非謂語動(dòng)詞考點(diǎn)精講精練

籍萬杰

山東

非謂語動(dòng)詞是高考語法填空和短文改錯(cuò)必考熱點(diǎn)語法項(xiàng)目之一。本文結(jié)合高考真題和典型考題對(duì)非謂語動(dòng)詞的考點(diǎn)進(jìn)行梳理和總結(jié)，幫助大家明確考點(diǎn)，找出解題規(guī)律和方法。

一、考查非謂語動(dòng)詞作主語

能作主語的非謂語動(dòng)詞有不定式和動(dòng)名詞。兩者的區(qū)別是：表示某一具體的動(dòng)作時(shí)，多用不定式；表示比較抽象的一般的行為傾向時(shí)，多用動(dòng)名詞。當(dāng)動(dòng)名詞或不定式短語較長時(shí)，常用it作形式主語放在句首而把動(dòng)名詞或不定式短語放于句末。

【典例】______（ignore） the difference between the two research findings will be one of the worst mistakes you make.（2015年安徽卷）

解析：Ignoring。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，本句的謂語動(dòng)詞是will be，因此前面部分是主語，應(yīng)該使用動(dòng)名詞短語作主語。

二、考查非謂語動(dòng)詞作賓語

不定式和動(dòng)名詞都可作動(dòng)詞或介詞的賓語。有些動(dòng)詞后只跟不定式作賓語，如want， wish， hope， manage， demand， promise， refuse， pretend， plan， offer， decide， agree， expect等。有些動(dòng)詞后只跟動(dòng)名詞作賓語，如admit， appreciate， avoid， consider， delay， dislike， enjoy， escape， excuse， finish， forgive， imagine， keep， mind， miss， practice， resist， risk， suggest， deny， stand等。有些動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語后既可以跟不定式，又可以跟動(dòng)名詞作賓語，如forget， remember， regret， mean， try， go on等，但意義上有區(qū)別。

【典例1】I showed them I was independent by wear strange clothes.（2016年全國卷III，短文改錯(cuò)）

解析：wear改為wearing。介詞by后應(yīng)接動(dòng)名詞作賓語。

【典例2】After receiving the Oscar for Best Supporting Actress， Anne Benedict went on ______ （thank） all the people who had helped in her career.（2015年陜西卷）

解析：to thank。go on后接to do或doing作賓語均可，但是go on doing sth.表示“繼續(xù)不停地做某事或間斷后繼續(xù)做原來沒有做完的事”；而go on to do sth.表示“接著做另一件事”，即接下去做與原來不同的一件事。由語境可知，Anne Benedict在拿獎(jiǎng)后又繼續(xù)做另一件事，即“感謝所有幫助過她的人”，故用go on to do sth.。

【典例3】I cant stand _____（work） with Jane in the same office. She just refuses ______（stop） talking while she works.

解析：working； to stop。cant stand后接動(dòng)名詞作賓語，意思是“不能忍受做某事”；refuse后接不定式作賓語，意思是“拒絕做某事”。

三、考查非謂語動(dòng)詞作賓補(bǔ)和主補(bǔ)

能作賓補(bǔ)和主補(bǔ)的非謂語動(dòng)詞有不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞。用哪種非謂語動(dòng)詞形式往往取決于句中動(dòng)詞所使用的句型和不同的非謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)意義。

一般來說，不定式的一般式表示將來意義，不定式的完成式表示過去意義；現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動(dòng)或進(jìn)行意義；過去分詞表示被動(dòng)或完成意義。解題時(shí)可根據(jù)句中非謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的時(shí)間意義和與其邏輯主語的主被動(dòng)關(guān)系選擇合適的非謂語動(dòng)詞。

【典例1】Back from his two-year medical service in Africa， Dr. Lee was very happy to see his mother ______ （take） good care of at home.（2015年陜西卷）

解析：taken。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，此處是“see+賓語+賓補(bǔ)”結(jié)構(gòu)。此處his mother和take good care of之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，故填表示被動(dòng)意義的過去分詞。

【典例2】To learn English well， we should find opportunities to hear English ______（speak） as much as we can.

