龔嘉淼 梅舉
綜 述
不停跳冠狀動(dòng)脈搭橋術(shù)后新發(fā)房顫的臨床研究進(jìn)展
龔嘉淼 梅舉
術(shù)后新發(fā)房顫; 不停跳冠狀動(dòng)脈搭橋
術(shù)后新發(fā)房顫是冠狀動(dòng)脈搭橋術(shù)后常見(jiàn)的并發(fā)癥之一,發(fā)病率在15%~45%,多發(fā)生在術(shù)后第二天,同時(shí)患者術(shù)后住院時(shí)間及死亡率都明顯增加[1-4]。目前多項(xiàng)研究顯示,體外循環(huán)是冠狀動(dòng)脈搭橋術(shù)后新發(fā)房顫的主要危險(xiǎn)因素之一[5-7],而關(guān)于不停跳冠狀動(dòng)脈搭橋手術(shù)術(shù)后新發(fā)房顫的危險(xiǎn)因素、發(fā)生機(jī)制及預(yù)防治療等相關(guān)研究尚未完全明確。本文主要針對(duì)以上各方面并結(jié)合目前相關(guān)研究進(jìn)展進(jìn)行綜述。
1.1 一般情況
1.1.1 年齡 目前大量研究顯示,高齡是不停跳冠狀動(dòng)脈搭橋術(shù)后新發(fā)房顫的主要獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,隨著年齡的增加,患者術(shù)后新發(fā)房顫的發(fā)生率明顯增加[4,5,8,9]。Hashemzadeh等[7]的研究顯示,年齡>65歲的患者術(shù)后出現(xiàn)房顫的概率明顯升高。
1.1.2 性別 國(guó)外研究顯示,男性是不停跳冠脈搭橋術(shù)后新發(fā)房顫的危險(xiǎn)因素之一[10]。而其他研究則認(rèn)為性別與術(shù)后新發(fā)房顫無(wú)關(guān)[5,8,9]。
1.1.3 糖尿病 合并糖尿病的不停跳搭橋術(shù)后患者術(shù)后新發(fā)房顫發(fā)生率明顯增加[11,12]。糖化血紅蛋白(HbA1c)可以作為有效的術(shù)前檢測(cè),提示術(shù)后新發(fā)房顫的發(fā)生。
1.1.4 其他 除以上所述之外,高血壓、吸煙、BMI指數(shù)等都有相關(guān)的報(bào)道顯示與不停跳搭橋術(shù)后新發(fā)房顫相關(guān)[10],但是報(bào)道及研究的數(shù)量較少,目前未達(dá)成共識(shí)。
1.2 既往手術(shù)情況
1.2.1 二次手術(shù) 有過(guò)心臟手術(shù)史的患者,不停跳搭橋術(shù)后的房顫發(fā)生率明顯增加[3,9],特別是既往行二尖瓣手術(shù)的患者,其術(shù)后房顫發(fā)生率較其他患者明顯增加。
1.2.2 術(shù)前冠脈支架植入術(shù) 患者術(shù)前的冠脈支架數(shù)量與不停跳搭橋術(shù)后的房顫發(fā)生有著顯著的統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)關(guān)系。Pliam等[13]的研究表明,術(shù)前冠脈支架>3個(gè)的患者,術(shù)后房顫的發(fā)生較術(shù)前無(wú)冠脈支架植入或支架<3個(gè)的患者明顯增加。
1.3 心臟相關(guān)情況
1.3.1 心臟節(jié)律情況 多發(fā)心房早搏和心率變異性也是術(shù)后房顫發(fā)生的危險(xiǎn)因素,Hashimoto等[14]對(duì)術(shù)前患者的24 h holter研究證實(shí)了這一點(diǎn)。并且Kinoshita等[15]的研究進(jìn)一步表明,心率變異性較小的患者術(shù)后房顫的發(fā)生也明顯降低。
