• <tr id="yyy80"></tr>
  • <sup id="yyy80"></sup>
  • <tfoot id="yyy80"><noscript id="yyy80"></noscript></tfoot>
  • 99热精品在线国产_美女午夜性视频免费_国产精品国产高清国产av_av欧美777_自拍偷自拍亚洲精品老妇_亚洲熟女精品中文字幕_www日本黄色视频网_国产精品野战在线观看 ?

    A distributed eco-hydrological model and its application

    2017-02-01 08:49:12ZongxueXuLeiLiJieZhao
    Water Science and Engineering 2017年4期

    Zong-xue Xu*,Lei Li,Jie Zhao

    aCollege of Water Sciences,Beijing Normal University,Beijing 100875,China

    bBeijing Key Laboratory of Urban Hydrological Cycle and Sponge City Technology,Beijing 100875,China

    cBureau of Hydrology,Ministry of Water Resources of China,Beijing 100053,China

    1.Introduction

    Eco-hydrology was described as an independent discipline for thefirst time at the International Conference on Water and the Environment in Dublin,Ireland,held from January 26 to 31,1992.Studies on eco-hydrological processes in arid regions,whose spatial heterogeneity leads to complex and little described eco-hydrological processes,have received broad attention in thefields of hydrology and water resources recently(Vertessy et al.,1996;Moret et al.,2007).The ecological and hydrological characteristics of arid and semiarid areas have changed due to fragile ecological environments,water resources shortages,and intense disturbance by human activities.

    However,the interplay between vegetation and water is insufficient in hydrological models,and most previous studies have only emphasized the importance ofhydrological processes or ecosystems independently,while the connection between ecological systems and hydrological processes has been neglected.In the traditional hydrological models,the effects of vegetation ecosystems on hydrological processes are usually generalized as an empirical parameter,the value of which isfixed at spatial and temporal scales.In the current ecological models,hydrological processes are mainlyconceptualized in terms of vertical processes of the soilvegetation-atmosphere continuum(SPAC)and water movement in the soil,and the water interaction between plant roots and soil zone interface cannot be described in detail(Xu and Zhao,2016;Zhao et al.,2015).For soil water simulation,the unsaturated zone is generally conceptualized as a reservoir,and water is generally simulated according to the principle of the water balance.In fact,hydrological processes in nature are closely related to the ecological processes of the land,while most hydrological models or ecological models are used to simulate hydrological and ecological processes independently.

    With the development of computer science,remote sensing,and geographic information systems,and especially the improvement of earth observation system technology and digital simulation technology,eco-hydrological models have received more attention recently.At present,eco-hydrological models can be divided into two categories:loosely coupled models with ecological and hydrological simulation results,and one-way coupling models of the hydrological or ecological system.In order to reflect the relationship between water and ecology as a whole,two-way coupling of the water cycle and plant growth was realized in this study using a distributed eco-hydrological model,the ecology module for a grid-based integrated surface and groundwater model(Eco-GISMOD),which was developed to simulate eco-hydrological processes by considering the interaction between vegetation and water in different soil layers.Ecological and hydrological processes are synchronized in Eco-GISMOD through a series of processes of exchanges of water and energy between vegetation and soil,providing a new method for investigating eco-hydrological processes at the river basin scale.

    2.Model description

    Based on Eco-GISMOD,a new distributed ecohydrological simulation system with a three-soil layer structure was developed using modular technology and distributed data management.It includesfive modules:preprocessing,interpolation,evapotranspiration estimation,runoff simulation,and eco-simulation(including natural plants and crops).The model can be executed independently without another platform.Basic data of runoff generation,such asflow direction,simulation sequence,and potential evapotranspiration,are identified in the preprocessing and interpolation modules first.Then,the water allocation and movement of each layer are estimated on the basis of plant transpiration,ground evaporation,and precipitation intercepted by plants.Correspondingly,the dynamic characteristics of leaf area index for different natural vegetation types are computed according to the water requirements and water consumption for each type of vegetation in Eco-GISMOD.

    2.1.Preprocessing

    The pre-processing module is used to delineate the river basin and to extract the drainage networks automatically from the digital elevation model(DEM)data(Li et al.,2013).This module has various functions,such as flow direction definition,flow accumulation calculation,and drainage network generation,and the order of runoff simulation can be analyzed conveniently using a special approach(Xu,2009).

    2.2.Interpolation

    The Thiessen method,gradient plus inverse distance squared method(GIDS),and inverse distance squared method(IDS)were used in the model for spatial interpolation(Nalder and Wein,1998;Teegavarapu and Chandramouli,2005).

    2.3.Evapotranspiration estimation

    Eco-GISMOD integrates eight methods(Allen et al.,1998;Hargreaves and Samani,1985;Priestley and Taylor,1972;Turc,1961)to estimate potential evapotranspiration(PET)and also to enable users to import their own PET data.

    Actual evapotranspiration(AET)can be assumed to be present,depleting water in the root zone of the soil(Beven et al.,1995;Kennen et al.,2008),and is expressed as a simple function of PET and the water content of the surface layer.

    2.4.Runoff simulation

    There are two types of grids in the runoff simulation module:the ordinary grid,which is vertically discretized into three layers:the surface layer,soil layer,and groundwater layer;and the river grid,which looks like a single reservoir for channel routing.In an ordinary grid,each portion of the outflow pours into its corresponding parts when the downstream grid is also an ordinary grid.Otherwise,yielding water will come together as streamflow into the river grid,then move among these river grids and eventually drain out of the watershed(Fig.1).In Fig.1,R is the daily precipitation,E is evapotranspiration,Qr0is the inflow from the upstream neighboring surface layer,Qr1is the inflow from the soil layer,Qr2is the inflow from the groundwater layer,Qr3is the inflow of river grid,Qs1is the saturation excessflow,Qs2is the infiltration excessflow,Qb0is the recharge flow from the soil layer,Qb1is rechargeflow from the groundwater layer,Qc0is the lateral outflow of the surface layer,Qc1is the lateral outflow of the soil layer,Qc2is unconfined groundwater flow,Qc3is confined groundwaterflow,Qx0is the infiltration flow of the surface layer,Qx1is the infiltration flow of the soil layer,Qout0is the outflow of surface layer,Qout1is the outflow of the soil layer,Qout2is the outflow of the groundwater layer,and Qout3is the discharge of river grid.