解析：spoken。作賓補(bǔ)的非謂語動(dòng)詞speak與其邏輯主語English之間含有邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，故應(yīng)使用表示被動(dòng)意義的過去分詞。

四、考查非謂語動(dòng)詞作定語

不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞都可以作定語，主要區(qū)別在于它們的時(shí)態(tài)意義和語態(tài)意義不同。一般來說，不定式表示將來意義，用于表示尚未發(fā)生的動(dòng)作；現(xiàn)在分詞表示其邏輯主語主動(dòng)發(fā)出的動(dòng)作，并含有進(jìn)行意義；而過去分詞表示的是其邏輯主語的被動(dòng)和完成的動(dòng)作。

【典例1】To return to the problem of water pollution， Id like you to look at a study _______ （conduct） in Australia in 2012.（2016年浙江卷） 解析：conducted。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，括號(hào)中的動(dòng)詞在句中作定語，修飾study，應(yīng)使用非謂語形式。study與conduct之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，故填過去分詞。

【典例2】In art criticism， you must assume the artist has a secret message ______（hide） within the work.（2016年江蘇卷）

解析：hidden?？疾榉侵^語動(dòng)詞作定語。本句中名詞短語a secret message與動(dòng)詞hide構(gòu)成被動(dòng)關(guān)系，所以使用過去分詞hidden作定語，相當(dāng)于定語從句“that is hidden...”。

【典例3】The park was full of people _____（enjoy） themselves in the sunshine.（2015年北京卷）

解析：enjoying。本題考查非謂語動(dòng)詞作定語。enjoy的邏輯主語是people，人們玩得開心是主動(dòng)的，因此填表示主動(dòng)意義的現(xiàn)在分詞enjoying作定語，相當(dāng)于定語從句“who were enjoying...”。

【典例4】There are still many problems ______ （solve） before we are ready for a long stay on the Moon.（2014年北京卷）

解析：to be solved。根據(jù)句意可知，還有很多問題要解決。表示將來，應(yīng)使用不定式，再根據(jù)solve與其邏輯主語之間的被動(dòng)關(guān)系可知，應(yīng)使用不定式的被動(dòng)形式，故填to be solved。

五、考查非謂語動(dòng)詞作狀語

不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞都能作狀語。作什么樣的狀語往往取決于他們的位置和在句中的意義。不定式短語放在句首多作目的狀語，在句末可作目的或結(jié)果狀語?，F(xiàn)在分詞短語放在句首多作原因、條件、時(shí)間、讓步等狀語，在句末多作方式、伴隨狀語，也可作結(jié)果狀語。過去分詞短語放在句首多表示時(shí)間、條件、原因等，放在句末表示對(duì)前面的情況起補(bǔ)充說明作用，同時(shí)與句子主語具有被動(dòng)關(guān)系。

【典例1】______ （make） it easier to get in touch with us， youd better keep this card at hand.（2016年北京卷）

解析：To make。根據(jù)句意可知，前半部分作目的狀語，表目的用動(dòng)詞不定式，故填To make。

【典例2】Newly-built wooden cottages line the street， _______（turn） the old town into a dreamland.（2016年北京卷）

解析：turning。句中已經(jīng)有謂語動(dòng)詞且前后句間沒有連詞連接，故使用非謂語動(dòng)詞。根據(jù)邏輯關(guān)系可知表示主動(dòng)意義，故用現(xiàn)在分詞。

【典例3】______ （order） over a week ago， the books are expected to arrive any time now.（2016年北京卷）

解析：Ordered。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，空格處應(yīng)使用非謂語動(dòng)詞短語作狀語。order的邏輯主語是句子的主語the books，兩者之間含有被動(dòng)意義，故填過去分詞形式。

