(jié)
綜上所述,神經(jīng)炎癥機(jī)制可能在抑郁癥發(fā)生過程中具有重要作用。神經(jīng)炎癥效應(yīng)可能通過氧化應(yīng)激、線粒體和能量代謝等過程導(dǎo)致抑郁癥相關(guān)腦區(qū)神經(jīng)功能變化導(dǎo)致情緒控制異常。因此,抑郁癥神經(jīng)炎癥機(jī)制研究將為闡明該病病因、新藥研發(fā)和指導(dǎo)個(gè)體化用藥提供新的理論依據(jù)。
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(收稿日期:2017-01-16 本文編輯:李亞聰)