    Fig.1.Runoff generation structure.

    It is assumed that evapotranspirationfirst takes place in the surface layer.The amount of water used for evapotranspiration is mainly dependent upon the water content of the surface layer.If there is no water in the surface layer,water from the soil layer will be supplied to the surface layer.

    2.5.Eco-simulation

    Plants are crucial in terrestrial hydrological cycles,with their leaves playing key roles during plant development in terms of their functions of photosynthesis and transpiration,but soil moisture,solar radiation,and nutrient elements restrain the plant growth.

    In Eco-GISMOD,the simplified crop growth modules of the environmental policy impact climate(EPIC)model,which was developed by Jimmy Williams from Texas A&M University(Williams et al.,1989),is coupled with a new kind of distributed hydrological model(Li et al.,2015)through two key parameters:leaf area index and soil moisture.It is assumed that the concentration of carbon dioxide in the air is constant,and the plant growth is not restricted by the root system and nutrient substance.The main limiting factors of plant growth are temperature and soil moisture in the model.Suitable temperature and rainfall promote plant growth and development,which increase the leaf area,leading to a larger amount of precipitation interception,leaf evaporation,and transpiration,and a decrease in the soil infiltration.Conversely,the deficiency of soil water restricts plant growth and yield.

    2.5.1.Natural plants

    There are two kinds of natural plants in the model,forest and grass.Their plant roots absorption is different from one another due to the root distribution functions.Forests can fully use the water in the soil with a developed root system,but grass can only uptake water from the surface soil.

    First,the daily cumulative effective heat(heat unit,simplified as N)is computed according to the daily maximum and minimum temperature,and the plant growth reference temperature.

    Then,the possible daily increase of biomass is estimated based on energy-biomass conversion parameters,the day length,latitude and longitude,and effective photosynthesis radiation,which are obtained from the relationship between solar radiation and the leaf area index.

    Third,the impact of soil moisture and temperature is considered,and the greatest impact factor is selected as the plant growth-limiting factor.

    The heat unit formula is as follows:

    where i is number of days;j is the plant type;Tmaxand Tminare the daily maximum temperature and minimum temperature,respectively;and Tbaseis the minimum temperature required for plant growth.

    The heat unit index(Z),which reflects the status of plant development throughout the growing season,can be obtained by comparing N and the total heat for plant needs from growth to maturity(M).The formula is as follows:

    Plant growth is also closely related to solar radiation.The photosyntheticallyactiveradiation(X,MJ·m-2·d-1)intercepted byplantscanbecalculatedfromsolarradiation(S,MJ·m-2·d-1)and leaf area index(I)according to Beer's Law:

    Daily increased biomass(ΔB,kg·d-1)is affected by X,and the energy-biomass conversion parameter(E,kg·MJ-1):

    where D is day length(h)and ΔD is the change in day length(h·d-1),which is computed as

    where L is the latitude(o)and V is the daily solar elevation angle(o):

    The final increased daily biomass(ΔF,kg·d-1)is mainly affected by the daily plant stress index(G)and ΔB:

    2.5.1.1.Leaf area index

    Leaf surface is the most direct and rapid channel for changing the substance and energy between plants and the environment,and is involved in ecosystem water circulation through evapotranspiration and interception(Running and Coughlan,1988;Tian et al.,2003;Wasseige et al.,2003).In Eco-GISMOD,rainfall is divided into two parts.One part is net rainfall that falls into the soil,and the other part is what is intercepted on the leaf surface,and will evaporate quickly.Therefore,leaf area index is a very important indicator for estimating and evaluating the water consumption of vegetation.The leaf area index is estimated for growing and declining periods individually.

    (1)Growing period:

    Plants are considered in the growing period when the heat unit is less than or equal to 1(Zi≤ 1),the leaf area index of which is computed as

    where Iiis the leaf area index of day i,Imaxis the maximum leaf area index,ΔI is the variation of the leaf area index,and ΔU is the variation of the heat unit factor(U),which is calculated as follows:

    The default values of θ1and θ2are set as 6.5 and 10 in this formula,respectively,which can be modified under different situations.

    G ranges between 0 and 1 in the model,which considers the effect of soil moisture and temperature on plant growth,but ignores the impact of nitrogen,phosphorus,and root development.The formula is as follows:

    where Ws,iis the water stress factor of day i,and Ts,iis the temperature factor of day i.

    As one of the key limiting factors in the vegetation,Ts,iis obtained from the following formula:

    where Tg,jis the average temperature required for the growth of plant j(°C),Tb,jis the basic temperature for the growth of plant j(°C),and To,jis the optimum temperature for the growth of plant j(°C).

    Another limiting factor,Ws,i,is determined by the relationship between the available water supply from the soil layer(Wsupply,i)and the water requirement of the plant(Wdemand,i).Wswill be 0 if Wsupply,iis greater than Wdemand,i.Otherwise,Ws,iis computed as follows:

    where h0is the height of the soil layer(m);Agis grid area(m2);Sais the actual water content of soil;k0is the hydraulic conductivity of the soil layer(m3·d-1);Peis the potential evaporation;and j0is a factor that depends on the relationships between Sa,the critical soil water content(Sc),and the wilting point of the soil water content(Sw):

    where v is an empirical coefficient,the value of which is between 0.80 and 0.95.The available water supply comes mainly from the soil layer when the plant type is forest,and from the surface layer when the plant type is grass.(2)Declining period:

    Plants are regarded as in the declining period when the heat unit index is greater than 1(Zi>1),the leaf area index of which is computed as

    where I0and Z0are the corresponding values of leaf area index and heat unit index when plants begin declining,and Cjis the fading rate of plant j.

    2.5.1.2.Dry matter

    The quality of dry matter from growth to maturity is determined by the plant harvest index of day i(Ai):

    (1)Without considering water shortage:

    where Hjis the harvest index of plant j during the whole growth period,and Ukis the heat unit factor of day k.

    (2)Considering water shortage:

    where Yjis the drought sensitivity index of plant j and Wirepresents the water consumption on day i:

    Finally,the harvested dry matter from growth to maturity Ydis obtained as follows:

    where n is the total number of days.

    2.5.2.Crops

    In contrast to natural plants,crops mainly depend on irrigation,and their growth and development have regularity.For instance,spring wheat is sown in the middle of March,and harvested in May or June.The water consumption of summer corn from jointing to heading periods accounts for 65%of the whole growth period.However,summer corn is usually sown in May and harvested in September or October.The water consumption of each growth stage is not very different.

