降雨強(qiáng)度對(duì)棉花上棉花粉蚧掉落的影響

韓　瑋，劉　歡，陸永躍

(華南農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)昆蟲(chóng)學(xué)系，廣州 510642)

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降雨強(qiáng)度對(duì)棉花上棉花粉蚧掉落的影響

韓瑋，劉歡，陸永躍*

(華南農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)昆蟲(chóng)學(xué)系，廣州 510642)

為了解降雨對(duì)棉花粉蚧PhenacoccussolenopsisTinsley的影響，本文應(yīng)用人工模擬降雨器方法研究了不同降雨強(qiáng)度條件下棉花粉蚧各個(gè)蟲(chóng)期的掉落比例。結(jié)果表明隨著降雨強(qiáng)度的增加，棉花粉蚧掉落率逐漸增大；同一降雨強(qiáng)度下齡期越高、蟲(chóng)體越大掉落率越低。15 mm/h時(shí)棉花粉蚧各個(gè)蟲(chóng)期掉落率均較低，為0.7%-3.3%；45-75 mm/h 時(shí)掉落率增大，為7.0%-17.7%；105 mm/h、135 mm/h、165 mm/h、195 mm/h時(shí)掉落率變化范圍分別是10.0%-23.7%、12.3%-32.3%、13.3%-38.7%、16.0%-45.7%。掉落率(Y)與降雨強(qiáng)度(X)之間關(guān)系方程為Y=0.2587X0.9850(1齡若蟲(chóng))、Y=0.2549X0.9845(2齡若蟲(chóng))、Y=0.0266X1.4014(3齡若蟲(chóng))、Y=0.0507X1.1307(雌成蟲(chóng))。

扶桑綿粉蚧；棉花；降雨強(qiáng)度；掉落率

棉花粉蚧PhenacoccussolenopsisTinsley是2008年入侵我國(guó)的一種對(duì)園林觀賞植物、蔬菜和大田作物等安全生產(chǎn)潛在威脅嚴(yán)重的有害生物(Tinsley，1898；陸永躍等，2008；武三安和張潤(rùn)志，2009；Wangetal.，2010；孫峰和陸永躍，2011)。該蟲(chóng)繁殖力強(qiáng)、危害嚴(yán)重、適生區(qū)廣、傳播擴(kuò)散迅速，分布范圍不斷擴(kuò)大(徐衛(wèi)等，2009；王艷平等，2009；馬駿等，2011；關(guān)鑫等，2009b；徐家文等，2015)。2014年已在廣東、海南、湖南等12個(gè)省市120個(gè)縣(市、區(qū))發(fā)現(xiàn)該蟲(chóng)發(fā)生為害。棉花粉蚧取食行為可塑性強(qiáng)，寄主范圍寬，已記錄到57科207種，而且隨著侵入?yún)^(qū)域擴(kuò)大、調(diào)查深入，其寄主范圍將不斷增大；同時(shí)，棉花粉蚧若蟲(chóng)、雌成蟲(chóng)體表均覆蓋有白色蠟粉層，對(duì)其抵抗殺蟲(chóng)劑和其他致死因素威脅起到了一定保護(hù)作用，因此，該粉蚧自身具備的各種生物學(xué)優(yōu)勢(shì)為其入侵、定殖和短時(shí)間內(nèi)暴發(fā)成災(zāi)奠定了基礎(chǔ)(Aheeretal., 2009；朱藝勇等，2011；周灣等，2012；崔志富等，2015)。