1.3.2 左心房大小 左房擴(kuò)大是國(guó)內(nèi)外公認(rèn)的不停跳搭橋術(shù)后房顫發(fā)生的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素之一[16-18]。Bouchot等[16]的研究提示,左房直徑>45 mm的患者不停跳搭橋術(shù)后房顫發(fā)生率明顯增加。而其他相關(guān)研究表明,左房容積指數(shù)(LAVI)可以更好地提示術(shù)后房顫的發(fā)生,并且認(rèn)為L(zhǎng)AVI>32 ml/m2的患者術(shù)后出現(xiàn)房顫的概率明顯升高。
1.3.3 左心室功能 左心室射血分?jǐn)?shù)(LVEF)常用來(lái)評(píng)估左心室收縮功能,患者的LVEF越低,不停跳搭橋術(shù)后出現(xiàn)房顫的概率越大。Choi等[19]的研究顯示,LVEF<30%的患者術(shù)后更易出現(xiàn)新發(fā)房顫。其他研究推薦使用左室流速峰值(UntwV)來(lái)評(píng)估患者左心室功能[18,20],指出UntwV升高的患者術(shù)后新發(fā)房顫的概率也更高。
1.3.4 冠脈病變位置 右冠狀動(dòng)脈病變患者不停跳搭橋術(shù)后房顫發(fā)生率顯著增加。Haghjoo等[21]的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),右冠狀動(dòng)脈病變以及未實(shí)行右冠搭橋的患者,較其他患者有更高的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)發(fā)生房顫。
1.3.5 其他 另外一些文獻(xiàn)顯示,心包積液及其積液中的高度BNP表達(dá)、冠脈搭橋支數(shù)等也可提示不停跳搭橋術(shù)后房顫的發(fā)生[22,23],但是目前研究較少,缺乏詳細(xì)可靠的資料。
1.4 術(shù)前生化檢驗(yàn)指標(biāo)情況
1.4.1 炎癥反應(yīng)相關(guān)指標(biāo)(CRP和sCD40L) 術(shù)前血清中的高C反應(yīng)蛋白(CRP)水平顯著增加患者不停跳搭橋術(shù)后房顫的發(fā)生[19,24,25]。Mirhosseini等[25]發(fā)現(xiàn),術(shù)前超敏C反應(yīng)蛋白(hsCRP)≥3 mg/dl可有效提示術(shù)后發(fā)生房顫的高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。另外,Antoniades等[26]的研究顯示,一個(gè)提示血小板激活的炎癥前因子可溶性CD40配體(sCD40L),不停跳搭橋術(shù)前在血清中高表達(dá),與術(shù)后房顫的高發(fā)生率顯著相關(guān)。
1.4.2 腦鈉肽(NT-proBNP和BNP) 大量研究顯示,術(shù)前NT-proBNP和BNP在血清中高水平表達(dá),明顯提示患者不停跳搭橋術(shù)后房顫的高發(fā)生率[27,28]。
1.4.3 生長(zhǎng)分化因子-15(GDF-15) Bouchot等[16]的研究表明,術(shù)前血清中低水平的GDF-15明顯提示術(shù)后房顫的高發(fā)生率,但是目前有待其他相關(guān)研究的佐證。
1.5 術(shù)中及術(shù)后相關(guān)情況
1.5.1 橋血管選擇 Prapas等[3]對(duì)1359例患者的研究統(tǒng)計(jì)中,發(fā)現(xiàn)使用雙側(cè)乳內(nèi)動(dòng)脈的患者,術(shù)后房顫的發(fā)生率明顯升高。另外,Zangrillo等[9]的研究提示,在中間支搭橋的患者,術(shù)后發(fā)生房顫的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)也明顯增加。