    According to the characteristics of different crop types,the crop water consumption is estimated by combining the crop coefficient method and potential evapotranspiration method.The crop growth period is divided into four stages(seeding,jointing,heading,and maturity),and the water consumption of each stage can be obtained by multiplying the potential evapotranspiration by the crop coefficient.

    2.5.2.1.Leaf area index

    Variation of the crop leaf area is simulated by the photosynthesis module of the crop,which is a kind of terrestrial net primary productivity(NPP)estimation model developed by Huang et al.(2006).The formula is as follows:

    where Jiis the ratio of yellow leaves to green leaves on day i,Kiis the transfer coefficient of photosynthetic products(0-0.48 for spring wheat,and 0-0.54 for corn)on day i,Pn,iis the net photosynthesis on day i,and Slis specific leaf area(m2/g).

    The photosynthetic products are not transferred to the leaf surface during the heading and maturity period.The leaf area index can be computed as follows:

    where δ and ε are key parameters that are determined by crop type and soil moisture,with values ranging from 0 to 8 and 0.5 to 1.0,respectively;and O is the standard fertility index:

    where Atis the effective accumulated temperature from planting to harvesting(°C),B is the initial air temperature of crop growth(°C),Tiis daily mean temperature on day i(°C),and x is the cumulative number of days from sowing.

    2.5.2.2.Actual water consumption

    Water consumption of crop j on day i(Wi,j)is determined by the following formula:

    where Ks,jis the coefficient of crop j in the growing stage s;and efis the irrigation efficiency,the value of which can be as low as 0.4 to 0.5 withflood irrigation,but as high as 0.6 to 0.8 with micro-sprinkle irrigation and drip irrigation.

    Irrigation water is assumed mainly to be taken from rivers.Therefore,the model requires some water intakes(also called control points),which can be used to calculate the total amount of water consumption in the watershed.

    where t is the number of crop types and m is the total number of days of crop growth.

    2.5.2.3.Dry matter

    Crop dry matter can be obtained without considering water shortage(setting Wsas 0),using the same formula as that of natural plants.

    3.Case study

    In order to evaluate the performance of Eco-GISMOD,the upper and middle parts of the Heihe River Basin were selected as the study area,where plant growth is severely restricted by seasonaldroughtand watershortage.The period of 1990-1993 was chosen for the case study.The calibration period was set from 1990 to 1992,and 1993 was selected for validation.Observed precipitation and discharge data were provided by the Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute(CAREER)of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.DEM data with 1 km×1 km horizontal resolution was used and other spatial distribution data with the same resolution,such as land use data,soil data,and geological data,were all obtained from the Environmental and Ecological Science Data Center for West China.

    3.1.Parameter setting

    Requirements for air temperature,solar radiation,and soil moisture vary according to vegetation type and the spatial distribution of each kind of plant.The vegetation was divided intofive types(coniferous forest,broad-leaved forest,shrub,farmland,and grass)from mountainous areas to plains in the Heihe River Basin.The initial values of plant growth parameters were chosen according to the parameters recommended in the EPIC model(Table 1).The values of parameters in the hydrological module were obtained from the results of previous studies(Li et al.,2015).

    3.2.Results and discussion

    3.2.1.Runoff

    The accuracy of runoff simulation plays an important role in plant growth and the development of the eco-hydrological model.Therefore,a river grid near the Yingluoxia Hydrological Station was used to make a comparison with the measured runoff in this study.It can be seen from Fig.2 that Eco-GISMOD reproduces the monthly runoff series with Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient(NSE)values between 0.88 and 0.93,the corresponding deviation of which ranges from-2.1%to 2.3%.The performances of Eco-GISMOD at theYingluoxia Hydrological Station are acceptable in both the calibration and validation periods.

    Table 1 Initial values of plant growth parameters.

    3.2.2.NPP

    The totalbiomass amountconverted from energy throughout the growth period is calculated by considering the limit factor of plant growth and potential biomass,through subtraction of the self-energy consumption of vegetation.NPP cannot only reflect the production capacity of ecosystems in the natural environment,but is also the key factor in evaluating the quality of the terrestrial ecosystem.

    For the purpose of comparison with other study results,we assume that the daily increased biomass is only used for plant growth,development,and reproduction.Other energy consumption was not considered in this study.Therefore,a comparative analysis of the results of Eco-GISMOD,the data obtained from high-resolution Satellite Pour l’Observation de la Terre(SPOT)remote sensing images using the C-FIX model(Lu et al.,2005),and the data calculated from the TESim model(Peng,2007)was used for model validation in this study(Fig.3).In general,results show that the NPP values of shrub, grass, and farmland (223.2, 246.4, and 394.6 g·m-2·year-1)from Eco-GISMOD are close to those of the C-FIX model(268,244,and 364 g·m-2·year-1),but the NPP values of coniferous forest and broad-leaved forest from Eco-GISMOD(29.2 and 91.8 g·m-2·year-1)are much smaller than those calculated by the C-FIX model(266 and 184 g·m-2·year-1).For the TESim model,in addition to the simulated NPP of broad-leaved forest that is close to the result of the C-FIX model(266.7 g·m-2·year-1),there are signifi-cant differences between the C-FIX model and Eco-GISMOD with the other four vegetation types.

    Fig.2.Comparison between simulated and observed monthly streamflow at Yingluoxia Hydrological Station.

    Fig.3.Comparison of simulated net primary productivity from three models.

    Although the results of these three models are different from one another,Eco-GISMOD shows a strong performance of plant growth,especially for shrub,grass,and farmland.For instance,Hu et al.(1994)and Wang et al.(1988)found that the value of NPP of high mountain meadows from the Qilian Mountains varies from 150 to 240 g·m-2·year-1,which is consistent with the results of Eco-GISMOD.Chen et al.(2008)showed that the value of grass NPP ranges from 128 to 370 g·m-2·year-1,based on statisticsofaboveground biomass obtained using the harvesting method.According to the estimation of farmland biomass in arid areas of western China from 1992 to 1998,some studies have pointed out that the value of farmland NPP is about 390.42 g·m-2·year-1(Zhang et al.,2006),which is in accordance with the simulated results of Eco-GISMOD.

