葉偉康 房清敏王大巍張岱捷
腰椎術(shù)后硬膜外瘢痕研究進(jìn)展
葉偉康 房清敏*王大巍張岱捷
腰椎間盤突出癥患者在行椎板切除減壓或椎間盤切除術(shù)后,仍存留下肢頑固性疼痛不適癥狀。這些不適的癥狀有可能由術(shù)后獲得性椎管狹窄,相鄰節(jié)段退變,椎間盤復(fù)發(fā),腰椎滑脫以及硬膜外瘢痕等原因引起。其中,硬膜外瘢痕(神經(jīng)根粘連、硬膜外纖維化)可能占20%~36%。有學(xué)者研究怎樣減少硬膜外瘢痕的材料或方法,也有學(xué)者致力于術(shù)后硬膜外瘢痕的治療。本文就硬膜外瘢痕研究進(jìn)展做一綜述。
硬膜外瘢痕;腰椎術(shù)后;疼痛
1.1 瘢痕粘連的機(jī)制
硬膜外瘢痕形成有幾種原因,最常見(jiàn)的是脊柱外科手術(shù)。早在1948年,Key等[1]認(rèn)為術(shù)后瘢痕形成來(lái)源于椎管前方損傷的纖維環(huán)。LaRocca等[2]1974年提出背側(cè)損傷了的骶棘肌粗糙面的成纖維細(xì)胞侵入,與硬脊膜、神經(jīng)根粘連,并覆蓋于椎板切除部位及向椎管內(nèi)延伸,形成致密的硬膜外瘢痕。1990年,Songer等[3]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),硬脊膜周圍的纖維化既來(lái)自后方損傷了的骶棘肌創(chuàng)面,亦來(lái)自前方損傷的纖維環(huán)和后縱韌帶,同時(shí)前方的粘連會(huì)包繞神經(jīng)根而導(dǎo)致側(cè)方受累。目前認(rèn)為瘢痕組織的形成是椎板切除或椎間盤切除術(shù)后的一種正常的生理反應(yīng)[4]。成纖維細(xì)胞遷移導(dǎo)致纖維組織代替正常的腰椎術(shù)后硬膜外脂肪[5]。
硬膜外瘢痕亦有可能由非手術(shù)刺激引發(fā)[6]。Mccarron等[7]研究表明椎間盤髓核脫出導(dǎo)致硬膜外炎癥反應(yīng)。因此,在沒(méi)有脊柱手術(shù)的情況下,一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單突出的腰椎間盤可能導(dǎo)致硬膜外粘連。而且,感染、炎癥的細(xì)胞因子的釋放,纖維環(huán)撕裂,鞘內(nèi)注射造影劑,以及隨著脊柱退變,硬膜外靜脈叢反復(fù)微出血的結(jié)果都會(huì)導(dǎo)致瘢痕[8-16]。甚至椎間盤突出后,神經(jīng)根周圍也會(huì)發(fā)生纖維化和存在血管異常[17]。精確機(jī)制仍然是難以捉摸的。但值得注意的是,炎癥過(guò)程是在粘連原因中普遍存在的。瘢痕是普遍存在的[18],Parke和Watanabe[19]對(duì)患有腰椎間盤突出的尸體研究證實(shí),L4/5存在40%的硬膜外瘢痕,L5/S1存在36%,而L3/4存在16%。
1.2 引發(fā)疼痛的機(jī)制
嚴(yán)重的腰椎術(shù)后硬膜外瘢痕導(dǎo)致持續(xù)性腰痛的占83%[20]。早在1991年,Kuslich等[21]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)神經(jīng)根粘連者比沒(méi)有瘢痕包裹的患者更容易導(dǎo)致疼痛。Ross等[22]發(fā)現(xiàn)類似的報(bào)道:粘連的神經(jīng)根導(dǎo)致疼痛比沒(méi)有粘連的神經(jīng)根高3.2倍。一個(gè)隨機(jī)的,對(duì)照的,雙盲的有效研究評(píng)估抑制瘢痕凝膠的試驗(yàn)報(bào)道在神經(jīng)根粘連與持續(xù)腰痛存在著統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)上明顯相關(guān)性[23]。動(dòng)物模型顯示醫(yī)源性生成硬膜外瘢痕組織[24],椎板切除術(shù)后纖維化和炎癥的組織學(xué)證據(jù)均觀察到疼痛現(xiàn)象的增加[25,26]。
引發(fā)疼痛的機(jī)制目前也缺乏確切的證據(jù)。它可能由該部位的手術(shù)操作或小血腫引發(fā),且有可能是引發(fā)術(shù)后疼痛重要的因素。也有可能因壓迫神經(jīng)根而觸發(fā)疼痛[27,28],神經(jīng)根粘連、牽拉,限制了神經(jīng)根的活動(dòng),阻止他在椎管和椎間孔的自由活動(dòng),減少神經(jīng)根的彈性[29]。神經(jīng)或靜脈的固定,反過(guò)來(lái)影響神經(jīng),導(dǎo)致神經(jīng)的膨脹并伴隨著腰背或下肢的疼痛。由于對(duì)神經(jīng)的阻斷,因此,營(yíng)養(yǎng)神經(jīng)藥物很難達(dá)到[30,31]。