高考對(duì)動(dòng)詞及動(dòng)詞詞組的考查

李俊玲

河南

動(dòng)詞及動(dòng)詞詞組是英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法的核心，也是構(gòu)成一個(gè)句子最基本的成分。動(dòng)詞及動(dòng)詞詞組的靈活運(yùn)用是英語(yǔ)的一大特點(diǎn)，是學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)中的難點(diǎn)，更是每年高考中測(cè)試的重點(diǎn)。本文通過(guò)近三年高考對(duì)動(dòng)詞及動(dòng)詞詞組的真題進(jìn)行分析和總結(jié)，希望能夠幫助學(xué)生提高動(dòng)詞及動(dòng)詞詞組試題的解題能力。

一、考查具體語(yǔ)境中動(dòng)詞詞義的辨析

近三年，高考對(duì)動(dòng)詞詞義的考查，多出現(xiàn)在完形填空中。在做題時(shí)，要根據(jù)上下文的語(yǔ)境和選項(xiàng)中動(dòng)詞的含義來(lái)確定最終答案。

【典例1】________the vehicle， they saw that a woman was trying to get out of the broken window. （2016年全國(guó)卷I，完形填空）

A. Starting

B. Parking

C. Passing

D. Approaching

解析：根據(jù)語(yǔ)境可知，應(yīng)該是靠近車。start“開始，發(fā)動(dòng)”；park“泊車”；pass“經(jīng)過(guò)，傳遞”；approach“靠近”。故答案選D。

【典例2】My kids and I were heading into the supermarket over the weekend. On the way， we spotted a man holding a piece of paper that said， “________my job. Family to feed.”（2015年全國(guó)卷I，完形填空）

A. Lost

B. Changed

C. Quit

D. Finished

解析：根據(jù)上下文可知，紙上寫的是“丟了工作，還有家人要養(yǎng)活?！惫蚀鸢高xA。

二、考查動(dòng)詞近義詞的辨析

【典例1】Legend has it that the origin of the Dragon Boat Festival is to________the soul of Qu Yuan.（2014年江蘇卷）

A. remember

B. remind

C. recover

D. recall

解析：remember， remind， recall 三個(gè)詞意思相近。remember“記住，記起”；remind“提醒，使想起”；recover“恢復(fù)”；recall“使想起，回想，召回”；根據(jù)句子意思可知，答案選D。

【典例2】 Larry works with Transport Drivers， Inc. One morning in 2009， Larry was________along 165 north after delivering to one of his customers. （2016年全國(guó)卷I，完形填空）

A. walking

B. touring

C. traveling

D. rushing

解析：根據(jù)文意可知，Larry在運(yùn)輸公司工作，在2009年的一個(gè)早上，Larry 正沿著165公路向北行駛著。tour“旅行，巡回演出”；travel“旅行，行駛”，根據(jù)題意可知，答案應(yīng)該選C。

三、考查動(dòng)詞的熟詞生義和一詞多義

從近三年的高考真題來(lái)看，高考命題非常重視對(duì)動(dòng)詞的熟詞生義和一詞多義的考查，這種現(xiàn)象多出現(xiàn)在完形和閱讀中。有些考生不懂這些熟詞的“新含義”，而無(wú)法正確理解文章或題干的含義，因此丟分。

【典例1】They had begun to integrate （融合）the kinds of play and teamwork they had ________the day before into their game.（2015年全國(guó)卷II，完形填空）

A. seen

B. know

C. heard

D. read

解析：A。see常見的含義是“看見”，根據(jù)本空前后的意思可知，這里的含義應(yīng)是“領(lǐng)會(huì)，理解”。如：It shows that your child hasnt seen the point of the story.這表明你的孩子還沒(méi)有領(lǐng)會(huì)故事的意思。此外，see 還有“認(rèn)為，見證，參觀”等含義。

【典例2】Then go outside and work out a plan to translate your childhood memories into your grown-up garden. （2016年全國(guó)卷II，任務(wù)型閱讀）