    Fig.4.Spatial distribution of annual average net primary productivity(units:g·m-2·year-1).

    Table 2 Variation of net primary productivity with different simulation conditions.

    Spatial distribution of annual average NPP was analyzed in detail(Fig.4).There was a strong relationship between NPP and topography.A high value of NPP is mainly distributed in the middle part of the agricultural oasis.The lower values are mainly found at the southern part of the Qilian Mountains.Without consideration of water stress,the increase of NPP mainly occurs in the middle part of the Heihe River Basin,where it is dominated by grass and shrub(Table 2).The value of NPP of grassland increases significantly,with a range from 41 to 57 g·m-2·year-1,and the NPP increase for shrub is between 6.9 and 17.4 g·m-2·year-1.The broad-leaved forest and coniferous forest experience less water stress,and the values of NPP of these two types of plants change within 3 g·m-2·year-1.

    3.2.3.Water productivity

    Thewaterproductivitiesofthesefivetypesofvegetationwere compared with those of previous studies,in order to assess the performance of Eco-GISMOD in the simulation of plant growth.Inviewoftheoverallsimulationresults,thewaterproductivityof farmlandishighest,ranging from1.04to1.44kg/m3andwithan average annual value of 1.23 kg/m3.Wu and Hu(2009)also found that the water productivity of crops is between 0.93 and 1.53 kg/m3,based on research in Gansu Province from 1995 to 2007.The water productivity of coniferous forest ranks second,as simulated by Eco-GISMOD,with values changing between 0.19 and 0.41 kg/m3.Through the analysis of a forest plantation in Qinghai Province,Liu et al.(2006)pointed out that the water productivity of Qinghai spruce and larch coniferous forest varies from 0.19 to 0.26 kg/m3,as estimated according to the water efficiency rate(about 44%)and water potential productivity(0.44-0.58 kg/m3).Water productivity of shrub and grassland simulatedbyEco-GISMODisthelowestamongthesevegetation types,with annual mean values of 0.016 and 0.014 kg/m3,respectively.Chen et al.(2006)simulated the water productivity ofartificialgrasslandontheLoessPlateauusingtheEPICmodel.Results show that the water potential productivity of alfalfa and other pasture vegetation is between 0.05 and 0.58 and kg/m3.These facts illustrate that Eco-GISMOD performs well with regard to water productivity simulation,especially for the simulation of crops and coniferous forests.

    4.Conclusions

    In orderto evaluate the eco-hydrologicalprocesses focusing on water exchange between plants and the surrounding natural environment at a catchment scale,Eco-GISMOD,anew kind ofeco-hydrologicalmodelis proposed.It combines the simplified EPIC model and a new kindofdistributedhydrologicalmodelGISMOD.The advantage of this model is that water interaction between plants and soil water can be simply described by a generalized physical process in various situations.Eco-GISMOD can reflect the plant growth status through leaf area index.Dry matter and the spatial and temporal variations of water exchange can also be estimated using this model.

    A case study was carried out in the Heihe River Basin in northwestern China to evaluate the system's performance.The results show that forest and crops generally grow well with enough water supply,but water shortages,especially in summer,inhibit the growth of grass and cause grass degradation.This demonstrates that the simulation system is appropriate for eco-hydrological study in arid and semi-arid areas and will be helpful for the planning and management of water resources in the future.

    Allen,R.G.,Pereira,L.S.,Raes,D.,Smith,M.,1998.Crop evapotranspiration:guidelines for computing crop water requirements-FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper 56.Food and Agriculture Organization(FAO),Rome.

    Beven,K.J.,Lamb,R.,Quinn,P.F.,Romanowicz,R.,Freer,J.,1995.TOPMODEL.In:Singh,V.P.(Ed.),Computer models of watershed hydrology.Water Resources Publications,Highlands Ranch,pp.627-668.

    Chen,B.,Li,J.,Li,X.F.,2006.Long term simulation of water potential productivity of alfalfa on rain fed highland in south of Loess Plateau.Agric.Res.Arid Areas 24(3),31-35.https://doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:1000-7601.2006.03.006(in Chinese).

    Chen,Z.H.,Ma,Q.Y.,Wang,J.,Qi,Y.,Li,J.,Huang,C.L.,Ma,M.G.,Yang,G.J.,2008.Estimation of Heihe Basin net primary productivity using the CASA model.J.Nat.Resour.23(2),263-273.https://doi.org/10.11849/zrzyxb.2008.02.011(in Chinese).

    Hargreaves,G.H.,Samani,Z.A.,1985.Reference crop evapotranspiration from temperature.Appl.Eng.Agric.1(2),96-99.https://doi.org/10.13031/2013.26773.

    Hu,Z.Z.,Sun,J.X.,Li,Y.,Long,R.J.,Yang,F.L.,1994.The characteristics of biomass and conversion efficiency of solar radiation for principal types of alpine grasslands in Tianzhu,Gansu Province,China.Chin.J.Plant Ecol.18(2),121-131(in Chinese).

    Huang,Y.,Wang,Y.,Zhang,W.,Yu,Y.Q.,Wang,P.,2006.Simulating net primary production of agricultural vegetation in China(I):Model establishment and sensitivity analysis.J.Nat.Resour.21(5),790-801.https://doi.org/10.11849/zrzyxb.2006.05.013(in Chinese).

    Kennen,J.G.,Kauffman,L.J.,Ayers,M.A.,Wolock,D.M.,Colarullo,S.J.,2008.Use of an integratedflow model to estimate ecologically relevant hydrologic characteristics at stream biomonitoring sites.Ecol.Model.211(1-2),57-76.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2007.08.014.

    Li,L.,Xu,Z.X.,Li,Y.L.,Liu,W.F.,Zhang,L.Y.,2013.A preprocessing program for a distributed hydrological model:Development and application.J.Hydroinf.15(4),1258-1275.https://doi.org/10.2166/hydro.2013.140.

    Li,L.,Xu,Z.X.,Zuo,D.P.,Zhao,J.,2015.A grid-based integrated surfacegroundwater model(GISMOD).J.Water Clim.Change 7(2),296-320.https://doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2015.006.

    Liu,S.,He,K.N.,Wang,Z.N.,Chang,G.L.,Li,S.R.,2006.Extinction characteristics of artificial forest in removal lands in Datong of Qinghai Province.Sci.Soil Water Conserv.4(3),59-64.https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1672-3007.2006.03.012(in Chinese).

