Fishery resources and their management in Lake Malawi

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Fishery resources and their management in Lake Malawi

(1.WuxiFisheriesCollege,NanjingAgriculturalUniversity,Wuxi214182,China; 2.DepartmentofFisheries,P.O.Box593,Lilongwe,Malawi; 3.KeyLaboratoryofFisheryEcologicalEnvironmentAssessmentandResourceConservationinMiddleandLowerReachesoftheYangtzeRiver,FreshwaterFisheriesResearchCenter,ChineseAcademyofFisherySciences,Wuxi214081,China)

Fish species in Lake Malawi are extraordinary freshwater fishery resources, because their diversity and abundance is higher than that of any other lake in the world. There are 500 -1 000 kinds of freshwater fishes in Lake Malawi, accounting for 15% of global fresh water fish biodiversity, and about half of them are endemic. Especially, the cichlids are unique to Lake Malawi. These species are of both local and international scholarly importance and also act as a source of tourism attraction. The lake is famous for the diversity of food fish species and a variety of ornamental fishes exported to a number of countries worldwide. Over the years, the lake has witnessed the increasing fishing efforts as well as illegal fishery and fishing methods that have resulted into a sharp reduction in catch landings of most valuable fishes such asOreochromisspecies. The numbers of fishers, fishing gears and crafts have significantly risen recently, bringing in fears of collapsing the lake fishery resources. This paper reviews the importance of fishery resources of Lake Malawi, the impacts suffered from some actions, the current measures of fishing management, and future actions for sustainable fishery.

Lake Malawi; fishery; cichlids; endemic species; ornamental fish

1 Lake Malawi

Malawi is a landlocked country[1]with a total land area of about 118 484 km2, of which about 20% is covered by water[2]. Lake Malawi, the largest water body in the country, was nicknamed "The Lake of Stars" by Dr. David Livingstone due to lights from the lanterns of the fishing boats that resemble, from a distance, like stars in the sky. It is a part of the Great African Rift Valley. Other smaller lakes in Malawi of capture fishery importance include Malombe and Chilwa (Fig. 1). Lake Malawi has over 800 freshwater species, out of the 2 945 freshwater fish species in Africa[3]. The species account for 15% of global freshwater fish biodiversity. The lake is known to the world for its enormous varieties of fishes, most of which only can be found in this lake. Ninety percent of these fishes belong to cichlid groups[4-5]ofCopadichromis, Mbuna cichlids (ornamental fish) and many others, majority of which are littoral and/or benthic[6]. Lake Malawi lies between latitudes 9°30′S and 14°30′E[7]. The basin countries are Malawi, Mozambique and Tanzania[7], and the maximum length is 550 km[7-9]while[10-11]reported 570 km, and while the maximum width is 75 km. The lake has a surface area of 29 600 km2, with an average depth of 292m[7], the maximum depth is 706m, and water volume is 8 400 km3while the surface elevation is 500m. There are two main habited islands namely Likoma and Chizumulu. The lake is the ninth largest in the world, third largest and second deepest in Africa[8].

Fish is an important component in the Malawian diet. At national level, fish in Malawi is said to provide 60-70% of animal protein intake for Malawian residents and almost 40% of total protein intake for the majority of rural poor[12]. It is the main source of animal protein in the country, contributing over 70% of the dietary animal protein intake of Malawians and 40% of the total protein supply[13].

2 Importance of Lake Malawi Fishery

Lake Malawi has more freshwater fishes than any other lake in the world[10, 14-15]and is a UNESCO World Heritage site. According to GoM[16], the lake is famous for delicious and the most valuable Chambo fish (Oreochromiskarongae, one of the cichlid species) worldwide[17].