六、考查非謂語動(dòng)詞作表語

分詞作表語時(shí)，看分詞與主語的關(guān)系。若是主謂關(guān)系，用現(xiàn)在分詞；若是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，用過去分詞。另外，要注意一組動(dòng)詞（amuse， bore， disappoint， excite， fascinate， freeze， frighten， horrify， inspire， interest， move， surprise， touch等）的用法。其同根形容詞有現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞兩種形式?，F(xiàn)在分詞表示主語所具有的特征，意思是“令人……的”；過去分詞表示主語所處的狀態(tài)，意思是“（某人）感到……的”。

【典例1】At dinner， we said to her， “Happy Mothers Day！” Mom was grateful and moving. （2016年四川卷，短文改錯(cuò)）

解析：moving改為moved。was后接形容詞作表語。此處用and連接兩個(gè)形容詞并列作表語。moving雖然也是形容詞，但是通常用于形容或修飾物，意思是“令人感動(dòng)的”。此處表示媽媽自己“感動(dòng)”，應(yīng)使用moved。

【典例2】While waiting for the opportunity to get______（promote）， Henry did his best to perform his duty.（2014年安徽卷）

解析：promoted。get是連系動(dòng)詞，后接形容詞作表語，根據(jù)句意可知，此處表示“被提拔”的意思，故填表示被動(dòng)意義的過去分詞。

七、考查“連詞+分詞”的省略用法

分詞短語常?？梢杂迷谀承┻B詞如since， when， while， whenever， no matter how， once， until， if等之后，形成狀語從句中的省略現(xiàn)象。使用現(xiàn)在分詞還是過去分詞取決于其與省略的邏輯主語的主被動(dòng)關(guān)系。主動(dòng)用現(xiàn)在分詞，被動(dòng)用過去分詞。

【典例1】Video games can be a poor influence if _______（leave） in the wrong hands. （2015年湖南卷）

解析：left。考查“連詞+分詞”的省略用法。本題中從句省略了與主句相同的主語Video games，其與動(dòng)詞leave含有邏輯上的被動(dòng)關(guān)系，故填過去分詞。補(bǔ)充完整為“...if they are left...”。

【典例2】 If _______ （accept） for the job， youll be informed soon.（2015年北京卷）

解析：accepted。本句中的if條件狀語從句中省略了主語you，與accept構(gòu)成被動(dòng)關(guān)系，應(yīng)用過去分詞accepted。補(bǔ)充完整為“If you are accepted...”。

八、考查獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)

獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)在形式上與主句沒有任何關(guān)系，但是在意思上卻與主句密切聯(lián)系在一起，共同構(gòu)筑成一個(gè)完整的語義環(huán)境。獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)只有邏輯上的主語，沒有真正的主語和謂語，所以在句法上不是句子，而是一個(gè)獨(dú)立于句子成分之外的特殊結(jié)構(gòu)。獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中選用分詞時(shí)也是看其與前面邏輯主語的關(guān)系來決定的，主動(dòng)用現(xiàn)在分詞，被動(dòng)用過去分詞。

【典例】Much time _____（spend） sitting at a desk， office workers are generally troubled by health problems.（2015年江蘇卷）

解析：spent。該題中沒有連詞，中間是逗號(hào)，后面是一個(gè)完整的句子，因此前面不能是句子，故使用獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。邏輯主語time與動(dòng)詞spend含有邏輯上的被動(dòng)關(guān)系，故使用表示被動(dòng)意義的過去分詞spent。

九、鞏固練習(xí)

（一）單句填空

1. The next thing he saw was smoke _______（rise） from behind the house.

2. The island， _______（join） to the mainland by a bridge， is easy to go to.

3. Sarah pretended to be cheerful， _______（say） nothing about the argument.

4. Its important for the figures _______（update） regularly.

5. _______（translate） into English， the sentence was found to have an entirely different word order.

6. Look over there — theres a very long， winding path _______ （lead） up to the house.

7. Recently a survey_______（compare） prices of the same goods in two different supermarkets has caused heated debate among citizens.