    Lu,L.,Li,X.,Frank,V.,2005.Estimation of net primary productivity of Heihe River Basin using remote sensing.J.Desert Res.25(6),823-830(in Chinese).

    Moret,D.,Braud,I.,Arru′e,J.L.,2007.Water balance simulation of a dryland soil during fallow under conventional and conservation tillage in semiarid Aragon,Northeast Spain.Soil Tillage Res.92(1-2),251-263.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2006.03.012.

    Nalder,I.A.,Wein,R.W.,1998.Spatial interpolation of climate normals:Test of a new method in the Canadian boreal forest.Agric.For.Meteorol.92(4),211-225.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1923(98)00102-6.

    Peng,H.C.,2007.Study on Dynamic Simulation of Ecosystem in Heihe River Basin.Ph.D.Dissertation.Chinese Academy of Sciences,Lanzhou(in Chinese).

    Priestley,C.H.B.,Taylor,R.J.,1972.On the assessment of surface heatflux and evaporation using large scale parameters.Mon.Weather Rev.100(2),81-92.https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1972)100<0081:OTAOSH>2.3.CO;2.

    Running,S.W.,Coughlan,J.C.,1988.A general model of forest ecosystem processes for regional applications,I:Hydrologic balance,canopy gas exchange and primary production processes.Ecol.Model.42(2),125-154.https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3800(88)90112-3.

    Teegavarapu,R.S.V.,Chandramouli,V.,2005.Improved weighting methods,deterministic and stochastic data-driven models for estimation of missing precipitation records.J.Hydrol.312(1-4),191-206.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2005.02.015.

    Tian,Y.H.,Wang,Y.J.,Zhang,Y.,Knyazikhin,Y.,Bogaert,J.,Myneni,R.B.,2003.Radiative transfer based scaling of LAI retrievals from reflectance data of different resolutions.Rem.Sens.Environ.84(1),143-159.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0034-4257(02)00102-5.

    Turc,L.,1961.Estimation of irrigation water requirements,potential evapotranspiration:A simple climatic formula evolved up to date.Ann.Agron.12(1),13-49.

    Vertessy,R.A.,Hatton,T.J.,Benyon,R.G.,Dawes,W.R.,1996.Long-term growth and water balance predictions for a mountain ash(Eucalyptus regnans)for catchment subject to clear-felling and regeneration.Tree Physiol.16(1-2),221-232.https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/16.1-2.221.

    Wang,Q.J.,Yang,F.T.,Shi,S.H.,1988.A preliminary study on the formation of underground biomass in alpine meadow.In:Proceedings of the International Symposium Alpine Meadow Ecosystem,pp.73-80(in Chinese).

    Wasseige,C.D.,Bastin,D.,Defourny,P.,2003.Seasonal variation of tropical forest LAI based onfield measurements in Central African Republic.Agric.For.Meteorol.119(3-4),181-194.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1923(03)00138-2.

    Williams,J.R.,Jones,C.A.,Kiniry,J.R.,Spanel,D.A.,1989.The EPIC crop growth model.Transactions of the ASABE 32(2),497-511.https://doi.org/10.13031/2013.31032.

    Wu,J.X.,Hu,G.L.,2009.Interannual change on water productivity of crop irrigation in Gaotai County.Developing(8),116-117(in Chinese).

    Xu,Z.X.,2009.Hydrological Models.Science Press,Beijing(in Chinese).

    Xu,Z.X.,Zhao,J.,2016.Development and applications of eco-hydrological models:Past and future.J.Hydraul.Eng.47(3),346-354.https://doi.org/10.13243/j.cnki.slxb.20151160(in Chinese).

    Zhang,J.,Pan,X.L.,Gao,Z.Q.,Shi,Q.D.,Lu¨,G.H.,2006.Satellite estimates and change detection of net primary productivity of oasis-desert based on ecosystem process with remotely sensed forcing in arid western China.Acta Geograph.Sin.61(1),15-25.https://doi.org/10.11821/xb200601002(in Chinese).

    Zhao,J.,Xu,Z.X.,Zuo,D.P.,Wang,X.M.,2015.Temporal variations of reference evapotranspiration and its sensitivity to meteorological factors in Heihe River Basin,China.Water Sci.Eng.8(1),1-8.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wse.2015.01.004.