In Malawi, about 90% of the fish landed is from this lake. Over 500 000 people are involved in fisheries-related activities such as fishing, processing, marketing, fishing gear production, boat building, net mending and maintenance, engine repair and other auxiliary activities[18-19]. The fisheries sector in Malawi is said to contribute 4% of the national GDP[20]. Nearly 1.6 million people in lakeshore communities derive their livelihood from the fishing industry[21-22]. Fish landings in 2015 were 0.14 million tons with a beach or landed value ca. $241.564 million compared to landings of 0.12 million tons in 2014. Per capita fish consumption has declined over the years from 14-18 kg per capita in the 1970s, to 9.6 kg in 1988, 6-7 kg in the 1990s[20], 5.6 kg in 1999[23], but has sharply increased lately to 8.12 kg by 2014[16]. Declining catches and rapid population growth are regarded to be the factors for the changes.

Fig.1 Map of Malawi showing Lake Malawi, its catchment and other important lakes

Mbuna (ornamental) fish, abundantly found in Lake Malawi, is also of value to Malawi as a source of foreign currency and to the world for its beauty. Aquarium fishery has become a recognizable business worldwide and its development in Malawi has been so significant over the years. There used to be one company operating the sector but currently four are exporting live ornamental fish. The fishes are exported outside of the country[24], bringing the much-needed foreign exchange. Malawi in 2014 exported live ornamental fish to Canada, China (including Hongkong), Denmark, France, Germany, Sweden, South Africa, UK and USA, a total of 38 522 live fishes, generating a total income of $0.316 million[16].

3 Composition of Fishery Species in Lake Malawi

The cichlids of the lake constitute the largest vertebrate species group and the largest lacustrine fish fauna on the earth[10,25-26]. In total there are about 1 000 cichlid species in Lake Malawi, and vast majorities are endemic[27]. It is highlighted that there are over 700 endemic cichlid species in Lake Malawi[28]. The cichlids are divided into basic groups, the haplochromines (Table 1) and the tilapiines, which are open water and sand dwelling species[29]; and the Mbuna (rockdwellers)[30], respectively (Fig. 2).

Tab.1 The haplomine cichlids of Lake Malawi

Information of this table cited from：[26,31]

Fig. 2 Oreochromis karongae, a haplochromine cichlid (left), and Mbuna fish rockdweller Metriaclima estherae, an ornamental fish (photo by A.D Konings) (right) in Lake Malawi, sourced by Stuart Grant Ltd and DoF respectively.

3.1 Food Fish Species

There are many food fish species in Lake Malawi, but those of much importance and value are Ramphochromis species, airbreathing catfish (e.g.,Bathyclarias,Clarias), Kampango (Bagrus meridionalis), mochokid catfish (e.g.,Chiloglanis,Synodontis), Mastacembelus spiny eel, mormyrids (e.g.,Marcusenius,MormyropsandPetrocephalus), African tetra (Brycinusimberi), poeciliid (Aplocheilichthysjohnstoni), spotted killifish (Nothobranchiusorthonotus), and mottled eel (Anguillanebulosa). There are cyprinid fishes such asEngraulicyprissardella(Lake Sardine),OpsaridiummicrolepisandO.microcephalum[24].E.sardella, locally called Usipa is widely caught in the lake and accounts for almost 80% of all the catches in the country[16]. Other cyprinid species include those in genera Barbus and Labeo[24]. Food fish species constitute about 90% of the fishery in Malawi compared to the ornamental fish species (personal observation from Malawi catches). Over the past five years, total average fish landings from all water bodies in Malawi has been 120 000 metric tons, with Lake Malawi contributing 80% of the catches[16]. The fish is mainly consumed locally with a small percentage exported to countries within the region (mainly South Africa, Zambia, and Zimbabwe) through informal trade. There are broadly two categories of operators on Lake Malawi, small-scale (artisanal) and commercial. The small-scale sector is regarded as the largest component of the sector in Malawi and accounts for about 90% of the total fish landings. The small-scale or artisanal sector also includes subsistence fishers. In this category, most fish caught is for consumption and little is sold for cash. In the subsistence category, fishing gear types operated include fish traps, hook and line, fishing basket and spears; while in the small-scale fisheries category the gears used are beach seine nets, open water seines, gillnets, hooks and long lines. The fishing crafts include dugout canoes, planked canoes, and planked boats with or without engines. Commercial operators use trawl nets in pair and stern trawl units. There are currently over thirty licensed commercial trawl units on Lake Malawi. Despite of the decrease in commercially valuable fish, there has been an increase in number of fishers (27%), fishing gears (24%) and fishing crafts (30%)[12]putting more pressure on the lake resources.

