羅 綦, 陳建斌
(重慶醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院血液科,重慶 400016)
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阿霉素誘導(dǎo)下多發(fā)性骨髓瘤細(xì)胞中自噬和氧化應(yīng)激的相互作用*
羅綦,陳建斌△
(重慶醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院血液科,重慶 400016)
目的: 探討阿霉素(doxorubicin,DOX)誘導(dǎo)對(duì)多發(fā)性骨髓瘤細(xì)胞系RPMI-8226細(xì)胞內(nèi)自噬和活性氧簇(reactive oxidative species,ROS)生成的影響及其相互作用關(guān)系。方法: 不同濃度阿霉素誘導(dǎo)RPMI-8226細(xì)胞24 h, 采用Western blot技術(shù)檢測(cè)細(xì)胞內(nèi)beclin 1、LC3等自噬相關(guān)蛋白的表達(dá)水平。采用DCFH-DA 熒光染色法檢測(cè)RPMI-8226細(xì)胞內(nèi)ROS的水平,熒光顯微鏡采集圖像。采用氧自由基清除劑N-乙酰半胱氨酸(N-acetyl-L-cysteine,NAC)及tempol處理RPMI-8226細(xì)胞后,通過(guò)Western blot技術(shù)檢測(cè)阿霉素誘導(dǎo)下細(xì)胞內(nèi)beclin 1、LC3等蛋白的表達(dá)水平。采用自噬抑制劑3-甲基腺嘌呤(3-methyladenine,3-MA)處理PRMI-8226細(xì)胞后,檢測(cè)阿霉素誘導(dǎo)下細(xì)胞內(nèi)ROS和凋亡的表達(dá)水平。結(jié)果: RPMI-8226細(xì)胞內(nèi)beclin 1和LC3Ⅱ/LC3Ⅰ表達(dá)水平呈阿霉素劑量依賴性增加,當(dāng)阿霉素誘導(dǎo)濃度達(dá)2 mg/L時(shí),與對(duì)照組比較顯著增加(P<0.05)。采用2 mg/L阿霉素處理RPMI-8226細(xì)胞,通過(guò)熒光顯微鏡觀察,ROS水平較對(duì)照組明顯增加。氧自由基清除劑NAC和tempol處理RPMI-8226細(xì)胞后,beclin 1和LC3Ⅱ/Ⅰ的表達(dá)水平較阿霉素處理組下降。采用自噬抑制劑3-MA處理細(xì)胞后,RPMI-8226細(xì)胞內(nèi)ROS和凋亡的水平較阿霉素處理組及對(duì)照組增加。結(jié)論: 阿霉素能增加RPMI-8226細(xì)胞內(nèi)自噬和ROS的生成,抑制自噬能增加阿霉素誘導(dǎo)下ROS和凋亡的水平,抑制ROS后能減少阿霉素誘導(dǎo)下多發(fā)性骨髓瘤細(xì)胞中的自噬。
多發(fā)性骨髓瘤; 阿霉素; 自噬; 活性氧簇
多發(fā)性骨髓瘤(multiple myeloma,MM)是一種漿細(xì)胞惡性腫瘤,臨床表現(xiàn)為骨痛、貧血、腎功能不全和免疫力低下等[1-3]。近年來(lái),雖新型藥物的應(yīng)用和造血干細(xì)胞移植使MM患者生存期較前延長(zhǎng),但聯(lián)合化療仍是治療MM的主要手段[4-5]。阿霉素(doxorubicin,DOX)為蒽環(huán)素類抗生素,是目前用于治療MM聯(lián)合化療的常用藥物。自噬(autophagy)是一種溶酶體依賴的降解路徑。在正常生理狀態(tài)下,有利于細(xì)胞保持自身穩(wěn)態(tài)。在腫瘤形成后,自噬為腫瘤細(xì)胞提供更豐富的營(yíng)養(yǎng),促進(jìn)腫瘤生長(zhǎng)[6]。3-甲基腺嘌呤(3-methyladenine,3-MA)作為磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶(phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase,PI3K)抑制劑,對(duì)自噬能明顯起到抑制作用。細(xì)胞內(nèi)的活性氧簇(reactive oxygen species,ROS)作為新陳代謝產(chǎn)物在各類細(xì)胞中不斷產(chǎn)生和清除,而且在不同的細(xì)胞中ROS生成的水平是不相同的,更為重要的是相對(duì)于腫瘤細(xì)胞,相應(yīng)的正常細(xì)胞中本底的ROS水平更低[7-8]。