硬膜外纖維化是這些病人疼痛的潛在病理過(guò)程[20],很多人都認(rèn)為瘢痕與放射性痛有關(guān)系[32]。然而也有人質(zhì)疑瘢痕是否的確導(dǎo)致放射性疼痛[33,34],他們并不支持任何瘢痕和疼痛大小的相關(guān)性[35-37]。強(qiáng)調(diào)這是建立在一個(gè)偶然的觀察到的病理和臨床條件關(guān)系,特別是存在硬膜外瘢痕而沒(méi)有疼痛或者有疼痛而沒(méi)有瘢痕的患者身上[38]。然而,Lee等[6]研究目前研究清晰的證明硬膜外瘢痕導(dǎo)致對(duì)神經(jīng)根的明顯增高的壓力,尤其是在背側(cè)神經(jīng)節(jié)。他們認(rèn)為對(duì)神經(jīng)根的這種增加的壓力可能導(dǎo)致更多的疼痛類似于椎間盤突出。
我們對(duì)存在硬膜外瘢痕患者行椎間孔鏡手術(shù)治療時(shí),可在內(nèi)窺鏡下直接觀察是否存在硬膜外瘢痕,并且觀察硬膜外瘢痕對(duì)神經(jīng)根及硬膜的影響。對(duì)硬膜外瘢痕及周圍組織行病理和各種化驗(yàn)分析,內(nèi)窺鏡下硬膜外瘢痕對(duì)神經(jīng)根和硬膜囊的的影響。
CT和MR在術(shù)后早期特異性不高,多數(shù)可見(jiàn)與術(shù)前突出相似的組織團(tuán)塊影,大多能在術(shù)后2~3個(gè)月部分或者全部消失[39]。CT增強(qiáng)時(shí),尤其是高劑量對(duì)比增強(qiáng)時(shí)瘢痕組織的信號(hào)明顯增強(qiáng),而突出髓核的信號(hào)仍然一樣[40,41]。未增強(qiáng)MRI與增強(qiáng)CT一樣可區(qū)分瘢痕還是椎間盤[42]。增強(qiáng)MRI與MRI對(duì)比在鑒別瘢痕組織與髓核的準(zhǔn)確率更高[43]。椎間盤術(shù)后再次疼痛的發(fā)生率與增強(qiáng)MR檢查顯示的硬膜外瘢痕呈正相關(guān)[22],硬膜外組織可占有原來(lái)突出的椎間盤的位置,從而引起與椎間盤突出相似的癥狀。椎管造影或者CTM不易區(qū)分瘢痕與髓核,但可以間接地顯示椎管和神經(jīng)根受到的來(lái)自外面的壓迫。
Bosscher與Heavner[20]使用硬膜外腔鏡作為診斷工具,觀測(cè)該處神經(jīng)根活動(dòng)范圍,并觀察神經(jīng)根上血管充盈狀況,瘢痕有無(wú)造成神經(jīng)根環(huán)形卡。發(fā)現(xiàn)在腰椎手術(shù)后持續(xù)性痛患者中有嚴(yán)重的硬膜外瘢痕患者占83%。更廣泛的手術(shù)患者,91%的患者有嚴(yán)重的疤痕。使用核磁共振,只有16%的患者被診斷出纖維化,表明纖維化診斷明顯被低估。
事實(shí)上,很多努力去致力于發(fā)現(xiàn)減少硬膜外瘢痕的材料或方法。例如盡可能保留椎板,手術(shù)操作輕柔,減少出血,術(shù)后徹底沖洗、引流可減少瘢痕粘連的發(fā)生。術(shù)中應(yīng)用明膠海綿、透明質(zhì)酸鈉、聚乳酸薄板、幾丁糖等來(lái)進(jìn)行預(yù)防。術(shù)后應(yīng)用抗炎藥物,控制或改變硬膜周圍阻止的炎癥過(guò)程,減少瘢痕粘連。術(shù)后護(hù)理早期主動(dòng)直腿抬高訓(xùn)練,可明顯加快椎間盤突出癥術(shù)后的康復(fù)速度,改善臨床病癥,具有非常顯著的療效。
對(duì)于硬膜外瘢痕的治療,一般是不需要手術(shù)松解,有研究認(rèn)為硬膜外注射液體來(lái)減輕腰痛及坐骨神經(jīng)痛,并認(rèn)為液體量與疼痛減輕呈正相關(guān)[44],硬膜外非類固醇注射一樣有功效[45]。目前,硬膜外粘連松解(epidural lysis of adhesions,LOA)是慢性難治性下腰部疼痛和神經(jīng)根病有效治療方式。在1989年Racz和Holubec[46]發(fā)明用于微創(chuàng)治療存在硬膜外粘連或瘢痕組織的有或沒(méi)有下肢放射痛的脊柱疼痛。起初方案是需要插入可操控的導(dǎo)管經(jīng)過(guò)骶裂孔進(jìn)入硬膜外腔,粘連經(jīng)硬膜外腔造影所標(biāo)記,并且粘連松解術(shù)在相關(guān)的解剖區(qū)進(jìn)行。該技術(shù)總體原則被保留,然而其過(guò)程及注射的藥物發(fā)生了改變。原本LOA需要導(dǎo)管在住院期間留置3天,需要每天注射局麻藥、類固醇激素、高滲鹽水和透明質(zhì)酸酶裂解酶。椎板間及椎間孔入路[47,48]已經(jīng)被描述,但是經(jīng)骶管處入路仍是最常用的。