3.2 Ornamental Fish Species

Lake Malawi is well known for having a large number of ornamental cichlid fish species. These are colorful and beautiful fish caught alive by divers of licensed commercial units in specified areas in the lake. Currently there are four licensed ornamental fish operators on Lake Malawi. About 10% of the Malawi fishery constitutes the ornamental fishery. There are twelve important groups of the ornamental fishes, some of which are presented in Table 2 below.

Tab.2 The main Mbuna cichlids (ornamental fish) of Lake Malawi

Information of this table cited from：[26,31]

3.3 Other Fishery Resources in Lake Malawi

Apart from the resources reviewed in this paper, there are also other studied and known resources in Lake Malawi, including 28 species of freshwater snails (including 16 endemics) and 9 bivalves (including one endemic unionidNyassunionyassaensis)[26]. The lake is home to a total of 4 snail species in the genusBulinus. There are two endemic species of snails of the genus (B.nyassanusandB.succinoides)[26]in the lake, and two non-endemic species (B.globosusandB.forskalli) in lagoons separated from it. There are few species of mollusks in the lake. The Malawi blue crab,Potamonauteslirrangensis (syn.P.orbitospinus), is the only crab in the lake and it is not endemic[26]. The atyid shrimpCaridinamalawensisis endemic to the lake, but it is poorly known and has historically been confused withC.nilotica, which is not found in the lake[31].

3.4 Migratory Fish Species

There are two important migratory fish species of cyprinids in the lake catchment, Mpasa (Opsaridiummicrolepis) is a large (70 cm of total length) migratory species that spawns in rivers, but it is exclusively known as adult from the main lake body[32]; Sanjika (Opsaridiummicrocephalus), is medium sized (30 cm total length) species that exists in lake breeding, a river-lake migratory populations. SpecificallyO.microlepisis an IUCN red-listed "endangered" species endemic to the lake catchment[32-35].

4 Anthropogenic Impacts on Lake Malawi

Human activities, intentional as well as unintentional, have affected the lake and its ecosystem. Aquarium collectors′ intentional transferring of cichlids between different parts of the lake has allowed hybridization and competition between species[25-26]. There is over-collecting of fish and sometimes in the reserved area by the aquarium traders which has seriously threatened the cichlid population in the lake[26, 31]. Some ornamental fish operators violate the regulations by collecting ornamental fish in Lake Malawi National Park which is a restricted area from any kind of fishing activity. Commercial overfishing is also threatening the fish stocks[19,36-37]. Artisanal fishers are using very long and fine-meshed destructive nets that catch even juvenile cichlids in large numbers[2]thereby reducing their population in the lake. The introduction of new boats and fishing gears has not only increased pressure on existing resources but also allowed access to previously inaccessible fish stocks[38]. Siltation from agricultural runoff and increased land use[24, 39]is destroying the lake habitats and breeding areas. Timing fishing of migratory fish especially theO.microlepisin the rivers joining Lake Malawi during their breeding season poses a serious threat on the species’ recruitment (personal observation).

