林永娟,馮 ,俞婷婷,謝 宇,黃明敏,郭愛斌,尹震宇
·論 著·
椎動脈狹窄血管成形術(shù)后支架內(nèi)再狹窄危險(xiǎn)因素相關(guān)性研究
目的 探討椎動脈粥樣硬化性狹窄患者血管內(nèi)支架置入術(shù)后再狹窄的危險(xiǎn)因素,研究再狹窄患者預(yù)后。方法 選擇南京鼓樓醫(yī)院2004-2013年間收治的椎動脈粥樣硬化性狹窄患者173例,均行血管內(nèi)支架置入術(shù),術(shù)后隨訪(55.7±17.31)個月,記錄其性別、年齡、合并癥、吸煙史、病變部位、術(shù)前術(shù)后椎動脈直徑、支架類型、支架直徑、支架長度等,分析血管內(nèi)支架置入術(shù)后再狹窄的危險(xiǎn)因素以及再狹窄預(yù)后。 結(jié)果 所有患者順利完成血管內(nèi)支架置入術(shù),隨訪期間28例出現(xiàn)再狹窄,145例未出現(xiàn)再狹窄,再狹窄發(fā)生率為16.2%。2組患者性別、年齡、隨訪時間、糖尿病、高尿酸血癥、冠心病、血管直徑、支架類型差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);而再狹窄組高血壓、高脂血癥、吸煙、和顱外V1段、顱內(nèi)V4段支架植入位置均明顯高于非再狹窄組(P<0.05)。多因素logistics回歸分析顯示,高脂血癥(HR:4.31,95%CI: 2.99~18.76,P=0.042)為再狹窄危險(xiǎn)因素。再狹窄組卒中發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)明顯高于非再狹窄,Kaplan-Meier分析結(jié)果顯示,再狹窄組卒中終點(diǎn)事件風(fēng)險(xiǎn)高(OR: 0.141, 95%CI: 0.016~1.221,P=0.029),差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。 結(jié)論 椎動脈起始部粥樣硬化性狹窄患者血管內(nèi)支架置入術(shù)后再狹窄發(fā)生率較高,高脂血癥是再狹窄獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,再狹窄患者發(fā)生卒中事件風(fēng)險(xiǎn)高。
椎動脈粥樣硬化;血管成形術(shù);支架內(nèi)再狹窄;終點(diǎn)事件
缺血性腦卒中是最常見心腦血管疾病之一,死亡率和致殘率高,約25%~30%的缺血性腦卒中由椎動脈粥樣硬化性狹窄或閉塞引起[1-3]。對于癥狀性重度椎動脈粥樣硬化性狹窄或閉塞(狹窄程度≥50%),血管內(nèi)支架置入術(shù)(vertebral artery stenting, VAS)已成為最重要的治療手段。臨床研究表明,VAS成功率較高,可有效減輕患者血管狹窄程度,改善顱內(nèi)血流[1, 4-5]。但支架置入術(shù)后再狹窄(instent restenosis, ISR)發(fā)生率高,文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道高達(dá)11%~45%(藥物涂層支架發(fā)生率11%左右,裸金屬支架發(fā)生率>30%),是血管內(nèi)支架置入術(shù)面臨的最大挑戰(zhàn)[6-7]。目前關(guān)于ISR發(fā)生機(jī)制仍不清楚,多數(shù)學(xué)者認(rèn)為可能和支架置入術(shù)中球囊擴(kuò)張、血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞受損、椎動脈變異、支架類型等相關(guān)[7-8]。同時支架內(nèi)再狹窄和再發(fā)腦血管事件是否相關(guān)目前尚未完全明確[9-10]。因此了解支架內(nèi)再狹窄的相關(guān)因素,對預(yù)測、預(yù)防ISR、再狹窄患者預(yù)后具有重要意義。本研究回顧性分析在我院成功行椎動脈支架置入術(shù),并于1年后復(fù)查腦血管造影(DSA) 的患者的臨床資料、病變血管特征,探討可能預(yù)測VAS支架內(nèi)再狹窄的危險(xiǎn)因素,研究再狹窄患者預(yù)后,為防治椎動脈支架植入術(shù)后支架內(nèi)再狹窄、腦血管事件二級預(yù)防提供客觀依據(jù)。
1.1 一般資料 選擇南京鼓樓醫(yī)院2004-2013年間收治的椎動脈粥樣硬化性狹窄行VAS患者173例,均符合北美癥狀性頸動脈內(nèi)膜切除術(shù)試驗(yàn)協(xié)作組制定的椎動脈起始部粥樣硬化性狹窄診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[11]。平均年齡(66.8±8.2)歲,隨訪(55.7±17.31)個月,男占79.2%;其中因短暫性腦缺血行VAS患者116例,因卒中行VAS患者57例;支架位置:其中橫突孔前段(顱外V1段)共121例,硬膜下段(顱內(nèi)V4段)共52例;支架類型:裸金屬支架(bare metal stents,BMS)98例,藥物涂層支架(drug-eluting stents,DES)75例;合并癥:高血壓137例,糖尿病36例,高脂血癥52例,高尿酸血癥34例;有吸煙史者55例。所有患者VAS術(shù)后造影均未見動脈夾層、支架破裂、以及遠(yuǎn)端閉塞;術(shù)后30 d也無卒中或死亡事件的發(fā)生。