8. Tsinghua University， _______（found） in 1911， is home to a great number of outstanding figures.

9. The difference in thickness and weight from the earlier version makes the iPad 2 more comfortable _______（hold）.

10. Simon made a big bamboo box _______（keep） the little sick bird till it could fly.

11. The footballer didnt succeed in scoring， though ______（give） several chances by his teammates.

12. Microblogs experienced rapid growth in 2010 in China， with the number of microblog operators， users and visitors ________（ increase） several times.

13. Now that weve discussed our problem， are people happy with the decisions _______（take）？

14. _______（catch） the early flight， we ordered a taxi in advance and got up very early.

15._______（raise） in the poorest area of Glasgow， he had a long， hard road to becoming a football star.

16. _______（absorb） in painting， John didnt notice evening approaching.

17. The film star wears sunglasses. Therefore， he can go shopping without _______

（recognize）.

18. Anxiously， she took the dress out of the package and tried it on， only _______（find） it didnt fit.

19. When it comes to _______（speak） in public， no one can match him.

20. _______（spend） the past year as an exchange student in Hong Kong， Linda appears more mature than those of her age.

21. Its quite hot today. Do you feel like _______ （go） for a swim？

22. Children， when _______（accompany） by their parents， are allowed to enter the stadium.

23. _______（understand） your own needs and styles of communication is as important as learning to convey your affection and emotions.

24. They came up with a lot of plans at the meeting， none of them _______（carry） out in their work.

25. ______（expose） to alcohol， whether for an adult or for a teenager， is definitely harmful from all aspects.

26. _______（wait） in the queue for half an hour， the old man suddenly realized he had left the money in the car.

27. She would move quietly up to the sparrow on a small tree just to get a better look， her face _______（shine） with childlike expressions at one of Gods simple wonders.

28._______（taste） nice， the food was all eaten up soon.

29. With lots of problems ________（solve） in the class， our teacher looks very relaxed and happy.

30. In Singapore， people _______（catch） eating or drinking on the subway can be fined up to 500 Singapore dollars.

31. Passengers are permitted _______（carry） only one piece of hand luggage onto the plane.

32. She said she was unlucky _______（miss） the train， and had to spend another day here.

33. The Silk Road Economic Belt _______（build） aims to enhance economic cooperation， traffic connectivity， as well as people-to-people and cultural exchanges.

34. Environmentalists observe that there is less fresh water for drinking and irrigation， thus _______（endanger） agriculture downstream.

35. The parents do everything they can _______ （provide） their daughter with good education， so that she will get a good job in the future.

36. I learned that he was 21 years old， ________（study） Asian literature and history at Sydney University.

37. The little girl， with tears________（roll） down her cheeks， stopped crying suddenly when given an apple.

38. ________（attract） by the latest electronic toys， the little boy stood in front of the windows， without moving.

39. When he was ready to leave he found his bicycles front tyre flat. He had to look for a place along the street to get his bicycle ________（repair）.

40. Eventually， I decided ________（contact） University Student Legal Services for help about this matter.

（二）語篇填空

1 （keep） a diary in English is one of the effective ways to improve our English writing ability.

2 （compare） with other forms of writing， it is shorter and takes less time. It can help us 3 （develop） the habit of thinking in English. 4 we persist in this practice， gradually well learn how to express ourselves in English. In keeping a diary in English， we certainly run up against many 5 （difficult）. In the first place， it often happens that we have trouble 6 （find） appropriate words and phrases to give expression to our mind. Secondly， there are many idiomatic ways of saying things in Chinese. And it is extremely hard for us

7 （put） them into English properly.

As far as I 8 （concern）， my suggestion is that we should always have a notebook and a Chinese?English dictionary within easy reach. Whenever something beats us， we can first put it down in our notebook and then consult our dictionary. We can also turn to our English teacher for help， if necessary. In short， I believe that it is 9 great use to keep a diary in English for 10 development of our writing skills.