熊巍,王增春,張軍衛(wèi),王強(qiáng)
全麻下脊柱脊髓手術(shù)中神經(jīng)電生理監(jiān)測(cè)異常的原因分析
熊巍1a,2,王增春1a,2,張軍衛(wèi)1b,2,王強(qiáng)1a,2
目的分析全麻下脊柱手術(shù)中影響神經(jīng)電生理監(jiān)測(cè)的因素,提高監(jiān)測(cè)有效性。方法對(duì)2011年7月至2016年1月在本院全麻下接受脊柱脊髓手術(shù)中實(shí)施體感誘發(fā)電位(SEP)及運(yùn)動(dòng)誘發(fā)電位(MEP)監(jiān)測(cè)的患者資料進(jìn)行回顧性分析。結(jié)果收集到104例患者資料,其中18例出現(xiàn)SEP異常,17例出現(xiàn)MEP異常。單因素分析顯示,SEP與吸入麻醉藥濃度、圍術(shù)期低體溫、麻醉方式有關(guān)(χ2>6.219,P<0.05),而MEP異常與吸入麻醉藥濃度、圍術(shù)期低血壓、追加肌松劑有關(guān)(χ2>4.125,P<0.05)。多因素非條件Logistic分析顯示,吸入麻醉藥濃度、圍術(shù)期低體溫對(duì)SEP異常有顯著性影響(P<0.05),而吸入麻醉藥濃度、圍術(shù)期低血壓對(duì)MEP異常有顯著性影響(P<0.05)。結(jié)論吸入麻醉藥濃度、圍術(shù)期低體溫、圍術(shù)期低血壓可能是影響神經(jīng)電生理監(jiān)測(cè)的主要因素。
脊柱脊髓手術(shù);全身麻醉;術(shù)中神經(jīng)電生理監(jiān)測(cè);體感誘發(fā)電位;運(yùn)動(dòng)誘發(fā)電位
[本文著錄格式]熊巍,王增春,張軍衛(wèi),等.全麻下脊柱脊髓手術(shù)中神經(jīng)電生理監(jiān)測(cè)異常的原因分析[J].中國康復(fù)理論與實(shí)踐,2017,23(4):424-429.
CITED AS:Xiong W,Wang ZC,Zhang JW,et al.Analysis of abnormalities of intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring in spine and spinal cord surgery under general anesthesia[J].Zhongguo Kangfu Lilun Yu Shijian,2017,23(4):424-429.
術(shù)中神經(jīng)電生理監(jiān)測(cè)(intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring,IONM)是避免脊柱脊髓手術(shù)意外損害神經(jīng)功能,從而降低致殘率的一個(gè)重要保障[1-3]。它主要依靠體感誘發(fā)電位(somatosensory-evoked potentials,SEP)監(jiān)測(cè)脊髓感覺傳導(dǎo)上行通路的完整性[4],運(yùn)動(dòng)誘發(fā)電位(motor-evoked potential,MEP)監(jiān)測(cè)脊髓運(yùn)動(dòng)傳導(dǎo)下行通路的完整性[5]。IONM會(huì)受到一些因素干擾,使其結(jié)果可靠性受到影響。本次研究擬通過回顧在全麻下脊柱手術(shù)中實(shí)施IONM監(jiān)測(cè)的患者的資料,分析實(shí)施IONM過程中出現(xiàn)異常信號(hào)的原因,為今后提高IONM效果提供依據(jù)。
1.1 一般資料
2011年7月至2016年1月收入本院脊柱脊髓外科并在全麻下接受脊柱脊髓手術(shù)的患者104例,其中男性72例,女性32例;年齡12~78歲,平均(42.76± 16.305)歲;體質(zhì)量37~92 kg,平均(65.89±11.744) kg。美國麻醉醫(yī)師協(xié)會(huì)(American Society of Anesthesiologists,ASA)身體狀態(tài)分級(jí)為Ⅰ~Ⅲ級(jí)。
1.2 術(shù)前準(zhǔn)備
患者術(shù)前禁食8 h,禁飲4 h。進(jìn)入手術(shù)室后監(jiān)測(cè)血壓、心電圖、脈搏血氧飽和度和腦電雙頻指數(shù)(bispectral index,BIS)。選擇上肢血管建立靜脈通道,必要時(shí)建立鎖骨下靜脈通路。
1.3 麻醉方案
面罩吸氧去氮,麻醉誘導(dǎo)采用靜脈應(yīng)用咪達(dá)唑侖、丙泊酚、羅庫溴銨、舒芬太尼。利用血管活性物質(zhì)保持麻醉誘導(dǎo)期血液動(dòng)力學(xué)的穩(wěn)定性。插入氣管插管后連接呼吸機(jī)行機(jī)械通氣,設(shè)定潮氣量6 ml/kg、呼吸頻率12次/min,并做適當(dāng)調(diào)節(jié)以保持呼氣末二氧化碳分壓為35~40 mmHg。根據(jù)BIS目標(biāo)值(40~60)、血壓、心率變化綜合判斷并調(diào)整麻醉深度。若采用靜吸復(fù)合全麻,則術(shù)中用異氟烷或七氟烷、氧化亞氮、舒芬太尼維持麻醉深度;若采用全憑靜脈麻醉,則術(shù)中用丙泊酚、舒芬太尼維持麻醉深度。術(shù)中肌松藥的使用方式有麻醉誘導(dǎo)后小劑量羅庫溴銨間斷給藥(0.2 mg/kg)或誘導(dǎo)后不再使用肌松劑兩種方式。