5 Management of Fishery Resources in Lake Malawi

Activities of the Department of Fisheries are conducted in line with the National Aquaculture and Fisheries Policy, which is revised after a 5-year period[13]. Fisheries regulations governing the Malawi fisheries are contained in the Fisheries Conservation and Management Regulations, 2000[13]. The regulations are in form of closed fishing season and area[13,40], mesh size restrictions as required in the FAO Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries[41]. The minimum mesh sizes for various types of fishing gears are set based on the sizes at maturity for the target species[42-43]. The minimum catchable sizes of fish are set based on sizes at maturity, the maximum headline length of fishing net is set to control fishing efforts by limiting the net size[40]. Licensing of fishing gears is set to control the amount of fishing efforts by limiting the number of gears licensed. These fishing licenses are valid for one year and are not transferable. The Fisheries Conservation and Management Act, 1997 prohibits the introduction of exotic fish species into the country to safeguard Malawi's fish biodiversity[12,44]. Management system is participatory (co-management), in which communities play an important role in the management measures of the resources. The fisheries legal frameworks currently in place are not fully functioning to successfully sustain the lake fishery resources. There is continued use of illegal fishing gears, fishing methods and fishing during closed season, due to noncompliance of fishers[21, 45]. The change in climatic conditions also is believed to have affected the breeding period of the fish that is not consistant fully with the time when the lake is closed from fishing activities. The declining of fish catches in the country’s water bodies[12,16,18,45-47]is a manifestation of the inefficiency of strategies that are currently in place. Therefore it is necessary, perhaps, to revise the period of close season after an assessment of the valuable species’ breeding periods.

For better conservation and management of fish stocks in Lake Malawi, it is imperative to improve and take measures with demonstrated political will[17,48]through better funding by government to fishery, efficient implementation of fisheries management measures as suggested by Kosamu[49]and through longer closed season and better enforcement[50]. The current close season period of two months from 1stof November to 31stof December each year, seems too short for the major stocks to successfully breed and the small fish to grow to a size capable of sustaining the stock recruitment. A suggestion of four to five months, i.e. October to February, might give ample time for a successful breeding in the lake. During the close season, it is also necessary to have more enforcement patrols to deal with illegal fishing. It is significant to implement stock and habitat enhancement programs[51]and perhaps provide provisions of microeconomic support to fisherfolks. Overdependence on fishing activities by the fishers along the shores[17]puts so much pressure on the stock, therefore other sources of incomes need to be explored to ease the pressure on the lake. Science and technology based research[51-52]can also increase the skill levels of workers through technological research, demonstrations, extension and training courses[53-54]. Priority should be given to improve fisheries production, with more emphasis on the promotion of fisheries reform, exploitation[55]and robust extension service delivery[53-56]. Exploitation of the offshore fishery can ease the pressure on the shallower areas where most of fish species are found and breed. Therefore it is important to encourage fishers to invest in offshore fishery with the idea of easing pressure in the inshore areas. Close monitoring of fishing efforts[2]is required to reduce the overexploitation of fish. There has been a boom of fishing gears on the lake (increased efforts) competing for the same dwindling stock[12,16]. Probably encouraging the best and modern aquaculture methods as reported by Edwards[58]may ease pressure on the lake (although[37]suggested that aquaculture does not take pressure off the sea) and avoid the continued fish catch decline[24,59-60]. It is believed that aquaculture can be further developed in Malawi because of the availability of good quality and abundant water, enough land and trained personnel in the Department of Fisheries. The improvement of the current aquaculture fish species through a well-defined breeding program can improve the production from fish farming and enhance overall fish availability in the country and at the same time give enough time for the lake to recover.