1.2 納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①滿足因癥狀性椎動脈狹窄≥50%或非癥狀性椎動脈狹窄≥70%行血管內(nèi)支架置入術(shù),②血管內(nèi)支架置入術(shù)成功且殘余狹窄率<30%;③無其他術(shù)后嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥;④臨床資料完整且隨訪時間≥6個月。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn): ①支架內(nèi)夾層;②血管蜷縮;③隨訪時間<6個月或病歷資料不完整;④椎動脈病變遠(yuǎn)端或近端多發(fā)性重度閉塞或狹窄;⑤腦出血患者;⑥有抗血小板藥物使用禁忌;⑦嚴(yán)重的肝腎疾病或心功能Ⅲ級以上,腫瘤,血液透析,凝血功能異常者。
1.3 方法 所有VAS均由有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的神經(jīng)介入科醫(yī)生完成,患者術(shù)前3 d口服阿司匹林(300 mg/d)+波立維(75 mg/d),支架置入術(shù)后1年至少聯(lián)合抗血小板藥物(阿司匹林100 mg/d+波立維75 mg/d)1年。結(jié)合文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道篩選椎動脈粥樣硬化性狹窄患者血管內(nèi)支架置入術(shù)后再狹窄的相關(guān)因素;原病變部位血管狹窄度≥50%為術(shù)后再狹窄。
1.4 隨訪 所有支架置入術(shù)后3個月、6個月、1年以及每年均進(jìn)行隨訪,由臨床醫(yī)師完成,包括神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)體格檢查、椎動脈超聲,計(jì)算機(jī)斷層掃描血管造影(CTA),術(shù)后1年或CTA高度可疑再狹窄時復(fù)查DSA進(jìn)一步明確病情。終點(diǎn)事件包括同側(cè)后循環(huán)急性缺血性卒中,持續(xù)事件>24 h。血管內(nèi)支架置入術(shù)后30 d內(nèi)急性卒中考慮為圍術(shù)期并發(fā)癥,不記入終點(diǎn)事件。
1.5 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析 采用 SPSS17.0 軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,計(jì)量資料以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差表示,采用獨(dú)立t檢驗(yàn);計(jì)數(shù)資料以百分?jǐn)?shù)表示,采用χ2檢驗(yàn);不符合正態(tài)分布的定量資料采用秩和檢驗(yàn),若樣本較小(n<40)或理論頻數(shù)太小(T<1),采用Fisher確切概率法。再狹窄的危險(xiǎn)因素分析采用多因素Logistic回歸分析,長期隨訪后終點(diǎn)事件分析采用kaplan-meier分析。以P<0. 05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2.1 再狹窄分析 所有患者順利完成VAS,隨訪期間28例發(fā)生ISR,發(fā)生率為16.2%;隨訪第1年、第2年ISR均為7例,第3年發(fā)現(xiàn)ISR為6例,第4年ISR為5例,第5年ISR為3例。單因素分析顯示無再狹窄組和再狹窄組的性別、年齡、隨訪時間、糖尿病、高尿酸血癥、冠心病、血管直徑、支架類型均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);而再狹窄組高血壓、高脂血癥、吸煙、和顱外V1段、顱內(nèi)V4段支架植入位置均明顯高于非再狹窄組,且有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),見表1。將高血壓、高脂血癥、吸煙和支架部位作為因變量進(jìn)行多因素Logistics回歸分析顯示,高脂血癥(HR:4.31,95%CI: 2.99~18.76,P=0.042)為ISR獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,見表2。
2.2 終點(diǎn)事件 隨訪期間非再狹窄、再狹窄組發(fā)生非致死性卒中分別為4例和3例,具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異,2組間致死性卒中和其他原因的死亡的發(fā)生率無明顯差異,見表3。將2組卒中進(jìn)行Kaplan-Meier分析顯示,ISR發(fā)生卒中終點(diǎn)事件風(fēng)險(xiǎn)高(OR: 0.141, 95%CI: 0.016~1.221,P=0.029),見圖1。
表1 椎動脈支架術(shù)后再狹窄與非再狹窄組危險(xiǎn)因素的比較