    亚洲高清免费不卡视频| 精品国内亚洲2022精品成人| 精品人妻熟女av久视频| 精品一区二区三区视频在线| 久久精品综合一区二区三区| 国产成年人精品一区二区| 人妻夜夜爽99麻豆av| 美女被艹到高潮喷水动态| 欧美极品一区二区三区四区| 简卡轻食公司| 亚洲欧美清纯卡通| 天美传媒精品一区二区| 欧美日韩精品成人综合77777| 12—13女人毛片做爰片一| 亚洲精品亚洲一区二区| 最近最新中文字幕大全电影3| 日韩亚洲欧美综合| 成人特级av手机在线观看| 亚洲最大成人中文| 欧美高清性xxxxhd video| 国产精品一二三区在线看| 久久久久久久午夜电影| 在线观看一区二区三区| 人妻丰满熟妇av一区二区三区| 亚洲最大成人手机在线| 九色成人免费人妻av| 寂寞人妻少妇视频99o| 蜜桃久久精品国产亚洲av| 99久久无色码亚洲精品果冻| 日韩中字成人| 亚洲成人av在线免费| 又爽又黄a免费视频| 日韩av在线大香蕉| 国产精品综合久久久久久久免费| 亚洲经典国产精华液单| 成年av动漫网址| 欧美一区二区国产精品久久精品| 国产av在哪里看| 白带黄色成豆腐渣| 伊人久久精品亚洲午夜| 欧美另类亚洲清纯唯美| 精品无人区乱码1区二区| 六月丁香七月| 中文字幕熟女人妻在线| 国产成年人精品一区二区| ponron亚洲| 亚洲,欧美,日韩| 国产av麻豆久久久久久久| 非洲黑人性xxxx精品又粗又长| 97热精品久久久久久| 久久午夜福利片| 99久久无色码亚洲精品果冻| 黑人高潮一二区| 午夜影院日韩av| 久久热精品热| .国产精品久久| .国产精品久久| 中文字幕久久专区| 亚洲成a人片在线一区二区| 亚洲欧美日韩高清专用| 一区二区三区四区激情视频 | 久久精品国产亚洲网站| 免费人成视频x8x8入口观看| 国产伦精品一区二区三区视频9| 亚洲真实伦在线观看| 国产探花极品一区二区| 欧美国产日韩亚洲一区| 晚上一个人看的免费电影| 亚洲高清免费不卡视频| 日日干狠狠操夜夜爽| av国产免费在线观看| 国产熟女欧美一区二区| 男女那种视频在线观看| 又爽又黄a免费视频| 蜜桃亚洲精品一区二区三区| 国产精品久久视频播放| 国产一区二区三区在线臀色熟女| 久久精品影院6| 免费av毛片视频| 夜夜看夜夜爽夜夜摸| 国产精品人妻久久久久久| 99热这里只有精品一区| 热99re8久久精品国产| 熟女人妻精品中文字幕| 一区二区三区免费毛片| 久久久精品94久久精品| 99久久精品热视频| 国产精品无大码| 国产三级中文精品| 国产老妇女一区| 在线播放无遮挡| 天堂影院成人在线观看| 99久国产av精品| 一级av片app| 久久久国产成人精品二区| 亚洲国产色片| 男人和女人高潮做爰伦理| 亚洲婷婷狠狠爱综合网| 亚洲国产欧洲综合997久久,| 国产高清视频在线播放一区| 联通29元200g的流量卡| 免费黄网站久久成人精品| 九九爱精品视频在线观看| 午夜久久久久精精品| 看黄色毛片网站| 人人妻人人看人人澡| 人妻丰满熟妇av一区二区三区| 中国美白少妇内射xxxbb| 黄色日韩在线| 两个人的视频大全免费| 亚洲av中文av极速乱| 两性午夜刺激爽爽歪歪视频在线观看| 国产成人a区在线观看| 一本精品99久久精品77| 午夜福利成人在线免费观看| 97超级碰碰碰精品色视频在线观看| 18禁裸乳无遮挡免费网站照片| 麻豆乱淫一区二区| 欧美最黄视频在线播放免费| 国产一区二区在线观看日韩| 变态另类成人亚洲欧美熟女| 亚洲丝袜综合中文字幕| 联通29元200g的流量卡| 久久亚洲国产成人精品v| 丝袜喷水一区| 亚洲丝袜综合中文字幕| 午夜视频国产福利| 国产免费男女视频| 天天一区二区日本电影三级| 熟妇人妻久久中文字幕3abv| av在线亚洲专区| 久久久欧美国产精品| 亚洲精品一卡2卡三卡4卡5卡| h日本视频在线播放| 国产精品亚洲美女久久久| 两性午夜刺激爽爽歪歪视频在线观看| 久久久久久久久中文| 在线播放无遮挡| 亚洲av五月六月丁香网| 久久久久国产网址| 小说图片视频综合网站| 不卡一级毛片| 国产精品国产高清国产av| 大香蕉久久网| 变态另类成人亚洲欧美熟女| 国产老妇女一区| .国产精品久久| 欧美区成人在线视频| av天堂中文字幕网| 日本黄色视频三级网站网址| 国产爱豆传媒在线观看| 色哟哟哟哟哟哟| 你懂的网址亚洲精品在线观看 | 插逼视频在线观看| 欧美一区二区精品小视频在线| 国产视频一区二区在线看| 日本熟妇午夜| 波野结衣二区三区在线| 欧美最新免费一区二区三区| 国产午夜福利久久久久久| 日本-黄色视频高清免费观看| 国内精品一区二区在线观看| 中文资源天堂在线| 搡老熟女国产l中国老女人| 日本一本二区三区精品| 中文字幕av在线有码专区| 老女人水多毛片| 男女那种视频在线观看| 午夜视频国产福利| 日韩欧美在线乱码| 小蜜桃在线观看免费完整版高清| 麻豆一二三区av精品| 欧美极品一区二区三区四区| 尤物成人国产欧美一区二区三区| 中文字幕久久专区| 免费av观看视频| 日韩国内少妇激情av| 黄色一级大片看看| 久久欧美精品欧美久久欧美| 美女免费视频网站| 国产高清激情床上av| 丰满人妻一区二区三区视频av| 男女下面进入的视频免费午夜| 丰满的人妻完整版| 色噜噜av男人的天堂激情| 一级a爱片免费观看的视频| 麻豆久久精品国产亚洲av| 国产一区二区三区av在线 | 人妻夜夜爽99麻豆av| 色噜噜av男人的天堂激情| 天堂动漫精品| 亚洲熟妇熟女久久| 六月丁香七月| 久99久视频精品免费| 午夜爱爱视频在线播放| 91久久精品电影网| 一a级毛片在线观看| 天堂√8在线中文| 成年女人永久免费观看视频| 欧美性感艳星| 久久九九热精品免费| 午夜激情福利司机影院| 麻豆乱淫一区二区| 色尼玛亚洲综合影院| 少妇的逼水好多| 国产成人freesex在线 | 国产成人91sexporn| 男女边吃奶边做爰视频| 国产精品女同一区二区软件| 日韩欧美精品免费久久| 国产日本99.