非生物因子包括溫度、光照、氣流、氣壓、濕度等與昆蟲(chóng)個(gè)體發(fā)育和種群動(dòng)態(tài)密切相關(guān)。其中環(huán)境濕度的變化會(huì)直接導(dǎo)致昆蟲(chóng)體內(nèi)含水量變化，打破昆蟲(chóng)體內(nèi)的水分平衡，影響昆蟲(chóng)抗寒性、越冬存活，進(jìn)而對(duì)其個(gè)體發(fā)育、繁殖、群體發(fā)生等產(chǎn)生影響。作為調(diào)節(jié)環(huán)境濕度的重要方式之一，降雨除了通過(guò)影響空氣濕度、土壤含水量作用于昆蟲(chóng)的取食行為、生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育、存活和生殖生命活動(dòng)外，其機(jī)械沖刷作用對(duì)昆蟲(chóng)也具有直接致死效應(yīng)，從而影響昆蟲(chóng)種群發(fā)生改變(Fitt，2003；常曉娜等，2008；黨志浩和陳法軍，2011)。例如，春夏的降雨尤其暴雨導(dǎo)致濕地松粉蚧OracellaacutaLobdell初孵若蟲(chóng)大量死亡是其種群迅速凋落的重要因素(湯才和黃德超，2003)。目前，關(guān)于環(huán)境因素影響棉花粉蚧的研究主要集中在溫度(關(guān)鑫等，2009a；Patiletal.，2011；Luetal.，2011；Yaylaetal.，2012；Guanetal.，2012；Prasadetal.，2012；Qinetal.，2013；丁吉同等，2013；Wangetal.，2014；王飛飛等，2014)、寄主植物轉(zhuǎn)換(Dhawanetal.，2011；黃芳等，2011；Guanetal.，2012；王前進(jìn)等，2013)、食物脅迫(鄭婷等，2011)、光周期(王超等，2014)等幾個(gè)方面，關(guān)于降雨對(duì)棉花粉蚧的影響研究尚未見(jiàn)報(bào)道。本文應(yīng)用室內(nèi)人工模擬降雨方法研究了不同降雨強(qiáng)度條件下棉花植株上棉花粉蚧各個(gè)蟲(chóng)期的掉落規(guī)律，為全面掌握環(huán)境因子對(duì)該蟲(chóng)影響提供了依據(jù)。

1　材料與方法

1.1試驗(yàn)材料

供試?yán)ハx(chóng)：在華南農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)檢疫與入侵害蟲(chóng)實(shí)驗(yàn)室人工氣候箱中(溫度26℃-28℃，RH 60%-75%，周期(L ∶D=14 h ∶10 h)，以棉花GossypiumhirsutumL.為寄主飼養(yǎng)建立棉花粉蚧種群，取其中健康的各蟲(chóng)態(tài)供試。

供試植物：種植在溫室內(nèi)塑料花盆(直徑25 cm，高35 cm)中的棉花幼苗，選取高約35 cm健壯植株備用。

試驗(yàn)儀器：PXJY-B型人工模擬降雨器(南京璞曉電子科技有限公司)、細(xì)毛筆、秒表、計(jì)數(shù)器、凡士林、隔離網(wǎng)罩等。

1.2試驗(yàn)方法

取5株棉花，每株每個(gè)蟲(chóng)期接20頭(1齡若蟲(chóng)、2齡若蟲(chóng)、3齡若蟲(chóng)、雌成蟲(chóng))棉花粉蚧，共計(jì)100頭。待粉蚧穩(wěn)定取食后，將帶蟲(chóng)棉花植株均勻放置于降雨器降雨區(qū)位置。按0 mm/h、15 mm/h、45 mm/h、75 mm/h、105 mm/h、135 mm/h、165 mm/h、195 mm/h設(shè)8個(gè)降雨強(qiáng)度，每個(gè)雨量重復(fù)3次。按照降雨強(qiáng)度梯度打開(kāi)降雨器開(kāi)關(guān)降雨30 min后停止，搬出棉花，待植株上雨水晾干后檢查記錄各蟲(chóng)期棉花粉蚧活蟲(chóng)數(shù)量，計(jì)算掉落的粉蚧數(shù)量。

掉落率(%)=(降雨前接入蟲(chóng)期粉蚧數(shù)量-降雨后該蟲(chóng)期存活粉蚧數(shù)量)/降雨前接入蟲(chóng)期粉蚧數(shù)量×100

1.3數(shù)據(jù)分析

用SPSS統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件分析數(shù)據(jù)差異性和關(guān)系，顯著性檢驗(yàn)水平為P<0.05。