1.4 IONM方法
采用Medelec Synergy電生理監(jiān)護(hù)儀(VIASYS公司)實(shí)施IONM監(jiān)測(cè)。依據(jù)國際腦電圖10/20系統(tǒng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)設(shè)定電極位置。SEP監(jiān)測(cè)是利用電極經(jīng)皮電刺激上肢腕部正中神經(jīng)和踝部下肢脛后神經(jīng),單脈沖模式,刺激頻率2.4~4.4 Hz,刺激強(qiáng)度20~25 mA,刺激時(shí)程200 ms。MEP監(jiān)測(cè)經(jīng)顱電刺激運(yùn)動(dòng)皮質(zhì),記錄脛前肌和拇展肌的運(yùn)動(dòng)情況,短串電刺激模式,刺激頻率為500 Hz,刺激強(qiáng)度為100~400 mA,刺激時(shí)程200~500 ms。
1.5 觀察指標(biāo)
查閱104份病歷,記錄所有患者的一般情況(年齡、性別、體質(zhì)量、ASA分級(jí)、麻醉時(shí)間、手術(shù)時(shí)間、輸液量、出血量、手術(shù)部位、手術(shù)體位)及特殊情況(吸入麻醉藥種類、吸入麻醉藥濃度、舒芬太尼泵注速度、圍術(shù)期低體溫、手術(shù)室溫度設(shè)定、是否使用控溫毯、圍術(shù)期低血壓、間斷使用肌松劑、持續(xù)泵注肌松劑、麻醉方式)。由于術(shù)中是否存在體溫過低的判斷較為復(fù)雜,故以是否出現(xiàn)術(shù)后寒戰(zhàn)作為判斷是否存在術(shù)中低體溫的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。根據(jù)以下標(biāo)準(zhǔn)判斷IONM異常:無法獲取可解讀SEP或MEP波形;SEP波幅下降大于50%和/或潛伏期延長大于10%,MEP波幅下降大于80%。記錄術(shù)中發(fā)生IONM異常的病例。
1.6 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析
采用SPSS 20.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件處理。計(jì)量資料采用獨(dú)立樣本t檢驗(yàn)方法,計(jì)數(shù)資料采用χ2檢驗(yàn)。篩選出單因素分析有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義的項(xiàng)目進(jìn)行非條件性Logistic回歸分析。顯著性水平α=0.05。
收集到104例患者資料,其中18例患者出現(xiàn)SEP異常,17例患者出現(xiàn)MEP異常,所有患者的神經(jīng)學(xué)檢查均較術(shù)前無改變。
2.1 SEP異常的單因素分析
吸入性麻醉藥濃度、圍術(shù)期低體溫、麻醉方式與SEP異常具有相關(guān)性(P<0.05)。見表1。
2.2 SEP異常的Logistic回歸分析
根據(jù)單因素分析結(jié)果,篩選出與SEP異常相關(guān)的因素進(jìn)行Logistic回歸分析,將“Y(SEP異常)”調(diào)入因變量,單因素分析有顯著性差異的“X1(吸入性麻醉藥濃度)”、“X2(圍術(shù)期低體溫)”、“X3(麻醉方式)”調(diào)入?yún)f(xié)變量進(jìn)行Logistic回歸分析,進(jìn)入水準(zhǔn)取0.05,刪除水準(zhǔn)0.10。所得回歸方程是Logit P=-5.262+ 1.487X1+1.634X2,模型檢驗(yàn)具有顯著性意義(P<0.05)。P為發(fā)生SEP異常的概率。該方程反映兩個(gè)危險(xiǎn)因素“吸入性麻醉藥濃度”、“圍術(shù)期低體溫”對(duì)P/ (1-P)(SEP異常的發(fā)生概率對(duì)不發(fā)生概率的比數(shù))的作用。其中“吸入性麻醉藥濃度”每增加一個(gè)等級(jí)時(shí)發(fā)生SEP異常的比數(shù)是1.487,有“圍術(shù)期低體溫”時(shí)發(fā)生SEP異常的比數(shù)是1.634。見表2。
2.3 MEP異常的單因素分析
吸入性麻醉藥濃度、圍術(shù)期低血壓、追加肌松劑與MEP異常具有相關(guān)性(P<0.05)。見表3。
2.4 MEP異常的Logistic回歸分析