免费观看| 欧美国产日韩亚洲一区| 91在线观看av| 搞女人的毛片| 欧美日本视频| 99久久九九国产精品国产免费| 亚洲性久久影院| 永久网站在线| 色在线成人网| 自拍偷自拍亚洲精品老妇| 色噜噜av男人的天堂激情| 久久精品国产亚洲av香蕉五月| 久久久久久久午夜电影| 欧美在线一区亚洲| 亚洲av熟女| 99久国产av精品国产电影| 91久久精品国产一区二区成人| 狠狠狠狠99中文字幕| av在线播放精品| 97热精品久久久久久| 国产成人aa在线观看| 精品午夜福利视频在线观看一区| 欧洲精品卡2卡3卡4卡5卡区| 精品久久久久久久久久久久久| 日本一本二区三区精品| 大又大粗又爽又黄少妇毛片口| 精品久久久噜噜| 麻豆一二三区av精品| 日韩欧美在线乱码| 看免费成人av毛片| 国产午夜精品久久久久久一区二区三区 | 深爱激情五月婷婷| 一本久久中文字幕| 欧美丝袜亚洲另类| 成年av动漫网址| 国产色婷婷99| 真人做人爱边吃奶动态| 三级男女做爰猛烈吃奶摸视频| 国语自产精品视频在线第100页| 国语自产精品视频在线第100页| 亚洲真实伦在线观看| 精品国产三级普通话版| 18禁黄网站禁片免费观看直播| 久久这里只有精品中国| 嫩草影院精品99| 久久久色成人| 欧美高清性xxxxhd video| 精品久久久久久久久久免费视频| 久久久久久久久中文| 尾随美女入室| 亚洲一区二区三区色噜噜| 欧美+亚洲+日韩+国产| 丰满的人妻完整版| 中国国产av一级| 午夜福利视频1000在线观看| 久久精品国产亚洲网站| 精品日产1卡2卡| 免费人成在线观看视频色| 欧美日韩一区二区视频在线观看视频在线 | 淫妇啪啪啪对白视频| 人人妻人人看人人澡| 成人毛片a级毛片在线播放| 午夜影院日韩av| 日韩制服骚丝袜av| 97在线视频观看| 久久天躁狠狠躁夜夜2o2o| 99热全是精品| 亚洲在线自拍视频| 黄色配什么色好看| 熟女电影av网| 亚洲欧美日韩无卡精品| 99在线人妻在线中文字幕| 一区二区三区四区激情视频 | 观看美女的网站| 成人av在线播放网站| 观看免费一级毛片| 日韩国内少妇激情av| 国产精品福利在线免费观看| 床上黄色一级片| 男人的好看免费观看在线视频| 久久人人爽人人片av| 成人综合一区亚洲| 日本黄色视频三级网站网址| 日本色播在线视频| 嫩草影院精品99| 99热全是精品| 小蜜桃在线观看免费完整版高清| 国产午夜精品论理片| 男女啪啪激烈高潮av片| 校园春色视频在线观看| 国产激情偷乱视频一区二区| 国内少妇人妻偷人精品xxx网站| 国产私拍福利视频在线观看| 精品久久久久久久末码| 联通29元200g的流量卡| 日韩精品有码人妻一区| 亚洲国产精品成人久久小说 | 日本在线视频免费播放| 国产成人freesex在线 | 春色校园在线视频观看| 日韩高清综合在线| 国产精品久久电影中文字幕| 欧美激情国产日韩精品一区| 午夜福利在线在线| 久久久久久大精品| 国内精品宾馆在线| 午夜精品国产一区二区电影 | 人妻丰满熟妇av一区二区三区| 免费观看在线日韩| 国内少妇人妻偷人精品xxx网站| 久久婷婷人人爽人人干人人爱| 日韩欧美精品免费久久| 又黄又爽又刺激的免费视频.| 久久久久久九九精品二区国产| АⅤ资源中文在线天堂| 99在线视频只有这里精品首页| 淫妇啪啪啪对白视频| 欧美一区二区精品小视频在线| 床上黄色一级片| 热99re8久久精品国产| 少妇的逼水好多| 嫩草影视91久久| 国产伦精品一区二区三区视频9| 两个人视频免费观看高清| 成年免费大片在线观看| 尾随美女入室| 深夜a级毛片| 午夜福利在线观看吧| 最近最新中文字幕大全电影3| 国产精品亚洲一级av第二区| 午夜a级毛片| 午夜老司机福利剧场| 男女那种视频在线观看| 免费无遮挡裸体视频| 婷婷六月久久综合丁香| 久久久久国内视频| 国产色爽女视频免费观看| 免费观看在线日韩| 色综合亚洲欧美另类图片| 免费人成视频x8x8入口观看| 亚洲av电影不卡..在线观看| 网址你懂的国产日韩在线| 97超视频在线观看视频| 在线免费十八禁| 美女被艹到高潮喷水动态| 亚洲乱码一区二区免费版| 亚洲精品国产av成人精品 | 久久国产乱子免费精品| 少妇猛男粗大的猛烈进出视频 | 亚洲av第一区精品v没综合| 晚上一个人看的免费电影| 国产精品一区二区三区四区免费观看 | 久久久久久久午夜电影| 国产亚洲欧美98| 日韩,欧美,国产一区二区三区 | 极品教师在线视频| 欧美不卡视频在线免费观看| 亚洲综合色惰| 性色avwww在线观看| 国产精品一区二区免费欧美| 寂寞人妻少妇视频99o| 十八禁网站免费在线| 亚洲国产色片| 亚洲中文日韩欧美视频| 日韩中字成人| 天天躁日日操中文字幕| 国产成人a区在线观看| 日本免费一区二区三区高清不卡| 嫩草影院精品99| 亚洲图色成人| 不卡一级毛片| 综合色av麻豆| 亚洲人成网站在线播| 国产高清不卡午夜福利| 国产黄a三级三级三级人| 国产91av在线免费观看| 日本成人三级电影网站| 久久久久久久午夜电影| 如何舔出高潮| 中文字幕av成人在线电影| 日韩高清综合在线| 国产探花在线观看一区二区| 波多野结衣高清无吗| 精品国产三级普通话版| 久久久久国内视频| 国产在线男女| 亚洲欧美成人综合另类久久久 | 少妇人妻一区二区三区视频| 偷拍熟女少妇极品色| 内地一区二区视频在线| 三级国产精品欧美在线观看| 校园人妻丝袜中文字幕| 国产精品永久免费网站| 91午夜精品亚洲一区二区三区| 偷拍熟女少妇极品色| 真实男女啪啪啪动态图| 人人妻人人澡欧美一区二区| 嫩草影院入口| 国产色婷婷99| 午夜福利18| 一边摸一边抽搐一进一小说| 午夜久久久久精精品| 国产乱人视频| 露出奶头的视频| 色av中文字幕| 