指標(biāo)非再狹窄組(n=145)再狹窄組(n=28)P值年齡(歲)66.8±7.666.7±9.10.109性別[n(%)] 男114(78.6)23(82.1)0.674 女31(21.4)5(17.9)隨訪時間(月)54.9±0.655.7±17.30.773入院診斷[n(%)] 短暫性腦缺血發(fā)作97(66.9)19(67.9)0.921 梗死48(33.1)9(32.1)高血壓[n(%)]112(77.2)25(89.2)0.038糖尿病[n(%)]33(22.8)3(10.7)0.151高脂血癥[n(%)]39(26.9)13(46.4)0.039高尿酸血癥[n(%)]29(20)5(17.9)0.794吸煙[n(%)]41(28.3)14(50)0.024冠心病[n(%)]26(17.9)3(10.7)0.349外周血管疾病[n(%)]4(2.8)2(7.1)0.246合并腦動脈狹窄[n(%)]58(40)13(46.4)0.527血管直徑(mm)3.9±0.73.8±0.70.702支架前 最小管腔直徑(mm)0.7±0.50.7±0.50.874 狹窄程度(%)70.8±14.972.1±13.20.224 狹窄長度(mm)15.2±5.11.7±4.80.636支架后 最小管腔直徑(mm)3.6±0.53.5±0.20.947 狹窄程度(%)9.1±5.110.2±4.70.647 支架長度(mm)19.8±6.220.1±5.30.705椎動脈狹窄部位[n(%)] 單側(cè)128(88.3)24(85.7)0.704 雙側(cè)17(11.7)4(14.3)對側(cè)閉塞[n(%)]18(12.4)5(17.9)0.437支架類型[n(%)] BMS82(56.6)16(57.1)0.954 DES63(43.4)12(42.9)狹窄/支架位置[n(%)] V1108(74.5)13(46.4)0.003 V437(25.5)15(53.6)合并用藥[n(%)] 質(zhì)子泵抑制劑21(14.5)2(7.1)0.295 CYP3A4代謝的他汀類58(40.0)11(39.3)0.944 胰島素28(19.3)6(21.4)0.796
表2 椎動脈支架術(shù)后再狹窄獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素的logistic回歸分析[n(%)]
指標(biāo)HR(95%CI)P值高血壓4.41(0.48~40.55)0.190高脂血癥4.31(2.99~18.76)0.042吸煙1.30(0.26~6.53)0.748支架位置2.35(0.25~4.12)0.810
表3 椎動脈支架術(shù)后再狹窄組與非再狹窄組不良事件的分析[n(%)]
不良事件非再狹窄組(n=145)再狹窄組(n=28)95%CIP值非致死性卒中4(2.8)3(10.7)0.236(0.050~1.212)0.005致死性卒中8(5.5)3(10.7)0.487(0.121~1.961)0.302其他原因死亡5(3.4)2(7.1)0.464(0.085~2.522)0.364
再狹窄組發(fā)生卒中終點(diǎn)事件風(fēng)險(xiǎn)明顯高于非再狹窄組(P=0.029)
圖1 再狹窄組與非再狹窄組卒中的比較(Kaplan-Meier分析)
目前研究報(bào)道,20%左右的后循環(huán)卒中是由椎動脈狹窄引起,椎動脈狹窄可發(fā)生顱內(nèi)或顱外,但其中以鎖骨下動脈發(fā)出的椎動脈起始段最為常見[1,12-13]。動脈粥樣硬化是椎動脈狹窄最主要原因[14-15]。目前治療無癥狀性的椎動脈起始段狹窄是備受爭議的[16-19],雖然大多數(shù)無癥狀性椎動脈狹窄并不需要血管內(nèi)治療,但是研究認(rèn)為優(yōu)勢或單支椎動脈起始段重度椎動脈狹窄(>70%),為了減少卒中的發(fā)生應(yīng)該積極給予積極血管內(nèi)治療[20-21]。本研究中隨訪的患者,有臨床癥狀同時椎動脈狹窄程度≥50%或者無臨床癥狀但狹窄程度≥70%均給予積極的支架治療,支架置入術(shù)后給予口服抗血小板治療。目前關(guān)于椎動脈粥樣硬化性狹窄最佳治療方案目前還不清楚,需要臨床進(jìn)一步研究論證。
臨床中椎動脈支架置入術(shù)后ISR發(fā)生率仍不明確[22],研究報(bào)道,ISR的發(fā)生率為11%~45%[6],文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道中再狹窄發(fā)生率波動大,和樣本量少、支架后抗血小板藥物不統(tǒng)一、ISR的定義區(qū)別以及支架類型不同相關(guān)[7,23]。藥物涂層支架能夠抑制血管內(nèi)膜增生,與裸金屬支架相比,能夠顯著降低ISR的發(fā)生率(11%vs30%)[14, 24]。本研究結(jié)果顯示,173例椎動脈支架置入術(shù)后再狹窄發(fā)生率為16.2%,與文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道一致,但藥物涂層支架與裸金屬ISR未見明顯差異,可能與樣本量少相關(guān)。本研究隨訪中發(fā)現(xiàn)第1年、第2年ISR均為7例,第3年發(fā)現(xiàn)ISR為6例,第4年ISR為5例, 第5年ISR為3例,提示血管內(nèi)支架置入術(shù)后早期再狹窄發(fā)生率高。