根據(jù)單因素分析結(jié)果,將篩選出與MEP異常相關(guān)的因素進(jìn)行Logistic回歸分析,將“Y(MEP異常)”調(diào)入因變量,單因素分析有顯著性差異的“X1(吸入性麻醉藥濃度)”、“X2(圍術(shù)期低血壓)”、“X3(追加肌松劑)”調(diào)入?yún)f(xié)變量進(jìn)行Logistic回歸分析,進(jìn)入水準(zhǔn)取0.05,刪除水準(zhǔn)0.10。所得回歸方程是Logit P=-4.495+0.994X1+1.945X2,模型檢驗(yàn)具有顯著性意義(P<0.05)。P為發(fā)生MEP異常的概率。該方程反映了兩個(gè)危險(xiǎn)因素“吸入性麻醉藥濃度”、“圍術(shù)期低血壓”對(duì)P/(1-P)(MEP異常的發(fā)生概率對(duì)不發(fā)生概率的比數(shù))的作用。其中“吸入性麻醉藥濃度”每增加一個(gè)等級(jí)時(shí)發(fā)生MEP異常的比數(shù)比例是0.994,有“圍術(shù)期低血壓”時(shí)發(fā)生MEP異常的比數(shù)比例是1.945。見表4。
表1 SEP異常的單因素分析
表2 SEP異常Logistic回歸分析
表3 MEP異常的單因素分析
表4 MEP異常Logistic回歸分析
正確解讀IONM監(jiān)測(cè)結(jié)果不僅有助于避免手術(shù)操作引起的神經(jīng)損害[6],而且能夠減少干擾因素帶來的不必要手術(shù)操作中斷。手術(shù)中引起SEP、MEP變化的因素有很多,神經(jīng)組織(脊髓、腦部組織、外周神經(jīng))的牽拉與損傷[7-9]、麻醉藥物影響[10]、年齡[11]、體位[12-13]、溫度[14]等因素均可能影響SEP或MEP的監(jiān)測(cè)結(jié)果。
為了使麻醉藥物對(duì)IONM的影響最小,合理選擇麻醉方式與藥物非常重要。吸入性麻醉藥物對(duì)SEP和MEP的影響較大[15],而靜脈麻醉藥物對(duì)它們的影響相對(duì)較小[16-18]。此外,由于全憑靜脈麻醉與低濃度吸入麻醉對(duì)IONM的影響程度相近[19],因此,將這兩種麻醉方式進(jìn)行組合將方便麻醉醫(yī)師更好地進(jìn)行麻醉管理。本研究中,所有患者術(shù)后的神經(jīng)癥狀較術(shù)前均無改變,說明手術(shù)操作未帶來神經(jīng)損傷,所出現(xiàn)的SEP異?;騇EP異常均與干擾因素有關(guān)。
手術(shù)時(shí)必要的肌肉松弛有利于手術(shù)操作,但按照常規(guī)方式使用肌松劑則會(huì)影響MEP監(jiān)測(cè)結(jié)果,因此外科醫(yī)生會(huì)要求麻醉醫(yī)師在氣管插管后不再使用肌松劑[20]。我們的研究也發(fā)現(xiàn),在麻醉誘導(dǎo)后繼續(xù)間斷使用肌松劑會(huì)出現(xiàn)MEP監(jiān)測(cè)異常。有文獻(xiàn)顯示,采用部分神經(jīng)肌肉阻滯方法(即使用小量肌松劑持續(xù)泵注)能夠不影響MEP監(jiān)測(cè)結(jié)果,而且由于消除肌顫反而改善SEP監(jiān)測(cè)質(zhì)量,同時(shí)所消除的肌肉緊張更易滿足手術(shù)操作的需求,也在一定程度上避免患者發(fā)生意外體動(dòng)[21]。高濃度吸入麻醉藥會(huì)產(chǎn)生肌松作用,因此吸入麻醉藥濃度越高,它對(duì)MEP的影響性越大[22]。本研究也發(fā)現(xiàn)吸入性麻醉藥濃度是導(dǎo)致MEP異常的危險(xiǎn)因素。此外,身體不同部位對(duì)誘發(fā)MEP的敏感性不同,如上肢的敏感性會(huì)高于下肢[23]。
為了保證IONM的有效性,有些麻醉醫(yī)生的做法是降低麻醉深度。但我們認(rèn)為,復(fù)合麻醉可能是更合適的方法,它不僅能夠相對(duì)減少單一藥物的劑量[24],還能夠提高總的麻醉效能,從而保證手術(shù)的順利進(jìn)行[25]。
臨床中SEP和MEP各司其職,并非同時(shí)出現(xiàn)異常才預(yù)示神經(jīng)功能受到損害[26]。本研究中,18例SEP異常和17例MEP異常中各有7例同時(shí)具有兩種監(jiān)測(cè)指標(biāo)的異常,而其他病例都是單獨(dú)出現(xiàn)SEP或MEP監(jiān)測(cè)異常,這也從另一個(gè)方面驗(yàn)證聯(lián)合監(jiān)測(cè)的重要性[27]。由于本次研究中所有病例均未出現(xiàn)手術(shù)操作造成的神經(jīng)損害,這是否預(yù)示干擾因素也同樣會(huì)有干擾的“獨(dú)立性”,還有待進(jìn)一步研究。
影響IONM結(jié)果的因素很多,只有外科醫(yī)生、麻醉醫(yī)生以及實(shí)施IONM的技術(shù)人員加強(qiáng)溝通與合作,才能夠更好地完成IONM任務(wù),使得由于手術(shù)損傷導(dǎo)致的致殘率降至最低。
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Analysis ofAbnormalities of Intraoperative Neurophysiological Monitoring in Spine and Spinal Cord Surgery under GeneralAnesthesia
