余 思 鄧建中計(jì) 勇 林義辦 伍巧玲 朱佳成
經(jīng)陰道取標(biāo)本的腹腔鏡乙狀結(jié)腸或直腸聯(lián)合子宮+雙側(cè)附件切除治療局部進(jìn)展期結(jié)直腸癌
余 思 鄧建中*計(jì) 勇 林義辦 伍巧玲 朱佳成
目的探討和總結(jié)經(jīng)陰道取出標(biāo)本的腹腔鏡乙狀結(jié)腸或直腸聯(lián)合全宮+雙側(cè)附件切除治療局部進(jìn)展期結(jié)直腸癌的可行性、安全性、手術(shù)技巧,以及近期和遠(yuǎn)期效果。方法2000年1月~2014年12月,對(duì)36例乙狀結(jié)腸或直腸癌侵犯子宮卵巢患者施行腹腔鏡下乙狀結(jié)腸或直腸聯(lián)合全宮+雙側(cè)附件切除,標(biāo)本經(jīng)陰道取出。結(jié)果全組無(wú)中轉(zhuǎn)開腹,無(wú)手術(shù)死亡。平均手術(shù)時(shí)間(173±13)min,平均出血量(80±12)mL。所有病人術(shù)后均無(wú)使用止痛藥物,平均VAS疼痛評(píng)分:2.9±1.0,術(shù)后第一天均可下床活動(dòng)。平均肛門排氣時(shí)間(82±18)h,平均術(shù)后住院時(shí)間(6.9±1.8)d。術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率31%(11/36),其中單純吻合口瘺1例,單純陰道瘺1例,直腸陰道瘺2例,術(shù)后早期炎性腸梗阻3例,尿潴留2例,肺部感染2例。中位隨訪時(shí)間53(14~128)個(gè)月。中位生存期限63.95個(gè)月。1年生存率100%,3年生存率83%,5年生存率61%。結(jié)論經(jīng)陰道取出標(biāo)本的腹腔鏡下乙狀結(jié)腸或直腸聯(lián)合全宮+雙側(cè)附件切除治療局部進(jìn)展期結(jié)直腸癌在技術(shù)上是可行的,安全性是良好的。不僅具有創(chuàng)傷小、恢復(fù)快等優(yōu)勢(shì),遠(yuǎn)期隨訪亦取得滿意的腫瘤學(xué)治療效果。
經(jīng)陰道取標(biāo)本;結(jié)直腸癌;腹腔鏡;全子宮雙附件切除
乙狀結(jié)腸癌或直腸癌侵犯子宮卵巢在臨床上并不少見(jiàn),治療上往往需要同時(shí)切除兩個(gè)系統(tǒng)器官。在微創(chuàng)外科時(shí)代,應(yīng)用腹腔鏡進(jìn)行乙狀結(jié)腸、直腸切除或全宮+雙側(cè)附件切除已成為一種常規(guī)術(shù)式[1-3]。但腹腔鏡下相鄰兩個(gè)系統(tǒng)器官聯(lián)合切除的報(bào)導(dǎo)不多[4],并且從未見(jiàn)過(guò)經(jīng)陰道取標(biāo)本的報(bào)導(dǎo)。2000年1月至2014年12月,佛山市第一人民醫(yī)院為36例乙狀結(jié)腸或直腸癌侵犯子宮卵巢患者施行了腹腔鏡乙狀結(jié)腸或直腸聯(lián)合全宮+雙側(cè)切除,并從陰道取出標(biāo)本。手術(shù)成功率100%,術(shù)后早期恢復(fù)及遠(yuǎn)期隨訪均取得了令人滿意的效果。
1.1 臨床資料
本組36例,均為已婚已育婦女;年齡44~76歲,平均60.6歲。所有病人術(shù)前均有血便或粘液便癥狀,均行腸鏡和MRI或CT檢查,所有病例未見(jiàn)遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)。腫瘤部位在乙狀結(jié)腸下段16例,在直腸上段20例。術(shù)前腸鏡的病理均為中分化腺癌。所有病例術(shù)前MRI或CT均提示腫瘤與子宮底或卵巢關(guān)系密切,并請(qǐng)婦科醫(yī)師會(huì)診,判定有全子宮+雙附件切除指征。所有病人術(shù)前均簽署腹腔鏡乙狀結(jié)腸或直腸聯(lián)合全子宮+雙側(cè)附件切除術(shù)的同意書。手術(shù)方式獲得醫(yī)院醫(yī)學(xué)倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn)。所有病人術(shù)前均給予3個(gè)周期的新輔助化療,術(shù)后再給予3個(gè)周期的輔助化療,化療方案均采用CapeOX方案[5]。
1.2 手術(shù)方法