解析：translate 常見含義是“翻譯”，但在這個(gè)句子里是“轉(zhuǎn)變，轉(zhuǎn)化”的意思。再如：Your decision must be translated into specific， concrete actions. 你的決定必須轉(zhuǎn)化為具體明確的行動(dòng)。此外，translate 還有“理解， 解釋”的含義。

【典例3】 During the war， my husband was stationed at an army camp in a desert in California. （2016年浙江卷，完形填空）

解析：station常見的意思是“車站”，在本句中的新義是“駐扎”。

四、考查不同動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成的動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)的辨析

動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)在歷年高考題中所占比例也很大，主要出現(xiàn)在完形填空題中，四個(gè)選項(xiàng)是四個(gè)不同的動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)，以此來(lái)考查考生在語(yǔ)境中對(duì)動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)意義的理解和運(yùn)用能力。

【典例1】Once fire and emergency people arrived， Larry and the other man 56 and let them go to work.（2016年全國(guó)卷I，完形填空）

A. stepped forward

B. backed off

C. moved on

D. set out

解析：根據(jù) “l(fā)et them go to work”，可知答案選B。step forward“邁向前”；back off“后退”；move on“繼續(xù)”；set out“出發(fā)”。

【典例2】Who knew that so many years later I would look to Dr. Bernie and his CDs again to ________my own cancer experience？（2015年江蘇卷，完形填空）

A. learn from

B. go over

C. get through

D. refer to

解析：根據(jù)“l(fā)ook to Dr. Bernie and his CDs again”及后半句意思可知，答案選C。learn from“向……學(xué)習(xí)”；go over“復(fù)習(xí)”； get through“熬過(guò)，通過(guò)”；refer to“參考，涉及，指的是”。

【典例3】That leaky faucet somehow awakened me to the fact that I now had to ________the challenge of getting things fixed.（2014年重慶卷，完形填空）

A. come up with

B. face up to

C. look forward to

D. step away from

解析：根據(jù)上下文可知，作者不得不面對(duì)這一挑戰(zhàn)，故答案選B。come up with“提出”；face up to“勇敢面對(duì)”；look forward to“盼望，期望”；step away from“遠(yuǎn)離”。

五、考查同根動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)的辨析

對(duì)同根動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)辨析的考查，也多在完形填空題中進(jìn)行考查。根據(jù)上下文和語(yǔ)境來(lái)確定答案。這要求學(xué)生對(duì)同根動(dòng)詞所構(gòu)成的動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)要有精準(zhǔn)的掌握。

【典例】The man who had his bright lights on ________and told Larry he had made an emergency call.（2016年全國(guó)卷I，完形填空）

A. came down

B. came through

C. came in

D. came over

解析：句意：車燈一直亮著的車的車主走了過(guò)來(lái)，告訴Larry 他已經(jīng)打了急救電話。come down“下降，降低，被拆毀”；come through“經(jīng)歷”；come in“進(jìn)入，卷入”；come over“走過(guò)來(lái)”。根據(jù)語(yǔ)境可知，答案為D。

六、考查同根介詞或副詞動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)的辨析

【典例】It ________that among other things， he was an eighty-year-old writer. （2015年江蘇卷，完形填空）

A. came out

B. worked out

C. proved out

D. turned out

解析：come out“出版，開花”；work out “鍛煉，計(jì)算出”；prove out“證明”；turn out“結(jié)果是，原來(lái)是”。根據(jù)句意可知，答案為D。

七、考查動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)中的介詞或副詞的搭配

動(dòng)詞與介詞或副詞構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ)也是高考中的主要考點(diǎn)，這類題多在完形填空題、語(yǔ)法填空題和短文改錯(cuò)題中進(jìn)行考查。學(xué)生在日常的學(xué)習(xí)中，要多對(duì)包含有介詞或副詞的動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)進(jìn)行歸納記憶。

【典例1】My uncle says that he never dreams becoming rich in a short period of time.（2016 年全國(guó)卷，短文改錯(cuò)）

解析：dream of/about doing sth“夢(mèng)想做某事”，故在dreams后加of/about。

【典例2】We tend to have a better memory for things that excite our senses or appeal ________our emotions than for straight facts. （2015年浙江卷）

解析：appeal to“對(duì)……有吸引力，對(duì)……有感染力”，固定搭配。故答案填to。

【典例3】 Anyway， were here now， so lets get down ________ some serious work.