Gerdesmeyer[49]研究關(guān)于LOA和安慰劑試驗(yàn)強(qiáng)烈證明其LOA的有效性。相對(duì)于保守治療,Veihelmann[50]對(duì)隨機(jī)99名有腰椎神經(jīng)根病變的病人,接受一天應(yīng)用LOA或者保守治療。3月后結(jié)果顯示在VAS疼痛評(píng)分和ODI上,在LOA組有明顯統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。雖然LOA被廣泛認(rèn)為是一個(gè)安全的干預(yù),但并發(fā)癥率還是要高于常規(guī)硬膜外類固醇注射[18]。目前LOA的方案,均包括類固醇激素的注射,其好處是多方面的,不僅包括粘連的降解,炎癥介質(zhì)的沖洗,以及類固醇的直接和間接地鎮(zhèn)痛作用[51-53]。
總之,對(duì)于硬膜外瘢痕形成的原因目前尚不完全清楚,硬膜外瘢痕導(dǎo)致下肢疼痛的診斷多為臨床影像學(xué)推斷,缺乏確切的直接證據(jù)。硬膜外瘢痕患者在接受椎間孔鏡手術(shù)治療時(shí),可在內(nèi)窺鏡下直接觀察到是否存在硬膜外瘢痕,并且可觀察到硬膜外瘢痕對(duì)神經(jīng)根及硬膜的影響。對(duì)硬膜外瘢痕及周圍組織行病理和各種化驗(yàn)分析,內(nèi)窺鏡下硬膜外瘢痕對(duì)神經(jīng)根和硬膜囊的的影響,如卡壓神經(jīng)根,粘連神經(jīng)根致神經(jīng)根無(wú)法活動(dòng),神經(jīng)根上血管充盈狀態(tài)方面。來(lái)探討硬膜外瘢痕如何導(dǎo)致神經(jīng)根疼痛并進(jìn)行分析研究。并且椎間孔鏡下可測(cè)量患者直腿抬高90°時(shí),椎管內(nèi)神經(jīng)根活動(dòng)度的情況,觀察神經(jīng)根上血管充盈狀況。去除瘢痕后,患者下肢疼痛是否會(huì)明顯減輕或消失。椎管內(nèi)物質(zhì)對(duì)神經(jīng)根有無(wú)刺激作用,給予生理鹽水沖洗后,下肢疼痛能否緩解。目前國(guó)內(nèi)外均未見(jiàn)過(guò)類似報(bào)道。對(duì)于硬膜外瘢痕的診斷、預(yù)防、治療尚需進(jìn)一步研究。
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Research progress of epiduralscar after lumbars pinesurgery
YE Weikang,F(xiàn)ANG Qingmin,WANG Dawei,ZHANG Daijie.Department of Spinal Surgery,The Affilited Hospital of Binzhou Medical University,Binzhou,Shandong 256600,China.Corresponding author:FANG Qingmin,byfqm2008@163.com
Lumbar disc herniation in patients with laminectomy or discectomy after lower limb remained intractable pain symptoms.These symptoms of discomfort may be acquired by postoperative spi?nal stenosis,adjacent segment degeneration,intervertebral disc and lumbar spondylolisthesis recurrence caused by epidural scar and other reasons.Among them,the epidural scar(nerve root adhesion,epidural fibrosis)may account for 20%to 36%.Some scholars have studied how to reduce the epidural scar mate?rials or methods,but also some scholars committed to the treatment of epidural scar after surgery.This paper made a review on the research progress of epidural scar.
epiduralscar;lumbarsurgery;pain
R681.5+5
A
10.3969/j.issn.1009?976X.2017.02.026
2016-12-12)
256600山東濱州濱州醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬醫(yī)院脊柱外科
*通訊作者:房清敏,E?mail:byfqm2008@163.com