解讀表示與事實(shí)相反的虛擬語(yǔ)氣

安徽 王玉峰（特級(jí)教師）

解讀表示與事實(shí)相反的虛擬語(yǔ)氣

安徽 王玉峰（特級(jí)教師）

與事實(shí)相反的虛擬語(yǔ)氣包括所說(shuō)的話與將來(lái)事實(shí)相反或與將來(lái)事實(shí)可能相反、與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反、與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反三種情況。除if條件句外，還有短語(yǔ)等也可表示條件。此外，上下文也能創(chuàng)造虛擬的語(yǔ)言環(huán)境。但有時(shí)條件從句與結(jié)果主句可能發(fā)生的時(shí)間不一致，有時(shí)虛擬語(yǔ)氣會(huì)出現(xiàn)倒裝情況。常見(jiàn)與事實(shí)相反的情況見(jiàn)下表（以動(dòng)詞do為例）。

類別項(xiàng)目 if從句 ____主句 _________例句與將來(lái)事實(shí)相反were to do/ should do/__________did should/would/ could/might do If it were to be/ should be/ were hot today，we will_____________not stay home.__________與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反 did should/would/ could/might do If I were you，I should seize the opportunity to go abroad.與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反 had done should/would/ could/might____________________have done If you had taken my advice，you would not have failed in the exams.______

一、與將來(lái)事實(shí)相反的虛擬語(yǔ)氣

在與將來(lái)事實(shí)可能相反的虛擬條件句中，條件從句的謂語(yǔ)用should＋動(dòng)詞原形、were to＋動(dòng)詞原形或動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式（be的過(guò)去式用were），主句用should（would，might，could）+動(dòng)詞原形。表示在現(xiàn)在看來(lái)將來(lái)發(fā)生的可能性的大小，其中should 表示的可能性最大，動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式的可能性次之，were to do 的可能性最小。如：

If she should invite me tomorrow，I should go to the party.如果她明天邀請(qǐng)我參加聚會(huì)，我會(huì)去的。（真實(shí)含義是：It is unlikely that she will invite me tomorrow ，so I shall not go to the party. 明天她不可能會(huì)邀請(qǐng)我，因此我不會(huì)去。）

If it snowed tomorrow，our plan would be put off.如果明天下雪，我們的計(jì)劃就得推遲。（真實(shí)含義是：It is unlikely that it is going to snow，so our plan won’t be put off. 明天很可能不會(huì)下雪，計(jì)劃不會(huì)推遲。）

【典題】（改編自2015湖北卷，30） This meeting room is a non-smoking area. I would like to warn you in advance that if you smoked here you_______（f ne）.

【答案與解析】would be f ned。題干中的“if you smoked here”是虛擬語(yǔ)氣的條件句，主句用would do形式，根據(jù)句意可知用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。句意：這個(gè)會(huì)議室是無(wú)煙區(qū)域。我想提前警告你：如果你在這里吸煙，會(huì)被罰款。

二、與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的虛擬語(yǔ)氣

在與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)可能相反的虛擬條件句中，條件從句的謂語(yǔ)用動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式（be的過(guò)去式用were），主句的謂語(yǔ)用should（would，might，could）+動(dòng)詞原形。如：

If he studied at this school，he would know you well.如果他在這所學(xué)校學(xué)習(xí)的話，他會(huì)對(duì)你很熟悉。（真實(shí)含義是：He doesn’t study at this school，so he doesn’t know you well. 他不在這所學(xué)校學(xué)習(xí)，所以他對(duì)你不是很熟悉。）

If there were no music，the world would be very dull. 如果沒(méi)有音樂(lè)，世界將非常單調(diào)。（真實(shí)含義是：There is music，so the world is not dull. 世界上有音樂(lè)，所以并不單調(diào)。）

【典題】（2015四川卷，短文改錯(cuò)）If you are me ，would you talk to them?

【答案與解析】are改成were。根據(jù)句意可知，此處為虛擬語(yǔ)氣，“你”不可能是“我”，與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)不相符，故把a(bǔ)re改成were。

三、與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的虛擬語(yǔ)氣

在與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的虛擬條件句中，條件從句的謂語(yǔ)用had+過(guò)去分詞，主句的謂語(yǔ)用should（would，might，could）+have＋過(guò)去分詞。如：

If they had started at two o’clock，they would have got there by now.他們?nèi)绻莾牲c(diǎn)出發(fā)的，現(xiàn)在該到那兒了。（真實(shí)含義是：They didn’t start at two o’clock，so they haven’t got there by now.）

If they had not been content，they would have been anxious to f nd out some way to change it.如果不滿意，他們?cè)缇推惹械叵朕k法來(lái)改變它了。（真實(shí)含義是：They are content，so they weren’t anxious to find out some way to change it.他們很滿意，所以并不急著去想辦法來(lái)改變它。）

【典題】（改編自2015北京卷，34）If I________（see）it with my own eyes，I wouldn’t have believed it.