線粒體在正常氧化呼吸時(shí)會(huì)產(chǎn)生少量的ROS,但研究顯示,中、高度的ROS產(chǎn)生導(dǎo)致ROS胞內(nèi)蓄積引起氧化應(yīng)激反應(yīng)。研究顯示ROS產(chǎn)生通過(guò)增加線粒體膜通透性直接啟動(dòng)凋亡[9-10]。N-乙酰-L-半胱氨酸(N-acetyl-L-cysteine,NAC)是一類含巰基的化合物,具有抑制自由基的生成、清除已產(chǎn)生的自由基、調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞活性、防止DNA損傷等功能。Tempol是一種超氧化物清除劑,具有神經(jīng)保護(hù)、抗炎癥和鎮(zhèn)痛效果[11]。本研究顯示阿霉素誘導(dǎo)下多發(fā)性骨髓瘤細(xì)胞自噬相關(guān)蛋白表達(dá)增加,ROS水平增高。但自噬和ROS在阿霉素誘導(dǎo)的多發(fā)性骨髓瘤細(xì)胞中的相互作用尚不清楚。本文通過(guò)采用自噬抑制劑3-MA和氧自由基清除劑NAC、tempol闡明阿霉素誘導(dǎo)下多發(fā)性骨髓瘤細(xì)胞中自噬和ROS的相互作用。
1主要試劑和儀器
RPMI-8226細(xì)胞系由上海第二軍醫(yī)大學(xué)長(zhǎng)征醫(yī)院血液科侯健教授惠贈(zèng)。RPMI-1640和胎牛血清(Gibco);二甲基亞砜、阿霉素、3-MA、NAC、tempol、抗β-actin抗體及HRP標(biāo)記的羊抗兔IgG II抗(Sigma);抗beclin 1抗體和抗LC3抗體(CST)。
2方法
2.1細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)RPMI-8226細(xì)胞于含10%胎牛血清的RPMI-1640培養(yǎng)基中,在37 ℃ 、5 % CO2及飽和濕度條件下傳代培養(yǎng),每2~3 d換液1次。選取對(duì)數(shù)生長(zhǎng)期細(xì)胞進(jìn)行實(shí)驗(yàn)。以未加任何處理的細(xì)胞作為正常對(duì)照組。
2.2Western blot檢測(cè)beclin 1和LC3蛋白表達(dá)按上述分組處理細(xì)胞后,收集各組細(xì)胞,PBS清洗細(xì)胞2次后,1 000×g離心 3 min,去上清,加入RIPA裂解液,裂解20 min,4 ℃、12 000×g離心20 min,收集上清,BCA法測(cè)定蛋白濃度。取50 μg總蛋白經(jīng)SDS-PAGE分離,將蛋白電轉(zhuǎn)至PVDF膜上。封閉液(5%脫脂牛奶)室溫封閉2 h,加入 I 抗(beclin 1 1∶1 000,LC3 1∶1 000,β-actin 1∶5 000),4 ℃ 搖床孵育過(guò)夜。次日TBST洗膜3次,室溫孵育II抗(1∶5 000) 1 h,ECL化學(xué)發(fā)光試劑盒(Pierce)顯色,曝光,保存圖片。
2.3DCFH-DA熒光探針檢測(cè)細(xì)胞內(nèi)總ROS的變化處理細(xì)胞后,加入DCFH-DA熒光染料,37 ℃培養(yǎng)30 min 后,收集細(xì)胞,PBS清洗3次,加入新鮮培養(yǎng)基,熒光顯微鏡下觀察并采集圖像。
2.4流式細(xì)胞術(shù)Annexin V/PI雙標(biāo)法檢測(cè)細(xì)胞凋亡細(xì)胞處理結(jié)束后,PBS 清洗 2 次,將細(xì)胞重懸于 300 μL 70%乙醇中,送重慶醫(yī)科大學(xué)生命科學(xué)院按Annexin V/PI試劑盒說(shuō)明檢測(cè)細(xì)胞凋亡。
3統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理
所有實(shí)驗(yàn)均重復(fù)3次,計(jì)量資料采用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(mean±SD)表示。采用SPSS 16.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件進(jìn)行分析。多組間比較采用單因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA),組間兩兩比較采用Bonferroni檢驗(yàn)。以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