術(shù)前留置尿管,并陰道沖洗,麻醉采用氣管插管全麻。病人截石位,常規(guī)采用五孔法,臍上小孔立氣腹后置入腹腔鏡,右側(cè)McBurney點(diǎn)為主操作孔,臍水平右側(cè)旁開5 cm為第1輔助操作孔,左下腹再置2個(gè)輔助操作孔。維持CO2氣腹壓力在12 mmHg,常規(guī)探查腹腔,了解腫瘤位置、大小及腫瘤周圍侵犯情況,評(píng)估經(jīng)陰道拖出后切除或切除后取出標(biāo)本的可行性。常規(guī)采用內(nèi)側(cè)入路,用超聲刀(Harmonic,Johnson&Johnson,USA)游離并于根部切斷腸系膜下動(dòng)脈及下靜脈,保護(hù)左側(cè)輸尿管,在Toldt′s間隙分離左半結(jié)腸及直腸后壁至預(yù)計(jì)切線處,修剪乙狀結(jié)腸系膜,保護(hù)好邊緣血管弓。婦科醫(yī)生開始切除子宮附件,確認(rèn)輸尿管走向,以Ligasure(Valleylab,USA)切斷雙側(cè)骨盆漏斗韌帶及圓韌帶(見(jiàn)圖1)。剪開膀胱腹膜返折,下推膀胱,助手從陰道通過(guò)舉宮器上舉子宮體,用超聲刀先切開陰道前穹窿,并向雙側(cè)延長(zhǎng),沿子宮頸管方向離斷子宮的雙側(cè)血管、韌帶及陰道后穹窿,顯露直腸前壁,陰道殘端不封閉,用外套橡膠手套的紗布卷做成陰道塞子堵塞陰道,防止漏氣。在預(yù)切線處裸化直腸,遠(yuǎn)端距腫瘤5 cm用直線切割閉合器(Echelon 60,Ethicon Endo?Surgery,Cincinnati,USA))閉合離斷直腸。如乙狀結(jié)腸足夠長(zhǎng),將標(biāo)本在保護(hù)袋的隔離下經(jīng)陰道拉出體外,近端距腫瘤約10 cm切斷結(jié)腸,近端荷包縫線埋入釘鉆頭并送回腹腔。如乙狀結(jié)腸較短,估計(jì)不能拖出陰道外切除,則先用一把腸鉗夾緊乙狀結(jié)腸上段以防止腸內(nèi)容物溢出,接著用超聲刀直接切斷腫瘤近端腸管,把標(biāo)本放進(jìn)保護(hù)袋內(nèi)取出,經(jīng)陰道放進(jìn)釘鉆頭,在腔鏡下縫合包埋釘鉆頭。腹腔鏡下以2-0可吸收線縫合陰道殘端(見(jiàn)圖2)。用無(wú)菌鹽水清洗盆腔,最后在腹腔鏡直視下經(jīng)肛門插入吻合器(CDH28,Covidien,USA),完成結(jié)腸-直腸吻合(見(jiàn)圖3)。所有病人均于盆腔放置一根雙腔引流管,經(jīng)右下腹McBurney點(diǎn)主操作孔引出。手術(shù)結(jié)束后檢查,直腸或乙狀結(jié)腸和全子宮、雙附件均完整切除(見(jiàn)圖4)。
1.3 隨訪及統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
隨訪方式有門診問(wèn)卷調(diào)查、電話調(diào)查兩種。統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件采用SPSS 19.0。全組的生存分析用Life Tables法,分組的生存分析用Kaplan?Meier法。
全組無(wú)中轉(zhuǎn)開腹,無(wú)手術(shù)死亡。平均手術(shù)時(shí)間(173±13)min,平均出血量(80±12)mL。疼痛程度評(píng)估采用視覺(jué)模擬評(píng)分法(Visual Analogue Score,VAS)[6]。全組平均VAS疼痛評(píng)分為:(2.9±1.0)分。所有病人術(shù)后均無(wú)使用止痛藥物。術(shù)后第一天均可下床活動(dòng)。平均肛門排氣時(shí)間(82± 18)h,平均術(shù)后住院時(shí)間(6.9±1.8)d。
術(shù)后總的并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率31%(11/36),其中單純吻合口瘺1例,單純陰道瘺1例,直腸陰道瘺2例,均經(jīng)禁食、抗感染、經(jīng)盆腔引流管持續(xù)沖洗等治療而痊愈。術(shù)后早期炎性腸梗阻3例,尿潴留2例,肺部感染2例,也經(jīng)支持對(duì)癥治療而痊愈。
根據(jù)第7版UICC的TNM分期標(biāo)準(zhǔn),將病人分為組1和組2:組1,術(shù)后病理報(bào)告無(wú)淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移,TNM分期為Ⅱ期,15例;組2,術(shù)后病理報(bào)告有淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移,TNM分期為Ⅲ期,21例。兩組的一般資料比較無(wú)差異(見(jiàn)表1)。
圖1 以Ligasure切斷附件
圖2 以切割閉合器切斷直腸;以可吸收線縫合陰道殘端