解析：get down to“開始做，著手做”，固定搭配。故答案填to。

八、?？紕?dòng)詞短語(yǔ)歸納

1. break

break down 損壞，出毛病

break in 闖入，插話

break off （使）分離，停止，斷交

break out （戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)等）爆發(fā)，逃出（無(wú)被動(dòng)式）

break through 突圍，突破

break up 驅(qū)散，（使）散開

break away from 脫離，打破，放棄

2. bring

bring about 使倒下，使下降

bring forward 提出

bring in把……拿進(jìn)來(lái)，收獲，賺（錢）

bring up sb 撫養(yǎng)某人

bring up sth 提出

bring up 嘔吐

bring to an end 結(jié)束=come to an end

3. call

call on sb 拜訪，號(hào)召

call at 訪問(wèn)（某人的家）；（火車、船）?？?/p>

call for 需要

call off 取消（計(jì)劃，比賽）

call out （call out+to sb）大聲地叫

call up sb 打電話

4. come

come across 偶然發(fā)現(xiàn)，偶然遇到

come on 快點(diǎn)（口），開始，到來(lái)，舉行，走吧，一起去

come in 進(jìn)來(lái)，上市

come out 出來(lái)，出發(fā)，結(jié)果

come to 蘇醒，總共，達(dá)到

come up 上升，升起

5. cut

cut away 切除

cut through 走近路，穿透

cut down 砍倒，減少，壓縮（開支）

cut off 切斷（關(guān)系，來(lái)往），中止（電話，思維）

cut out 刪掉/改掉（惡習(xí)），停止

6. die

die from 死于，因……而死

die off 相繼死亡

die away 聲音變?nèi)?，漸漸消失

die down 慢慢地熄滅（風(fēng)，火）

die out 熄滅，變?nèi)酰?，滅絕（動(dòng)物）

7. fall

fall asleep 去睡覺(jué)=go to sleep

fall ill 病了

fall back 后退，后撤

fall behind 落后，跟不上

fall off 減少，從……摔下來(lái)

8. get

get about 到處走，消息的傳開

get across 穿過(guò)，領(lǐng)會(huì)

get away 逃掉，離開，擺脫

get down 從……下來(lái)，寫下來(lái)，記下來(lái)

get along with 進(jìn)展，友好相處

get in 進(jìn)去，收獲

get off 離開，下車

get on 上車

get over 克服（困難），從病中恢復(fù)過(guò)來(lái)

get around =spread 傳開

get through 完成，通過(guò)，用完，從人群中通過(guò)，接通電話

get to 到達(dá)

get together 聚會(huì)，達(dá)成一致

get into trouble 陷入

get rid of 擺脫，去掉

9. give

give away 分發(fā)，出賣，放棄

give in 屈服

give off 放出（氣體，光）

give out 公布，用盡，分發(fā)

give up 放棄，停止做某事

give over 交出，移交

10. leave

leave alone 不要管（某人），不要碰（某物）

leave behind 遺留，留下，超過(guò)

leave off （使）停止，中斷

leave out 刪掉，漏掉

leave over 剩下，暫時(shí)不去解決

11. put

put off 推遲，延期

put on穿上，上演，播放，打開

put out伸出，撲滅，生產(chǎn)，出版

put through接通電話；使經(jīng)歷（困難等）

put up舉起，建立，張貼，提出

put up with忍受

put forward提出，把……提前

put down放下，寫下，鎮(zhèn)壓

put away收拾起來(lái)，儲(chǔ)存

put aside放在一邊，儲(chǔ)存，忽視

put together裝配（零件等），整理

12. take

take down取下，記下，拆除

take off起飛，脫去，成名

take on接受，承擔(dān)，雇傭，呈現(xiàn)