1阿霉素處理下 RPMI-8226細(xì)胞LC3和Beclin 1的表達(dá)水平
與對(duì)照組相比,阿霉素處理組中2 mg/L及以上組beclin 1的表達(dá)明顯增加(P<0.05)。阿霉素處理組LC3Ⅱ/LC3Ⅰ表達(dá)水平較對(duì)照組表達(dá)增加,阿霉素處理濃度達(dá)2 mg/L時(shí),差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)顯著性(P<0.05),見(jiàn)圖1。
2阿霉素處理下RPMI-8226細(xì)胞ROS的表達(dá)水平
與對(duì)照組相比,阿霉素處理組RPMI-8226細(xì)胞的ROS生成水平較對(duì)照組明顯增加,見(jiàn)圖2。
3抗氧化劑NAC和tempol處理下beclin 1及LC3的表達(dá)
單純阿霉素(2 mg/L)處理組較對(duì)照組beclin 1和LC3 II/I表達(dá)水平增加,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)顯著性(P<0.05)。加入抗氧化劑NAC (5 mmol/L)或tempol(2 mmol/L)預(yù)處理 RPMI-8226細(xì)胞2 h后,beclin 1及LC3 II/I表達(dá)較阿霉素組明顯降低(P<0.05),見(jiàn)圖3。
Figure 1.The protein levels of beclin 1 and LC3 in RPMI-8226 cells after stimulated with doxorubicin (DOX) detected by Western blot. Mean±SD.n=3.*P<0.05vs0 mg/L;#P<0.05vs2 mg/L.
圖1阿霉素誘導(dǎo)RPMI-8226細(xì)胞后beclin 1和LC3蛋白表達(dá)的變化
Figure 2.ROS levels in RPMI-8226 cells after stimulated with doxorubicin (DOX) (DCFH-DA staining,×100). Ctr: control.
圖2阿霉素誘導(dǎo)RPMI-8226細(xì)胞后ROS生成的變化
43-MA處理下 RPMI-8226細(xì)胞ROS生成的變化
阿霉素處理組的ROS生成較對(duì)照組明顯增加,阿霉素+NAC組的ROS生成較阿霉素處理組明顯減少。阿霉素+3-MA(5 mmol/L)處理組的ROS生成與阿霉素處理組比較明顯增加,見(jiàn)圖4。
53-MA處理下RPMI-8226 細(xì)胞凋亡的變化
阿霉素處理組的凋亡水平較對(duì)照組明顯增加,阿霉素+3-MA(5 mmol/L)處理組的凋亡水平較阿霉素處理組明顯增加,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)顯著性(P<0.05),見(jiàn)圖5。
研究顯示,多發(fā)性骨髓瘤是最常見(jiàn)的漿細(xì)胞克隆性血液系統(tǒng)腫瘤,在血液系統(tǒng)腫瘤中發(fā)病率為10%~15%,近年來(lái)發(fā)現(xiàn)其發(fā)病年齡呈現(xiàn)年輕化趨勢(shì)[1, 12]。隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展,現(xiàn)已出現(xiàn)許多治療多發(fā)性骨髓瘤疾病的新藥,但在化療藥物聯(lián)合用藥中,阿霉素仍起著非常重要的作用[7]。本實(shí)驗(yàn)以阿霉素誘導(dǎo)多發(fā)性骨髓瘤RPMI-8226細(xì)胞作為體外模型,研究阿霉素誘導(dǎo)下ROS與自噬在RPMI-8226細(xì)胞中的相互作用。