圖3 結(jié)直腸端端吻合
圖4 子宮雙附件及直腸被完整切除
表1 2組病人一般資料的比較(x±s)
所有病人均得到隨訪。隨訪方式有門診問(wèn)卷調(diào)查、電話調(diào)查兩種。本組病人術(shù)后均能進(jìn)行輕體力活動(dòng)。有10例未達(dá)到退休年齡,繼續(xù)上班。有19例術(shù)后能恢復(fù)性生活,無(wú)性交疼痛或其它不適。
隨訪截止時(shí)間為2015年12月30日。中位隨訪時(shí)間為53(14~128)個(gè)月,最長(zhǎng)1例隨訪時(shí)間128個(gè)月依然存活。至截止日已有24例患者死亡,中位生存時(shí)間為63.95月。死亡原因均為腫瘤復(fù)發(fā)或轉(zhuǎn)移。全組1年生存率100%,3年生存率82%,5年生存率61%。對(duì)組1和組2進(jìn)行生存分析比較,顯示組1和組2總的生存率差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)(見(jiàn)表2)。
表2 2組病人生存率的總體比較
在微創(chuàng)外科時(shí)代,腹腔鏡結(jié)直腸癌手術(shù)及腹腔鏡全宮+雙側(cè)附件切除術(shù)已經(jīng)成為外科醫(yī)生的常規(guī)手術(shù)。大量資料[7-9]也證實(shí)其有減少術(shù)后疼痛、早期恢復(fù)活動(dòng)、縮短住院日、改善美容等優(yōu)勢(shì),且腫瘤學(xué)結(jié)果也不受影響。但目前的多數(shù)腹腔鏡結(jié)直腸癌手術(shù)仍需要一長(zhǎng)約4~6 cm的腹壁輔助切口,以便完成取出標(biāo)本、包埋釘鉆頭或腸吻合等操作,該腹壁切口不可避免地引起病人術(shù)后傷口疼痛,增加了止痛藥使用,延遲了病人離床活動(dòng)和出院時(shí)間,并增加了發(fā)生切口相關(guān)并發(fā)癥(如術(shù)后切口感染、切口處腸粘連、切口腫瘤種植等)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),明顯影響了腹腔鏡微創(chuàng)手術(shù)的優(yōu)越性[10-12]。
近幾年,經(jīng)自然腔道手術(shù)(natural orifice trans?lumenal endoscopic surgery,NOTES)[13-15]的出現(xiàn)讓人們徹底轉(zhuǎn)變了外科治療的理念,但由于操作器械的不完善和手術(shù)經(jīng)驗(yàn)的不足,目前完全NOTES尚處于臨床簡(jiǎn)單手術(shù)的探索中,有許多難點(diǎn)及技術(shù)問(wèn)題有待解決,真正意義上的臨床應(yīng)用開展仍需一定時(shí)間。
而在現(xiàn)階段利用腹腔鏡的優(yōu)勢(shì),將腹腔鏡與NOTES結(jié)合,即全腹腔鏡結(jié)直腸切除、經(jīng)自然通道取出標(biāo)本(natural orifice specimen extraction,NOSE)、體腔內(nèi)吻合正成為國(guó)內(nèi)外的熱點(diǎn)。由于無(wú)需作腹壁切口取出手術(shù)標(biāo)本,不切斷腹壁肌層,創(chuàng)傷小,腹腔干擾輕,明顯降低了手術(shù)切口相關(guān)并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生率,也接近NOTES的技術(shù)要求。常見(jiàn)的標(biāo)本取出路徑主要有經(jīng)肛門和經(jīng)陰道兩種,近期報(bào)道最多的是經(jīng)肛門取出標(biāo)本的腹腔鏡結(jié)直腸癌手術(shù),一些研究也證實(shí)了其良好的微創(chuàng)效果[16-19]。
陰道作為婦科手術(shù)的自然腔道,幾十年來(lái)一直作為陰式手術(shù)及取出盆腔腫物的路徑被廣泛應(yīng)用。1993年Delvaux等首次報(bào)道腹腔鏡膽囊切除后經(jīng)陰道取出標(biāo)本[20],后又有學(xué)者報(bào)道經(jīng)陰道取出脾、腎等[21,22]。近幾年,腹腔鏡結(jié)直腸癌術(shù)后經(jīng)陰道取出標(biāo)本的報(bào)道也越來(lái)越多,其短期及遠(yuǎn)期療效也得到肯定[23-25]。而本組的經(jīng)陰道取出標(biāo)本的前題是陰道因子宮切除而被開放,陰道開口較大,加之陰道位置固定,擴(kuò)縮性也好,取出標(biāo)本更為容易,而不易引起標(biāo)本破裂。也沒(méi)有經(jīng)肛門取標(biāo)本因腫瘤過(guò)大導(dǎo)致的直腸肛管損傷的擔(dān)心。