1.5.2 術(shù)后情況 對(duì)于術(shù)后輸血與房顫發(fā)生的關(guān)系目前仍有爭(zhēng)議。Choi等[19]的研究顯示,術(shù)后輸紅細(xì)胞增加房顫的風(fēng)險(xiǎn);但Bramer等[10]則持相反觀點(diǎn)。術(shù)后電解質(zhì)紊亂如低鉀血癥和低鎂血癥也是主要危險(xiǎn)因素之一。此外,術(shù)后全身炎癥反應(yīng)也與術(shù)后房顫有關(guān)[29]。
隨著近年來(lái)研究的不斷深入,目前認(rèn)為不停跳搭橋術(shù)后新發(fā)房顫是由于多種因素造成的,主要包括心房改變和術(shù)后全身炎癥反應(yīng)兩個(gè)方面。
2.1 心房的改變 目前大量研究集中在心房結(jié)構(gòu)的改變,包括高齡和已有心臟疾病造成的心房結(jié)構(gòu)改變?nèi)缋w維化等,導(dǎo)致心房電生理的不均一性,進(jìn)而引起心臟傳導(dǎo)系統(tǒng)的改變。心房纖維化對(duì)術(shù)后新發(fā)房顫的影響已被國(guó)內(nèi)外多個(gè)研究所證實(shí)。Li等[30]的研究很好地表明右房纖維化和術(shù)后房顫發(fā)生的顯著聯(lián)系。而Mariscalco等[31]在研究了右房組織標(biāo)本在體外循環(huán)前后的對(duì)比后,進(jìn)一步排除了體外循環(huán)對(duì)心房組織的影響,間接說(shuō)明了主要是術(shù)前因素造成了心房纖維化。另外,心房的電生理改變也被發(fā)現(xiàn)與術(shù)后新發(fā)房顫發(fā)生有關(guān)。Van Wagoner等[32]的研究表明,心房的L型鈣通道改變引起的鈣超載,潛在地觸發(fā)術(shù)后房顫的發(fā)生,但是目前尚缺乏其他相關(guān)研究證實(shí)。
2.2 炎癥反應(yīng) 患者搭橋術(shù)后的全身炎癥反應(yīng)目前是公認(rèn)的引起術(shù)后房顫的原因之一。由于不停跳搭橋避免了體外循環(huán)造成的炎癥反應(yīng),故目前主要認(rèn)為是手術(shù)過(guò)程中的直接損傷造成的炎癥反應(yīng)導(dǎo)致房顫的發(fā)生。目前尚有許多研究顯示,體外循環(huán)下搭橋手術(shù)與不停跳搭橋手術(shù)在術(shù)后房顫的發(fā)生率上無(wú)明顯差異[33,34],但這也側(cè)面說(shuō)明了主要是手術(shù)操作而不是體外循環(huán)導(dǎo)致了術(shù)后房顫的發(fā)生。而其他關(guān)于微創(chuàng)小切口搭橋的研究顯示,更小的手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷術(shù)后房顫發(fā)生得更少[35,36]。Anselmi等[37]以及Ishida等[29]通過(guò)對(duì)患者術(shù)后炎癥相關(guān)因子的研究,很好地支持了術(shù)后全身炎癥反應(yīng)與房顫發(fā)生的顯著聯(lián)系;Narducci等[38]的研究指出術(shù)中心肌損傷與房顫的聯(lián)系。
3.1 手術(shù)相關(guān)的預(yù)防
3.1.1 微創(chuàng)手術(shù) 大量研究都支持不停跳搭橋明顯降低了術(shù)后的房顫發(fā)生率[6,7]。而現(xiàn)在隨著微創(chuàng)及機(jī)器人手術(shù)技術(shù)的發(fā)展,微創(chuàng)冠脈搭橋手術(shù)廣泛開(kāi)展。根據(jù)Milani等[35]及Seco等[36]的研究,行微創(chuàng)小切口腔鏡下不停跳搭橋手術(shù)的患者有著較低的房顫發(fā)生率。
3.1.2 麻醉操作 Bakhtiary等[39]的研究表明,使用全麻及上胸段硬膜外阻滯的麻醉方法較傳統(tǒng)的全麻,患者心律失常包括房顫的發(fā)生均明顯降低。在麻醉藥物的使用上,使用七氟烷(sevoflurane)實(shí)行超速誘導(dǎo)麻醉并術(shù)后立刻拔除氣管插管的患者,較傳統(tǒng)使用地氟醚(desflurane)患者,術(shù)后房顫的發(fā)生率明顯降低[40]。