【答案與解析】hadn’t seen。根據(jù)“wouldn’t have believed”可以判斷是對(duì)過(guò)去的虛擬，所以從句應(yīng)是“if+主語(yǔ)+ had+done”的形式。句意：如果不是我親眼看到，我不會(huì)相信。

四、混合條件句的虛擬語(yǔ)氣

當(dāng)條件從句與主句所表示的時(shí)間不一致時(shí)，主句和從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞并不相互呼應(yīng)，虛擬語(yǔ)氣的形式應(yīng)做相應(yīng)的調(diào)整，這種條件句叫混合條件句。較常見(jiàn)的是從句用過(guò)去完成時(shí)（指過(guò)去行為），而主句用一般時(shí)（指目前狀態(tài)）。如：

If I had a bike，I would have lent it to you yesterday. 假如我有自行車，昨天就借給你了。（主句與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反，從句與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反。）

If I had spoken to him yesterday，I should know what to do now. 假如昨天我對(duì)他說(shuō)了，現(xiàn)在我就知道該怎么辦了。（真實(shí)含義是：I didn’t speak to him yesterday，so I don’t know what to do now. 我昨天沒(méi)有跟他說(shuō)，所以現(xiàn)在我不知道該怎么辦。）

【典題】（改編自2013北京卷，34）If we_______（book）a table earlier，we wouldn’t be standing here in a queue.

【答案與解析】had booked。根據(jù)if和主句中的“wouldn’t...here”看出是虛擬語(yǔ)氣，主句表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的情況，從句中的“earlier”提示是對(duì)過(guò)去的虛擬，用過(guò)去完成時(shí)態(tài)。句意：如果我們?cè)琰c(diǎn)訂桌的話，我們就不可能在這里站著排隊(duì)了。

五、含蓄條件句的虛擬語(yǔ)氣

虛擬條件句中的條件從句有時(shí)不表現(xiàn)出來(lái)，只暗含在上下文中，這種句子叫含蓄條件句。常見(jiàn)的暗示在without（如果沒(méi)有），but for（要不是），otherwise（要不然），or（else）（否則）等單詞或短語(yǔ)中。如：

Motionless，old Jolyon stared at the wall；but for his open eyes，he might have been asleep.老Jolyon一動(dòng)不動(dòng)，望著墻壁；除卻一雙眼睛還睜著外，他簡(jiǎn)直可以說(shuō)是還在睡覺(jué)。（but for his open eyes= if it hadn’t been for his open eyes）

I’m not feeling very well today—otherwise I would do it myself.今天我身體不太舒服，否則這事我就親自去做了。（otherwise = if I were feeling well today）

What would I have done without you? 如果沒(méi)有你，我會(huì)怎么辦呢？（without you= if it hadn’t been for you）

He must be as strong as a horse，or he never could have defeated that great beast. 他一定是力大如牛，否則他絕不會(huì)擊敗那只龐大的野獸。（or = if he were not as strong as a horse）

【典例】（改編自2015江蘇卷，34） Many of the things we now benefit from would not be around but for Thomas Edison. 要不是愛(ài)迪生的發(fā)明，今天我們身邊享用的很多東西都將不復(fù)存在。

【典例】（改編自2015安徽卷，32）It is lucky we booked a room，or we would have nowhere to stay now.

【典題】（改編自2015重慶卷，7）_______his wartime experiences，Hemingway wouldn’t have written his famous novel A Farewell to Arms.

【答案與解析】Without。根據(jù)“wouldn’t have written”看出是虛擬語(yǔ)氣，根據(jù)短文填空的要求知道沒(méi)有提示詞的空只填一個(gè)詞，所以用Without，不用But for。句意：沒(méi)有他戰(zhàn)時(shí)的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，海明威就不可能寫(xiě)出著名的小說(shuō)《永別了武器》。

六、虛擬條件句中的倒裝句

如果虛擬條件句的謂語(yǔ)部分有were，had和should時(shí)，則可以省略if，把were，had和should放到從句主語(yǔ)前面去，從而形成倒裝句和省略結(jié)構(gòu)。注意：虛擬語(yǔ)氣否定句的倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)中的助動(dòng)詞不用weren’t，shouldn’t，hadn’t等縮略形式，如：

Should it rain/Were it to rain tomorrow，the sports meeting would be put off.（= If it should rain/were to rain，...）

Were it not raining，we should go for a picnic. （=If it were not raining，...）

Had he seen you yesterday，he would have returned your book.（=If he had seen you yesterday，...）

【典題】（改編自2015江蘇卷，28）It might have saved me some trouble________I known the schedule.

【答案與解析】had。根據(jù)題干中的“might have saved”可知，主句是對(duì)過(guò)去的虛擬，從句應(yīng)用“if I had known”與主句保持一致。if虛擬條件句中含有had時(shí)，可將if省去，同時(shí)將had提前構(gòu)成倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。句意：如果我早知道日程安排，可能會(huì)省去我一些麻煩。

（作者單位：安徽省蚌埠市懷遠(yuǎn)第一中學(xué)）