為了更好地遵從無(wú)瘤無(wú)菌原則,保證手術(shù)質(zhì)量,需注意以下幾點(diǎn):①術(shù)前需嚴(yán)格的腸道和陰道準(zhǔn)備。我們常規(guī)采用術(shù)前晚口服和爽清潔腸道,如術(shù)晨仍有稀糞,則再加清潔灌腸;術(shù)前晚和術(shù)晨用1∶5000呋喃西林溶液沖洗陰道各1次;②保持腫瘤整塊切除。切勿為了切除方便而將腫瘤從子宮處分開,以免腫瘤腹腔種植。如子宮過(guò)大確實(shí)影響到直腸前壁的顯露分離時(shí),可用超聲刀在正常子宮壁處切開子宮肌層,將受累的子宮壁與宮體分離;③取出標(biāo)本時(shí)用標(biāo)本袋保護(hù)陰道切口以防止切口周圍腫瘤種植與感染。我們常規(guī)采用套狀消毒袋,方法類似于我們既往報(bào)道的經(jīng)肛取出標(biāo)本法[18,19];④體內(nèi)切開腸道前需用紗塊隔離保護(hù)周圍組織以免污染。如近端腸道梗阻積糞,則及時(shí)采用體外切除的方法;⑤如腫瘤或子宮過(guò)大,經(jīng)陰道取出困難,應(yīng)及時(shí)開腹取出,切勿暴力拉扯,以免撕裂陰道會(huì)陰或?qū)е履[瘤破裂種植。
本組有1例出現(xiàn)單純吻合口瘺,2例出現(xiàn)直腸陰道瘺,其實(shí)后2例的原因是吻合口瘺繼發(fā)陰道殘端撕裂。因此吻合口瘺的發(fā)生率為8.3%(3/36),與文獻(xiàn)報(bào)導(dǎo)的腹腔鏡直腸前切除術(shù)后吻合口瘺的發(fā)生率相近[26,27],可見(jiàn)子宮及雙附件的切除并未增加吻合口的發(fā)生率。
本組有1例出現(xiàn)陰道殘端瘺,考慮原因?yàn)榭p線不嚴(yán)密所致。為防止陰道瘺,應(yīng)注意如下幾點(diǎn):①術(shù)前陰道準(zhǔn)備充分,最大限度減少了陰道內(nèi)細(xì)菌量;②術(shù)中分離直腸陰道間隙時(shí),謹(jǐn)慎操作,避免損傷陰道壁;③腹腔鏡下以2-0可吸收線縫合陰道殘端時(shí),宜采取連續(xù)縫合方式,針距要均勻,以0.8 cm為佳,最后打結(jié)要收緊線;④于盆腔常規(guī)放置引流,以免局部積液感染,導(dǎo)致直腸陰道瘺。
按照UICC的TNM病理分期,將病人分為2組。生存分析顯示2組的總體生存率差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。這提示,有無(wú)淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移是影響患者預(yù)后的重要因素。鑒于本組病例數(shù)較少,未能依據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)移淋巴結(jié)個(gè)數(shù)進(jìn)一步將Ⅲ期病人分為Ⅲa期、Ⅲb和Ⅲc期。所以進(jìn)一步的研究需要將來(lái)積累足夠的病例才能進(jìn)行。
總之,經(jīng)陰道取出標(biāo)本的腹腔鏡乙狀結(jié)腸、直腸聯(lián)合全宮+雙側(cè)附件切除治療子宮附件受累的結(jié)直腸癌,具有良好的可行性和安全性。手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷小、早期恢復(fù)快,充分突出了微創(chuàng)的理念。遠(yuǎn)期隨訪亦取得了滿意的腫瘤學(xué)治療效果。下一步,我們需要積累更多的病例,并進(jìn)行一些前瞻性對(duì)照研究,以獲得更多的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。
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Transvaginal extraction of the specimen in laparoscopic sigmoidectomy or protectomy combined with total hysterectomy and bilateral adnexectomy for local advanced colorectal cancer