3.2 術(shù)后監(jiān)護(hù)管理預(yù)防 術(shù)后監(jiān)護(hù)措施也有助于防治不停跳搭橋術(shù)后房顫的發(fā)生。Edgerton等[41]對(duì)2376例患者的研究提示,術(shù)后早期拔除氣管插管可以顯著降低不停跳搭橋術(shù)后房顫的發(fā)生。另外,在術(shù)后患者的通氣管理方面,Tashiro等[42]的研究指出,使用自適應(yīng)支持通氣(adaptive servo-ventilation)的患者可以顯著減少術(shù)后房顫的發(fā)生并且減少住院時(shí)間。預(yù)防性的起搏器支持治療,即通過(guò)起搏器超速抑制異位起搏點(diǎn)和改變心房激動(dòng)方式,可以減少術(shù)后房顫的發(fā)生[43]。
3.3 藥物防治
3.3.1 β受體阻滯劑 多項(xiàng)臨床研究顯示,術(shù)中及術(shù)后使用β受體阻滯劑可以有效降低術(shù)后房顫的發(fā)生。Ogawa等[44]和Osumi等[45]的研究指出,術(shù)中低劑量使用鹽酸蘭地洛爾有助于降低術(shù)后房顫風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。Maisawa等[46]和Nagaoka等[47]的研究則支持術(shù)后低劑量使用鹽酸蘭地洛爾降低房顫風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的作用。美國(guó)心臟協(xié)會(huì)和歐洲心胸外科協(xié)會(huì)在關(guān)于術(shù)后新發(fā)房顫的指南中指出,如果患者沒(méi)有用藥的禁忌證,將β受體阻滯劑作為預(yù)防術(shù)后新發(fā)房顫的Ⅰ類(lèi)推薦藥物。
3.3.2 胺碘酮 大量研究證實(shí)了術(shù)前及術(shù)后靜脈和口服使用胺碘酮防治不停跳搭橋術(shù)后房顫發(fā)生的有效性和安全性[48]。Gu等[49]的研究提示,對(duì)于>70歲的患者,術(shù)前靜脈使用胺碘酮并在術(shù)后繼續(xù)口服胺碘酮,可以明顯減少術(shù)后房顫發(fā)生。但是同時(shí)也必須注意到胺碘酮的較多不良反應(yīng),故在臨床使用上,需要結(jié)合患者的情況來(lái)適當(dāng)使用。
3.3.3 他汀類(lèi)藥物 他汀類(lèi)藥物對(duì)于預(yù)防不停跳搭橋術(shù)后房顫的發(fā)生也有一定作用[50,51]。Kinoshita等[52]的研究顯示,術(shù)前使用他汀類(lèi)藥物可顯著降低術(shù)后房顫的發(fā)生。國(guó)內(nèi)Ji等[53]的研究同樣支持他汀類(lèi)藥物的有效性。但是,Miceli等[54]的研究提示,術(shù)前使用他汀類(lèi)藥物增加了術(shù)后房顫的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。目前對(duì)于他汀類(lèi)藥物的預(yù)防效果及有效性有待繼續(xù)研究達(dá)成共識(shí)。
3.3.4 抗炎藥物 術(shù)后炎癥反應(yīng)被認(rèn)為是不停跳搭橋術(shù)后房顫發(fā)生的主要原因之一,故抗炎藥物的應(yīng)用如激素類(lèi)藥物可以通過(guò)降低術(shù)后炎癥反應(yīng)從而預(yù)防房顫的發(fā)生。Suezawa等[55]的研究支持了這個(gè)觀點(diǎn),術(shù)前從麻醉開(kāi)始前靜脈使用甲強(qiáng)龍有助于降低CRP水平及預(yù)防術(shù)后房顫發(fā)生,但是對(duì)于術(shù)前左室功能?chē)?yán)重受損的患者則無(wú)明顯作用[56]。