目前,關(guān)于椎動脈支架置入術(shù)后再狹窄危險(xiǎn)因素的研究報(bào)道較多,但研究結(jié)果卻不盡相同[23,25-27]。Edgell等[8]研究表明,吸煙、年齡是ISR獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。Stayman等[28]報(bào)道椎動脈粥樣硬化斑塊長度、支架長度和ISR相關(guān)。本研究中再狹窄組高血壓、高脂血癥、吸煙、支架位置均高于非再狹窄組,其中高脂血癥是ISR的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。目前研究表明[29-31],再狹窄發(fā)病機(jī)制可能為支架置入過程中血管內(nèi)膜受損,脂質(zhì)易于沉積,此外,血脂代謝異常時血液粘稠度增加,血流減慢,血液中血小板和單核-巨噬細(xì)胞等物質(zhì)易于沉積血管內(nèi)膜,促進(jìn)平滑肌細(xì)胞生長因子的釋放,引起平滑肌細(xì)胞的遷移、增殖,進(jìn)一步加速支架內(nèi)再狹窄的發(fā)生。Sun等[32]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)高脂血癥和椎動脈支架術(shù)后再次卒中事件相關(guān)。因此臨床需加強(qiáng)支架術(shù)后血脂的控制和管理。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)顱內(nèi)椎動脈支架術(shù)后再狹窄發(fā)生率高于顱外[9],提示椎動脈支架位置可能是椎動脈支架術(shù)后再狹窄危險(xiǎn)因素,本研究中支架位置主要位于橫突孔前段V1段和硬膜下段(V4段),單因素分析提示支架位置是再狹窄危險(xiǎn)因素,而多因素Logistics回歸分析無明顯統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,考慮與椎動脈支架顱內(nèi)段病例數(shù)較少相關(guān),其統(tǒng)計(jì)結(jié)果不能完全說明其并非再狹窄好發(fā)部位的相關(guān)問題。
本研究結(jié)合文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道篩選椎動脈粥樣硬化性狹窄患者VAS再狹窄的相關(guān)因素,但并未發(fā)現(xiàn)年齡、糖尿病、高尿酸血癥、吸煙、血管直徑、支架類型與ISR的相關(guān)性,這可能與本研究樣本量小、隨訪時間有限有關(guān),有待在今后的研究中擴(kuò)大樣本量、進(jìn)一步延長隨訪時間或采用多中心聯(lián)合研究等進(jìn)一步驗(yàn)證。
本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)再發(fā)卒中事件和ISR相關(guān),且有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。文獻(xiàn)中亦有報(bào)道,椎動脈起始段支架后ISR不能忽視,約10%的ISR會發(fā)生卒中[20,33]。Hatano等[34]隨訪了117例椎動脈起始段支架置入術(shù)患者,ISR發(fā)生率為23%同時9%需要再次行血管內(nèi)介入治療。冠脈支架置入術(shù)后也有類似發(fā)現(xiàn),支架置入術(shù)后再狹窄和繼發(fā)缺血性事件相關(guān)。
本研究尚有不足之處,本研究為單中心回顧性研究,樣本量少,隨訪時間有限,隨訪過程中部分樣本不能堅(jiān)持隨訪或服用抗血小板藥物被排除。有待在今后的研究中擴(kuò)大樣本量、進(jìn)一步延長隨訪時間或采用多中心聯(lián)合研究等進(jìn)一步驗(yàn)證。
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(本文編輯:葉華珍; 英文編輯:王建東)
Risk factors ofrestenosis in postoperative patients with vertebral artery stenosis treated by endovascular stent implantation
LIN Yong-juan,F(xiàn)ENG Jie, YU Ting-ting,XIE Yu, HUANG Ming-min, GUO Ai-bin, YIN Zhen-yu
(DepartmentofGeriatrics,NanjingDrumTowerHospital,TheAffiliatedHospitalofNanjingUniversityMedicalSchool,Nanjing210009,Jiangsu,China)