YU Si,DENG Jianzhong,JI Yong,LIN Yiban,WU Qiaoling,ZHU Jiacheng.Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery,the First People′s Hospital of Foshan,F(xiàn)oshan 528000,China.Corresponding author:DENG Jianzhong,liuxiaoyan2014@sina.com
ObjectiveTo investigate the safety and feasibility of transvaginal extraction of the specimen in laparoscopic sigmoidectomy or protectomy combined with total hysterectomy and bilateral adnexectomy for colorectal cancer.MethodsFrom January 2000 to December 2014,36 cases of sigmoid colon or rectal cancer were undergone laparoscopic sigmoidectomy or protectomy combined with total hysterectomy and bilateral adnexectomy in which the specimen were extracted by vagina.ResultsNo patients needed open conversion.Mean operative time was(173±13)min.Mean amount of blood loss was(80±12)ml.No patients needed painkillers post operation.The mean VAS score was(2.9±1.0).Mean time of anal flatus was(82±18)h.Mean time of postoperative hospital stay was(6.9±1.8)d.The rate of complication was 31%(11/36),including anastomotic fistula in one case,vaginal stump fistula in one case,rectalvaginal fistula in two cases,early postoperative inflammatory intestinal obstruction in 3 cases,urinary retention in 2 cases,pulmonary infection in 2 cases.The median time of follow?up was 53 months(14~128 m).The median survival time was 63.95 months.One?year survival rate was 100%,three?year survival rate was 83%and five?year survival rate was 61%.ConclusionTransvaginal extraction of the specimen in laparoscopic sigmoidectomy or protectomy combined with total hysterectomyand bilateral adnexectomy for local advanced colorectal cancer is feasible and safe in surgical procedure. It had not only such advantages as little trauma,quick recovery,but also satisfactory therapeutic effect of oncology in long?term follow?up.
transvaginal extraction of the specimen;colorectal cancer;laparoscopy;total hysterectomy and bilateral adnexectomy
R735.3+5;R735.3+7
A
10.3969/j.issn.1009?976X.2017.02.009
2017-01-19)
廣東省醫(yī)學(xué)科研基金(A2012635)
528000廣東佛山佛山市第一人民醫(yī)院胃腸外科
*通訊作者:鄧建忠,Email:liuxiaoyan2014@sina.com.