3.3.5 其他 另外一些研究[57,58]也同樣提示,術(shù)后使用抗心律失常藥物如普羅帕酮,以及使用n-3多不飽和脂肪酸,均對(duì)不停跳搭橋術(shù)后房顫的預(yù)防有著一定的作用。
3.4 治療策略 不停跳搭橋術(shù)后新發(fā)的房顫大多屬于一過(guò)性的房顫,很快可轉(zhuǎn)復(fù)為竇性心律,故無(wú)需特別治療。但對(duì)于持續(xù)>48 h的房顫或既往有腦血管病史的患者,因其有發(fā)生腦血管事件的高風(fēng)險(xiǎn),故除了需要及時(shí)控制心室率和轉(zhuǎn)復(fù)心律以外,還需要進(jìn)行抗凝治療來(lái)預(yù)防血栓形成。搭橋術(shù)后患者均需要長(zhǎng)期服用阿司匹林,而根據(jù)2014美國(guó)心臟協(xié)會(huì)和2016歐洲心胸外科協(xié)會(huì)發(fā)布的指南顯示,單純使用阿司匹林對(duì)于預(yù)防房顫后腦血管事件無(wú)有效的降低作用,故對(duì)于>48 h的房顫及既往有腦血管病史的患者,需要予以抗凝治療。對(duì)于INR的目標(biāo)值,推薦為2~3[59]。但對(duì)于高出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的高齡人群(>75歲),美國(guó)心臟協(xié)會(huì)推薦INR目標(biāo)值在1.6~2.6。此外,對(duì)于抗凝治療時(shí)間的長(zhǎng)短仍未達(dá)成共識(shí)。Hwang等[60]建議短期抗凝即可,即對(duì)于不停跳搭橋術(shù)后房顫的患者,恢復(fù)竇性心律且術(shù)后心超顯示心房收縮力恢復(fù)正常則可以停止抗凝。但是由于其樣本容量的局限性,還有待于進(jìn)一步討論。
目前隨著醫(yī)療技術(shù)的發(fā)展,更多的心臟中心開(kāi)展不停跳搭橋技術(shù),對(duì)于不停跳搭橋術(shù)后新發(fā)房顫的研究也不斷深入,然而目前仍有以下問(wèn)題有待進(jìn)一步研究證實(shí)。
對(duì)于術(shù)前有不停跳搭橋術(shù)后新發(fā)房顫高危因素的患者,術(shù)前術(shù)后如何進(jìn)行有效的預(yù)防。并且對(duì)于不停跳搭橋術(shù)后房顫抗凝治療的策略也有待于進(jìn)一步的討論。
隨著科技的發(fā)展以及對(duì)不停跳搭橋術(shù)后新發(fā)房顫的越來(lái)越多的重視,對(duì)于其發(fā)生的病理生理機(jī)制也將會(huì)更加清晰明確,從而可以有效地指導(dǎo)臨床上的個(gè)體化治療策略。
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Clinical research progress in new-onset post-operative atrial fibrillation after off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery
New-onset post-operative atrial fibrillation; Off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery
200092 上海市,上海交通大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬新華醫(yī)院心胸外科
梅舉,E-mail:ju_mei63@126.com
10.3969/j.issn.1672-5301.2017.06.003
R654.2
A
1672-5301(2017)06-0489-06
2016-11-18)