Objective To investigate the risk factors and restenosis prognosis of restenosis in postoperative patients with atherosclerotic vertebral artery stenosis treated by endovascular stent implantation. Methods A total of 173 patients with atherosclerotic vertebral artery stenosis were selected in the Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital from 2004 to 2013, and all of them were treated by endovascular stent implantation and were followed up for (55.7±17.31). Clinical data including gender, age, complications, smoking history, stent region, preoperative and postoperative diameter of vertebral artery, stent types, stent diameter, stent length and postoperative stenosis length were collected, and the risk factors and restenosis prognosis of restenosis in postoperative patients with atherosclerotic vertebral artery stenosis treated by endovascular stent implantation were analyzed. Results All of the 173 patients successfully completed the endovascular stent implantation, including 28 cases with restenosis, and other 145 cases without restenosis, and the incidence of restenosis was 16.2%. No statistically significant difference of gender, age, time of follow up, incidence of hyperuricemia, diabetes, coronary artey disease, stent diameter,stent types was found between two groups (P>0.05) ; positive rate of smoking history, high blood pressure and hyperlipemia and the stent region of restenosis group was statistically significantly higher than that of the control group (P<0.05); Multivariate logistic regression analysis results showed that hyperlipemia (HR:4.31, 95% CI: 2.99-18.76,P=0.042) was the only risk factor of restenosis in postoperative patients with atherosclerotic vertebral artery stenosis treated by endovascular stent implantation. The results of Kaplan-Meier showed that recurrent ischemic events were associated with in-stent restenosis (OR: 0.141, 95% CI: 0.016-1.221,P=0.029). Conclusion The incidence of restenosis is relatively high in postoperative patients with atherosclerotic vertebral artery stenosis treated by endovascular stent implantation, and hyperlipemia is the risk factor, while recur- rent ischemic events are associated with restenosis. [Key words] Atherosclerosis; Vertebral artery stents; Postoperative restenosis; Risk factors
210009南京,南京大學(xué)附屬鼓樓醫(yī)院老年科
尹震宇,E-mail:506474559@qq.com
林永娟,馮,俞婷婷,等.椎動脈狹窄血管成形術(shù)后支架內(nèi)再狹窄危險(xiǎn)因素相關(guān)性研究[J].東南國防醫(yī)藥,2017,19(2):136-140.
R743
A
1672-271X(2017)02-0136-05
10.3969/j.issn.1672-271X.2017.02.006
2017-01-12;
2017-02-25)