2　結(jié)果與分析

對(duì)試驗(yàn)結(jié)果分析表明無(wú)論是降雨量間還是蟲(chóng)期間棉花粉蚧的掉落率均有變化(F=30.57，df=27，P=0.0001)(表1)。隨著降雨強(qiáng)度增加，在棉花植株上同一蟲(chóng)期棉花粉蚧的掉落率呈逐漸增大趨勢(shì)。例如，對(duì)于1齡若蟲(chóng)沒(méi)有降雨處理(對(duì)照)掉落率最低，為1.7%；15 mm/h時(shí)掉落率稍增大，為3.3%；45 mm/h、75 mm/h降雨時(shí)掉落率分別增長(zhǎng)到14.3%、17.7%；當(dāng)降雨強(qiáng)度大于100 mm/h時(shí)，棉花粉蚧1齡若蟲(chóng)的掉落率顯著增大，雨強(qiáng)為105 mm/h、135 mm/h、165 mm/h、195 mm/h時(shí)掉落率分別為23.7%、32.3%、38.7%、45.7%。在同一降雨強(qiáng)度下不同蟲(chóng)期掉落率也有所不同，總體上表現(xiàn)為齡期越高、蟲(chóng)體越大掉落率越低的趨勢(shì)。所有降雨強(qiáng)度下1齡若蟲(chóng)、2齡若蟲(chóng)間掉落率差異不顯著，45 mm/h、105 mm/h時(shí)3齡若蟲(chóng)、雌成蟲(chóng)掉落率顯著降低，75 mm/h、135 mm/h、165 mm/h、195 mm/h時(shí)僅雌成蟲(chóng)掉落率顯著降低。

表1　不同降雨強(qiáng)度下棉花植株上棉花粉蚧各蟲(chóng)期的掉落率(%)

注：表中掉落率為平均值±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)誤，同一列數(shù)據(jù)后具相同小寫字母者、同一行數(shù)據(jù)后具相同大寫字母者表示經(jīng)Duncan氏多重比較差異不顯著(P<0.05)。Note: The falling rates in the table were mean±SE, and same small letter in the same column and same capital letter in the same row indicated no significant difference at the 0.05 level (Duncan’s multiple range test).

圖1　不同降雨強(qiáng)度下棉花植株上棉花粉蚧各蟲(chóng)期掉落率動(dòng)態(tài)及模擬方程Fig.1　Formulations between the rainfall intensity and falling rates for different stages of Phenacoccus solenopsis on cotton plants注：A，1齡若蟲(chóng)；B，2齡若蟲(chóng)；C，3齡若蟲(chóng)；D，雌成蟲(chóng)。Note: A,1st nymp; B,2nd nymph; C,3rd nymph; D,female adult.

根據(jù)表1數(shù)據(jù)，分析建立了1齡若蟲(chóng)、2齡若蟲(chóng)、3齡若蟲(chóng)、雌成蟲(chóng)掉落率(Y)與降雨強(qiáng)度(X)之間的關(guān)系方程，如下：Y=0.2587X0.9850(1齡若蟲(chóng)，n=7，R2=0.9811)、Y=0.2549X0.9845(2齡若蟲(chóng)，n=7，R2=0.9742)、Y=0.0266X1.4014(3齡若蟲(chóng)，n=7，R2=0.9759)、Y=0.0507X1.1307(雌成蟲(chóng)，n=7，R2=0.8928)(圖1)。由所建擬合方程計(jì)算出當(dāng)降雨強(qiáng)度達(dá)到423.3 mm/h時(shí)1齡若蟲(chóng)掉落率可達(dá)到100%，430.0 mm/h時(shí)2齡若蟲(chóng)掉落率100%，355.7 mm/h時(shí)3齡若蟲(chóng)掉落率100%，820.6 mm/h時(shí)雌成蟲(chóng)掉落率100%。