久久精品91蜜桃| 我要看日韩黄色一级片| 中文字幕人妻熟人妻熟丝袜美| 亚洲精品一区av在线观看| 日本一二三区视频观看| 内射极品少妇av片p| 国产精品久久久久久精品电影| 非洲黑人性xxxx精品又粗又长| 熟女电影av网| 日韩欧美免费精品| 午夜精品一区二区三区免费看| 亚洲精品成人久久久久久| 高清毛片免费观看视频网站| 欧美绝顶高潮抽搐喷水| 国产精品一区二区三区四区久久| 欧美中文日本在线观看视频| 日本黄色视频三级网站网址| 有码 亚洲区| 中文字幕免费在线视频6| 麻豆久久精品国产亚洲av| 色播亚洲综合网| 成人欧美大片| 最新中文字幕久久久久| 国产黄色视频一区二区在线观看 | 久久久久久伊人网av| 在线免费十八禁| 日本熟妇午夜| 十八禁网站免费在线| 国产精品久久久久久久久免| 高清午夜精品一区二区三区 | 日日撸夜夜添| 精品一区二区三区视频在线| 亚洲,欧美,日韩| 久久人人爽人人爽人人片va| 精品午夜福利视频在线观看一区| 日韩av不卡免费在线播放| 18禁在线无遮挡免费观看视频 | 深夜精品福利| 欧美国产日韩亚洲一区| 精品久久久久久久久亚洲| 久久久国产成人精品二区| 日产精品乱码卡一卡2卡三| 少妇人妻精品综合一区二区 | 又爽又黄无遮挡网站| 国产高清不卡午夜福利| 少妇高潮的动态图| 高清毛片免费看| 三级国产精品欧美在线观看| 两个人视频免费观看高清| 国产色婷婷99| 亚洲一级一片aⅴ在线观看| 成年免费大片在线观看| 国产午夜福利久久久久久| 综合色av麻豆| 尤物成人国产欧美一区二区三区| 久久精品人妻少妇| 99国产精品一区二区蜜桃av| 亚洲av中文字字幕乱码综合| 久久久久久久久大av| 最近2019中文字幕mv第一页| 欧美区成人在线视频| 校园人妻丝袜中文字幕| 久久久久久久亚洲中文字幕| 中文字幕av成人在线电影| 欧美在线一区亚洲| 国产精品野战在线观看| 男人舔女人下体高潮全视频| 国产人妻一区二区三区在| h日本视频在线播放| 国产精品爽爽va在线观看网站| 欧美成人精品欧美一级黄| 精品一区二区三区人妻视频| 狠狠狠狠99中文字幕| 成人一区二区视频在线观看| 日韩精品有码人妻一区| 非洲黑人性xxxx精品又粗又长| 小说图片视频综合网站| 69人妻影院| 成人美女网站在线观看视频| 男人舔奶头视频| 日日干狠狠操夜夜爽| 精品人妻一区二区三区麻豆 | 人人妻人人澡欧美一区二区| 久久国内精品自在自线图片| 人妻制服诱惑在线中文字幕| 国产欧美日韩精品亚洲av| 一本一本综合久久| 国产精品99久久久久久久久| 变态另类丝袜制服| 久久久久久久久久久丰满| 欧美又色又爽又黄视频| 久久九九热精品免费| 国内精品一区二区在线观看| www.色视频.com| 国产黄色视频一区二区在线观看 | 精品午夜福利在线看| 一级黄片播放器| 91久久精品电影网| 亚洲婷婷狠狠爱综合网| 中文资源天堂在线| 日韩三级伦理在线观看| 特大巨黑吊av在线直播| 国产女主播在线喷水免费视频网站 | 免费看光身美女| 精品人妻视频免费看| av女优亚洲男人天堂| 又黄又爽又免费观看的视频| 亚洲av美国av| 晚上一个人看的免费电影| av中文乱码字幕在线| 最近在线观看免费完整版| 变态另类成人亚洲欧美熟女| 日韩欧美免费精品| 午夜视频国产福利| 国产一区亚洲一区在线观看| 国产精品久久电影中文字幕| 久久久午夜欧美精品| 春色校园在线视频观看| 久久久久国产网址| 国产精品女同一区二区软件| 99精品在免费线老司机午夜| 色噜噜av男人的天堂激情| 成人鲁丝片一二三区免费| 男女啪啪激烈高潮av片| 久久韩国三级中文字幕| 国产精品不卡视频一区二区| 国产精品久久久久久精品电影| 成人鲁丝片一二三区免费| 日韩av不卡免费在线播放| 又黄又爽又刺激的免费视频.| 日韩欧美 国产精品| 男人和女人高潮做爰伦理| 全区人妻精品视频| 亚洲av熟女| 日韩国内少妇激情av| 亚洲18禁久久av| 国产91av在线免费观看| 国产精品无大码| 日韩 亚洲 欧美在线| 欧美日韩一区二区视频在线观看视频在线 | 免费电影在线观看免费观看| 国产v大片淫在线免费观看| 国产午夜精品久久久久久一区二区三区 | 校园人妻丝袜中文字幕| 国产精品不卡视频一区二区| or卡值多少钱| 久久久久久久久中文| 久久久成人免费电影| 极品教师在线视频| 人人妻人人澡欧美一区二区| 精品人妻熟女av久视频| 亚洲第一区二区三区不卡| 六月丁香七月| 国内精品一区二区在线观看| 校园人妻丝袜中文字幕| 久久久久久久久中文| 狂野欧美激情性xxxx在线观看| 黄色欧美视频在线观看| 久久精品久久久久久噜噜老黄 | av天堂中文字幕网| 欧美激情在线99| 欧美不卡视频在线免费观看| 女人十人毛片免费观看3o分钟| 日韩精品中文字幕看吧| 国产精品女同一区二区软件| 日韩欧美在线乱码| 麻豆国产97在线/欧美| 亚洲av成人精品一区久久| 国产高清激情床上av| 特大巨黑吊av在线直播| 精品人妻视频免费看| 成年免费大片在线观看| 亚洲国产精品sss在线观看| 久久久国产成人精品二区| av国产免费在线观看| 亚洲久久久久久中文字幕| 国产av在哪里看| 久久精品国产99精品国产亚洲性色| 国产精品无大码| 欧美中文日本在线观看视频| 精华霜和精华液先用哪个| 99热这里只有精品一区| 丰满的人妻完整版| 亚洲国产精品国产精品| 99热只有精品国产| 99久久精品一区二区三区| 18禁在线播放成人免费| 99久久九九国产精品国产免费| 一级毛片我不卡| 午夜福利在线观看免费完整高清在 | 一区二区三区高清视频在线| 在线免费十八禁| 人人妻人人澡欧美一区二区| 晚上一个人看的免费电影| 国产伦精品一区二区三区视频9| 国产又黄又爽又无遮挡在线| 天堂动漫精品| 99久久精品一区二区三区| 最近视频中文字幕2019在线8| 色5月婷婷丁香|