細(xì)胞受到應(yīng)激性的死亡威脅時(shí),自噬通過(guò)將細(xì)胞內(nèi)受損、變性或衰老的蛋白質(zhì)以及細(xì)胞器運(yùn)輸?shù)饺苊阁w進(jìn)行消化降解從而保持細(xì)胞的存活,是真核細(xì)胞維持穩(wěn)態(tài)、實(shí)現(xiàn)更新的一種重要的進(jìn)化保守機(jī)制[6, 13]。研究表明在惡性血液病化療中,腫瘤細(xì)胞激活自噬是腫瘤細(xì)胞逃避化療藥物殺傷的可能機(jī)制[14, 20-22]。Eretmer 等[23]報(bào)道在慢性粒細(xì)胞白血病中,可能通過(guò)抑制PI3K-AKT-mTORC1通路激活自噬,導(dǎo)致伊馬替尼對(duì)白血病細(xì)胞的殺傷作用減弱。本研究顯示阿霉素誘導(dǎo)下RPMI-8226細(xì)胞中自噬相關(guān)蛋白表達(dá)增加,采用3-MA抑制自噬后阿霉素誘導(dǎo)下RPMI-8226細(xì)胞凋亡較單用阿霉素增加,說(shuō)明自噬能減少阿霉素對(duì)RPMI-8226細(xì)胞的殺傷作用。
Figure 3.The protein levels of beclin 1 and LC3 after stimulated with doxorubicin (DOX) and pretreated with tempol orN-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) determined by Western blot. Ctr: control. Mean±SD.n=3.*P<0.05vsCtr;#P<0.05vsDOX.
圖3RPMI-8226在抗氧化劑Tempol及NAC處理下beclin1及LC3的表達(dá)
Figure 4.ROS levels in RPMI-8226 cells (DCFH-DA staiing,×100). Ctr: control; DOX: doxorubicin; 3-MA: 3-methyladenine; NAC:N-acetyl-L-cysteine.
圖4RPMI-8226細(xì)胞ROS的水平
ROS是生物體有氧代謝產(chǎn)生的一類活性含氧化合物的總稱,細(xì)胞內(nèi)ROS介導(dǎo)很多細(xì)胞生理和病理反應(yīng),ROS可作為一種細(xì)胞內(nèi)信號(hào)分子參與細(xì)胞自噬的激活[24]。近年臨床及基礎(chǔ)研究都顯示高水平的ROS可導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞的凋亡[17-20]。在骨髓間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞中,過(guò)氧化氫(H2O2)可使骨髓間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞凋亡增加[25]。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)阿霉素能誘導(dǎo)多發(fā)性骨髓瘤細(xì)胞內(nèi)ROS產(chǎn)生增加。阿霉素可能通過(guò)增加多發(fā)性骨瘤RPMI-8226細(xì)胞內(nèi)ROS的生成,從而促進(jìn)RPMI-8226細(xì)胞的凋亡。自噬能有效緩解細(xì)胞內(nèi)ROS產(chǎn)生從而發(fā)揮其促生存的作用[15-16]。為闡明阿霉素誘導(dǎo)下RPMI-8226細(xì)胞內(nèi)ROS和自噬的相互影響,我們采用NAC及Tempol抑制細(xì)胞內(nèi)ROS,發(fā)現(xiàn)阿霉素+NAC組及阿霉素+Tempol組細(xì)胞內(nèi)自噬相關(guān)蛋白beclin1和LC3 II/I較阿霉素組表達(dá)下降。采用自噬特異性抑制劑3-MA預(yù)處理RPMI-8226細(xì)胞,阿霉素誘導(dǎo)下RPMI-8226細(xì)胞內(nèi)ROS和凋亡增加。這說(shuō)明減輕多發(fā)性骨髓瘤RPMI-8226細(xì)胞內(nèi)的ROS水平,細(xì)胞內(nèi)自噬水平相應(yīng)地減少。
Figure 5.The changes of apoptotic rate after blockadge of autophagy. Ctr: control; DOX: doxorubicin; 3-MA: 3-methyladenine. Mean±SD.n=3.*P<0.05vsCtr;#P<0.05vsDOX.