XIONG Wei1a,2,WANG Zeng-chun1a,2,ZHANG Jun-wei1b,2,WANG Qiang1a,2
1.a.Department of Anesthesiology,b.Department of Spine and Spinal Cord Surgery,Beijing Bo'ai Hospital,China Rehabilitation Research Center,Beijing 100068,China;2.Capital Medical University School of Rehabilitation Medicine,Beijing 100068,China
ZHANG Jun-wei,WANG Qiang.E-mail:13910158172@163.com(ZHANG Jun-wei), 13801032889@163.com(WANG Qiang)
Objective To analyze the factors related with intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring(IONM)in spine and spinal cord surgery under general anesthesia,in order to increase the effectiveness of IONM.Methods A retrospective study was performed on patients who received somatosensory-evoked potential(SEP)and motor-evoked potentials(MEP)in spine surgery under general anesthesia from July,2011 to January,2016.Results Data from 104 patients were collected in which 18 cases had abnormal SEP and 17 cases had abnormal MEP.A single factor analysis indicated that abnormal SEP was related to concentration of inhalation anesthetic(CIA),hypothermia in perioperative period(HTM),and type of anesthesia(χ2>6.219,P<0.05),whereas abnormal MEP was related to CIA,hypotension in perioperative period(HTN),and additional muscular relaxants(χ2>4.125,P<0.05).Logistic regression analysis indicated that abnormal SEP was related to CIA and HTM,whereas abnormal MEP was related to CIA and HTN(P<0.05).Conclusion CIA,HTM,and HTN were possible factors related with IONM in spine surgery under general anesthesia.
spine and spinal cord surgery;general anesthesia;intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring;somatosensory-evoked potential;motor-evoked potentials
R651.2
A
1006-9771(2017)04-0424-06
2016-11-28
2016-12-16)
10.3969/j.issn.1006-9771.2017.04.013
中央級(jí)公益性科研院所基本科研業(yè)務(wù)費(fèi)專項(xiàng)資金(No.2014 CZ-15)。
1.中國康復(fù)研究中心北京博愛醫(yī)院,a.麻醉科,b.脊柱脊髓外科,北京市100068;2.首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)康復(fù)醫(yī)學(xué)院,北京市100068。作者簡(jiǎn)介:熊巍(1974-),女,漢族,北京市人,主治醫(yī)師,主要研究方向:臨床麻醉與疼痛治療。通訊作者:張軍衛(wèi)(1966-),男,漢族,遼寧鐵嶺市人,博士,主任醫(yī)師,副教授,主要研究方向:脊柱脊髓外科疾病診治。王強(qiáng)(1968-),男,漢族,浙江杭州市人,博士,主任醫(yī)師,主要研究方向:臨床麻醉與疼痛治療。E-mail:13801032889@163.com。