6 Fisheries Cooperation with Neighboring Countries

Malawi and Mozambique are two of the basin countries sharing the boundaries of lake Malawi(Fig.1). On Mozambique side, the lake is known as Lake Niassa. The two countries have been working together in a number of areas concerning the lake’s fishery resources. A memorandum of understanding-MOU signed on 23rdOctober, 2014 between the Government of the Republic of Malawi and the Government of the Republic of Mozambique, aiming at cooperation in areas of monitoring, control and surveillance-MCS (exchanging competent personnel to jointly plan and implement MCS activities); sharing MCS resources (use commonly available assets for surveillance and develop and implement joint measures e.g. stock assessment and joint patrols, use of research and surveillance resources with a view to enhance the cost effectiveness of research and surveillance activities and reducing its costs and maximize the benefits, cooperate in the provision of personnel and cross authorization of these personnel as well as the use of MCS crafts or other assets for the purposes of fisheries surveillance and law enforcement); information exchange (exchanging technical and statistical information on catch data, number of vessels or fishing units, number of gears, number of fishers, fishing licenses, vessel specifications, information on IUU fishing vessels and techniques, co-management); inland fisheries management (sustainably managing fisheries resources in the lake for the benefit of the riparian communities, improve governance of fisheries resources by adopting co-management arrangements or community based fisheries management systems with active involvement of the local communities); research, i.e. capture fisheries and aquaculture (promoting technology development through research in both capture fisheries and aquaculture), agreement on when frame surveys and catch data would be jointly conducted and subsequently share the analyzed data[61].

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank Dr. Friday Njaya, Dr. Tao Jiang, Dr. Xiubao Chen, Ms. Mengmeng Li, and Ms. Yanping Su for their comments and contributions that improved the manuscript.

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2095-3666(2017)01-0051-09

KHUMBANYIWA Davison Daniel1,2, YANG Jian1,3*

2016-12-04

2017-01-08

本論文得到中華人民共和國商務(wù)部2015-2017年國際漁業(yè)專業(yè)碩士項目(2015E1014)的資助

KHUMBANYIWA Davison Daniel (1979-)，男，研究方向為漁業(yè)環(huán)境監(jiān)測與保護。 E-mail: daviek15@yahoo.com

楊健 (1964-)，研究方向為漁業(yè)環(huán)境監(jiān)測與保護。E-mail: jiany@ffrc.cn

馬拉維湖的漁業(yè)資源及其管理

KHUMBANYIWA Davison Daniel1,2,楊健3*

(1. 南京農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué) 無錫漁業(yè)學(xué)院，無錫 214182； 2.馬拉維漁業(yè)部, Lilongwe 593, 馬拉維； 3. 中國水產(chǎn)科學(xué)研究院淡水漁業(yè)研究中心，中國水產(chǎn)科學(xué)研究院長江中下游漁業(yè)生態(tài)環(huán)境評價和資源養(yǎng)護重點實驗室，無錫 214081)

非洲馬拉維湖擁有較世界其他湖泊更高的魚類生物多樣性及數(shù)量，其種類構(gòu)成了非常獨特的淡水漁業(yè)資源。馬拉維湖魚類的種類達500-1000種，占到了全球淡水魚類多樣性的15%，其中一半的種類為特有種。特別是該湖獨有的慈鯛科魚類因其重要的地區(qū)性及國際性研究和旅游價值而廣受關(guān)注。馬拉維湖也因向眾多的國家出口多樣化的水產(chǎn)品及觀賞魚資源而備受贊譽。然而，多年來，隨著捕撈努力量的加大及非法捕撈和非法漁具漁法的增加，許多極有價值的種類(如羅非魚)的產(chǎn)量急劇下降。近幾年湖區(qū)漁民、漁具和漁船的顯著增加更使?jié)O業(yè)資源幾近崩潰。本論文評述了漁業(yè)資源對馬拉維湖的重要作用、面臨的不利影響、目前的漁業(yè)管理對策和未來可持續(xù)漁業(yè)的行動設(shè)想。

馬拉維湖； 漁業(yè)； 慈鯛； 特有種; 觀賞魚

S 937

A

10.13233/j.cnki.fishis.2017.01.009

Received Date：2016-12-04 Revised Date：2017-01-08

Fund：This review paper work was part of the MSc. study program which is sponsored by the People′s Republic of China administered by MOFCOM.

Author：KHUMBANYIWA Davison Daniel (1979-), male, researching on monitoring and conserving of fisheries environment. E-mail： daviek15@yahoo.com

Correspondence author：YANG Jian (1964-), researching on monitoring and conserving of fisheries environment. E-mail：jiany@ ffrc.cn