3　結(jié)論與討論

降雨對(duì)昆蟲(chóng)的直接影響主要表現(xiàn)為直接的沖刷作用，降雨量的大小對(duì)不同類型和體型大小的昆蟲(chóng)的物理沖刷作用不同，對(duì)小型昆蟲(chóng)影響更大。日降雨量大于20 mm，對(duì)濕地松粉蚧、粘蟲(chóng)Leucaniaseparata若蟲(chóng)有很強(qiáng)沖殺作用，當(dāng)日降雨量達(dá)到100 mm以上時(shí)，對(duì)棉蚜AphisgossypiiGlover有明顯致死作用，當(dāng)日降雨量達(dá)到500 mm以上時(shí)能有效防止棉鈴蟲(chóng)HelicoverpaarmigeraHübner猖獗發(fā)生(熊映清，1981；李登友等，1996；湯才和黃德超，2003)。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)降雨強(qiáng)度為195 mm/h時(shí)對(duì)棉花粉蚧1齡和2齡若蟲(chóng)均有較強(qiáng)沖刷作用，掉落率分別為45.7%、42.3%，表明強(qiáng)降雨可能對(duì)棉花粉蚧發(fā)生為害有抑制作用。

降雨量對(duì)同一種昆蟲(chóng)不同蟲(chóng)期影響不同，25 mm-50 mm降雨對(duì)粘蟲(chóng)1齡幼蟲(chóng)致死率最高，對(duì)3齡幼蟲(chóng)致死率最低(樊煥碧，1992)。本研究同樣發(fā)現(xiàn)同樣降雨條件下棉花粉蚧低齡蟲(chóng)態(tài)掉落率高于高齡，1齡若蟲(chóng)掉落率比雌成蟲(chóng)高出20%，原因可能是低齡若蟲(chóng)蟲(chóng)體微小，足等力量小，附著能力較弱，所以很容易被雨水沖刷掉。

廣東地區(qū)屬于東亞季風(fēng)區(qū)，降雨量充沛，年平均降水量在1300 mm-2500 mm，大雨或暴雨可能直接造成棉花粉蚧大量死亡，但是也可能為其隨水流作短距離傳播擴(kuò)散提供了有利條件。所以進(jìn)一步研究明確雨水在棉花粉蚧傳播擴(kuò)散中的作用，注意雨后及時(shí)調(diào)查監(jiān)測(cè)蟲(chóng)情，并合理做好大田肥水管理等就顯得有意義了。

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Falling rates ofPhenacoccussolenopsisTinsley on cotton plant under different rainfall intensity

HAN Wei, LIU Huan, LU Yong-Yue*

(Department of Entomology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China)

In order to understand the impact of the rainfall on the cotton mealybugPhenacoccussolenopsisTinsley, the artificial rainfall simulator method was used in studying the falling rates of the cotton mealybug at different rainfall intensity in this paper. The results indicated that the falling rates went up while rainfall intensity rose. At the same rainfall intensity, the higher the mealybug age, the lower the falling rates. Falling rates were little as 0.7%-3.3% when the rainfall intensity with 15 mm/h. The falling rates increased as 7.0%-17.7% when the rainfall intensity were 45-75 mm/h. The falling rates varied with 10.0%-23.7%, 12.3%-32.3%, 13.3%-38.7% and 16.0%-45.7% as the rainfall intensity were 105 mm/h, 135 mm/h, 165 mm/h and 195 mm/h. The formulations to simulate the relationship between the rainfall intensity and falling rates ofP.solenopsiswereY=0.2587X0.9850(1stnymph),Y=0.2549X0.9845(2ndnymph),Y=0.0266X1.4014(3rdnymph) andY=0.0507X1.1307(female adult).

PhenacoccussolenopsisTinsley; cotton plant; rainfall intensity; falling rate

國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金(31171855)；廣東省研究生教育創(chuàng)新計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(2013JDXM14)

韓瑋，男，1988年生，山西太原人，碩士，研究方向?yàn)槔ハx(chóng)生態(tài)學(xué)，E-mail: 1016903810@qq.com

Author for correspondence，E-mail: luyongyue@scau.edu.cn

2016-06-12；接受日期Accepted：2016-07-08

Q968.1;S433

A

1674-0858(2016)04-0710-05