圖5抑制自噬后細(xì)胞凋亡水平的變化
綜上所述,本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)阿霉素可同時(shí)誘導(dǎo)多發(fā)性骨髓瘤細(xì)胞中ROS和自噬的發(fā)生。抑制阿霉素誘導(dǎo)下多發(fā)性骨髓瘤細(xì)胞內(nèi)ROS時(shí),細(xì)胞內(nèi)自噬相關(guān)蛋白表達(dá)下降。運(yùn)用自噬抑制劑3-MA處理阿霉素誘導(dǎo)下的多發(fā)性骨髓瘤細(xì)胞,其ROS的生成增加,同時(shí)細(xì)胞凋亡增加,說(shuō)明ROS可誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞內(nèi)自噬產(chǎn)生,自噬通過(guò)降解細(xì)胞內(nèi)ROS減少細(xì)胞凋亡。為深入研究阿霉素治療多發(fā)性骨髓瘤的耐藥機(jī)制提供了新的方向。
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(責(zé)任編輯: 盧萍, 羅森)
Crosstalk of autophagy and ROS in multiple myeloma cells stimulated with doxorubicin
LUO Qi, CHEN Jian-bin
(DepartmentofHematology,TheFirstAffiliatedHospitalofChongqingMedicalUniversity,Chongqing400016,China.E-mail:cqchenjianbin2007@126.com.cn)
AIM: To investigate the relationship of autophagy and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in multiple myeloma cell line RPMI-8226 stimulated with doxorubicin. METHODS: The RPMI-8226 cells were stimulated with doxorubicin at different doses, and untreated cells were used as control. The protein expression of beclin 1 and LC3 was detected by Western blot. ROS production was analyzed by DCFH-DA fluorescence staining. After treated with or without 3-methyladenine (3-MA), the ROS production and apoptosis in RPMI-8226 cells were determined by DCFH-DA and flow cytometry, respectively. After treated with or without antioxidants tempol andN-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), the expression of beclin 1 and LC3 in RPMI-8226 cells was determined by Western blot. RESULTS: The protein levels of beclin 1 and LC3Ⅱ/LC3Ⅰ were increased in the RPMI-8226 cells stimulated with doxorubicin compared with untreated group. The ROS production was increased in the RPMI-8226 cells stimulated with 2 mg/L doxorubicin compared with untreated group. After treated with 3-MA, the ROS production and apoptosis in the RPMI-8226 cells stimulated with doxorubicin were increased compared with doxorubicin group. After treated with antioxidant NAC or tempol, the expression of beclin 1 and LC3 II/I in the RPMI-8226 cells stimulated with doxorubicin was decreased compared with doxorubicin group.CONCLUSION: The autophagy and ROS levels are increased in RPMI-8226 cells stimulated with doxorubicin. Inhibition of autophagy increases the ROS production and apoptosis of RPMI-8226 cells stimulated with doxorubicin. Inhibition of ROS production reduces doxorubicin-induced autophagy in multiple myeloma cells.
Multiple myeloma; Doxorubicin; Autophagy; Reactive oxygen species
1000- 4718(2016)04- 0665- 06
2015- 11- 20
2016- 03- 17
重慶市衛(wèi)生計(jì)生委醫(yī)學(xué)科研計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(No. 2011-1-032)
Tel: 023-89011522; E-mail: cqchenjianbin2007@126.com.cn
R730.23
A
10.3969/j.issn.1000- 4718.2016.04.014
雜志網(wǎng)址: http://www.cjpp.net