take over接替，接管，繼承

take up拿起，開始從事，占用，接下去

take in吸收，欺騙，收容

take away拿走，奪去

take after模仿，與……相像

take back拿回，收回，退貨

take to喜歡，沉迷于

13. turn

turn to求助于，轉(zhuǎn)向，翻到

turn out生產(chǎn)，關(guān)掉，結(jié)果是

turn on打開（燈等），取決于，襲擊

turn off關(guān)掉，使（某人）厭煩

turn down拒絕，調(diào)低

turn up出現(xiàn)，調(diào)高

turn over翻身，翻轉(zhuǎn)，把……移交

turn in上繳，告發(fā)

turn around轉(zhuǎn)身

14. set

set out著手做，出發(fā)，陳述

set off 出發(fā)，使爆炸

set down放下，記下

set aside留出，拋棄（意見、習(xí)慣等）

set up設(shè)立，建立

set about著手做（set about doing=set out to do）

九、鞏固練習(xí)

（一）單句填空

1.Time-travel TV series_______（achieve） great success and attracted many fans back to TV.

2. —My parents dont allow me to join the club.

—Be patient. They cannot be________ （expect） to accept the new idea quickly.

3. During the two conferences， the journalists from the whole country________（cover）many problems the peasants were greatly concerned about.

4. Considering his health I advise him to set________an hour or two each day to work out.

5. Mary often does some translation work to earn extra money，which accounts________

half of her income.

6. I dont know why he broke________in the middle of a sentence.

7. It is bad manners to turn________an invitation without a reason.

8. He was driving home on the highway last night when a policeman stopped him and ________（accuse） him of speeding.

9. As the train ran faster and faster，the lights of the city were soon left________.

10.Since Jerry is absent today， lets get someone else to take________the work where it was left off yesterday.

11. If you want________ （accomplish） your goals and dreams， you have to be willing to pay the price.

12. Thousands of visitors________ （attract） to the Xian International Horticultural Exposition.

13. Body language can give________a lot about your mood，so standing with your arms folded can send out a signal that you are being defensive.

14. While doing shopping， people often cant help purchasing the goods ________

through media.

A.advocated

B.announced

C.advertised

D.competed

15.On his way home ， he________his shirt pocket to find his glasses， but they were gone.

A. reached into

B. burst into

C. knocked into

D. went into

16. Mike is tall and strong. In other words， he has got what it________to become a good basketball player.

A. costs

B. offers

C. takes

D. involves

17. I cant________what has happened to the vegetables， for they were freshly picked this morning.

A. draw out

B. look out

C. figure out

D. work out

18. Maxwell is a long-time editor whose novels are a treasure： elegant， accessible and loved by nearly everyone who________.

A. picks them up

B. looks them up

C. goes over them

D. takes over them

19. William found it increasingly difficult to read， for his eyesight was beginning to________.

A.disappear

B.fall

C.fail

D.damage

20. My uncle hasnt been able to quit smoking，but at least he has ________.

A.cut out

B.cut down

C.cut up

D.cut off

（二）語(yǔ)篇填空

In recent years，learning Chinese 1

（become） popular among people around the world. Last month，I 2 （receive） an email from my friend Jack in Canada. He said he was enthusiastic about China，and asked me to find him some books 3 （intend） for Chinese beginners. I was very pleased to do

such 4 favor. So I went from one bookstore to 5 ，hoping to find something suitable for him. 6 （final） I selected a set of Chinese textbooks among a variety of similar ones. Then I went to a post office to have them

7 （deliver） by air without delay. Several days later，I received Jacks email，

8 （say） that he really appreciated the books I 9 （send）. Im very glad that Jack is beginning to learn Chinese just like many other foreigners abroad， 10 I know it may be an enjoyable challenge for him.