秦冬雪,沙琳,伍建林
腹部手術(shù)后并發(fā)Wernicke腦病的MRI診斷
秦冬雪1,2,沙琳2*,伍建林3
目的 探討腹部手術(shù)后并發(fā)Wernicke腦病患者的臨床及MRI表現(xiàn)特點(diǎn),以提高對(duì)該病的認(rèn)識(shí)和診斷水平。材料與方法 搜集4例腹部術(shù)后并發(fā)Wernicke腦病患者的臨床及MRI資料,結(jié)合文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行回顧性分析。結(jié)果 4例患者中2例表現(xiàn)為嗜睡,1例表現(xiàn)為神志淡漠,1例表現(xiàn)為精神萎靡、言語(yǔ)及運(yùn)動(dòng)減少。MRI上4例均可見內(nèi)側(cè)丘腦、第三腦室旁及導(dǎo)水管周圍、對(duì)稱分布的斑片狀稍長(zhǎng)T1、長(zhǎng)T2異常信號(hào),F(xiàn)LAIR序列均呈高信號(hào),DW I (b=1000 s/mm2)上部分病灶呈稍高信號(hào)或高信號(hào),1例行增強(qiáng)掃描,病灶未見明顯強(qiáng)化。結(jié)論 Wernicke腦病MRI具有一定特征,結(jié)合臨床病史將有助于該病的提示性診斷。
韋尼克腦病;維生素B缺乏;磁共振成像
1Graduate school, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
2Radiology Department, the Second A ffiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University,Dalian 116100, China
3Radiology Department, A ffiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian 116001, China
*Correspondence to: Sha L, E-mail: drshalin@163.com
接受日期:2016-05-30
秦冬雪, 沙琳, 伍建林. 腹部手術(shù)后并發(fā)Wernicke腦病的MRI診斷. 磁共振成像, 2016, 7(7): 496-500.
Wernicke腦病(Wernicke' s encephalopathy,WE)是一種少見的中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)急癥[1],由維生素B1缺乏引起,早期發(fā)現(xiàn)并補(bǔ)充大量維生素B1可治愈[2-3],若發(fā)現(xiàn)較晚則病情危重,病死率高[4-5]。WE常繼發(fā)于酗酒及慢性酒精中毒,近年來(lái)發(fā)現(xiàn)非酒精中毒性WE發(fā)病率也逐年增高,其中腹部術(shù)后營(yíng)養(yǎng)障礙也是其發(fā)病原因之一。但是由于非酒精性WE臨床癥狀多不典型,與其他神經(jīng)精神性疾病容易混淆,加之臨床醫(yī)生對(duì)本病的認(rèn)識(shí)不足,誤診率很高。筆者搜集我院診治4例腹部手術(shù)后營(yíng)養(yǎng)障礙并發(fā)Wernicke腦病患者的臨床及MRI資料,結(jié)合文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行回顧分析,旨在提高對(duì)該病的認(rèn)識(shí)和早期診斷水平。
1.1 一般資料
搜集2012年12月至2015年11月在大連醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬二院診治的4例腹部手術(shù)后并發(fā)WE患者,其中男2例,女2例,年齡48~67歲。其診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)參照歐洲神經(jīng)聯(lián)盟有關(guān)WE的指南[6]及顱腦MRI表現(xiàn)。4例患者中胃癌根治術(shù)后2例,胃彌漫大B細(xì)胞淋巴瘤胃全切1例,壺腹癌胰十二指腸切除術(shù)后1例。所有患者均有惡心、頻繁嘔吐病史,其中壺腹癌胰十二指腸切除術(shù)后患者由于進(jìn)食后嘔吐給予腸內(nèi)營(yíng)養(yǎng),其余3例患者由于頻繁嘔吐給予靜脈營(yíng)養(yǎng),所有患者腹部手術(shù)前、手術(shù)后均無(wú)酗酒或慢性酒精中毒病史,均在疑診WE 1 d內(nèi)行顱腦MRI檢查協(xié)助診斷。
1.2 檢查方法
采用GE 1.5 T及西門子3.0 T MRI掃描儀,8通道頭頸聯(lián)合線圈,4例患者均行常規(guī)顱腦T1W I、T2W I、FLA IR及DW I序列。掃描層厚5 mm,間距5 mm。掃描參數(shù):1.5 T MRI:TR 450 ms,TE 15 m s;矩陣256×256;快速自旋回波序列(FSE)橫斷面T2W I:TR 4500 ms, TE 90 ms,矩陣256×256;FLALR序列:TR 10 000 ms ,TE 138 ms,TI 740 ms,矩陣256×256。3.0 T MRI:自旋回波序列(SE)橫斷面T 1W I:TR 450~500 ms,TE 7~9 ms;矩陣256×256;FSE橫斷面T2W I:TR 4300~5000 ms, TE 95~106 ms,矩陣256×256;FLALR序列:TR 7000 ms,TE 138 ms,TI 740 ms,矩陣256×256;DW I序列:TR 3000 ms,TE 94 ms,b值為0,1000 s/mm2,矩陣128×128。1例患者行T1W I增強(qiáng)掃描,掃描前經(jīng)肘靜脈注入Gd-DTPA 15 m l,注射速率為2 m l/s。
2.1 臨床表現(xiàn)
4例患者中2例表現(xiàn)為嗜睡,1例表現(xiàn)為神志淡漠,1例表現(xiàn)為神志萎靡、言語(yǔ)及運(yùn)動(dòng)減少。所有患者均未見眼部異常表現(xiàn)(表1)。
2.2 MR I表現(xiàn)
4例患者均可見雙側(cè)丘腦內(nèi)側(cè)、第3腦室旁及中腦導(dǎo)水管周圍腦組織對(duì)稱性斑片狀或大片狀稍長(zhǎng)T1稍長(zhǎng)T2信號(hào)(圖1,2),病灶在FLAIR上均呈高信號(hào)(圖3,4),信號(hào)強(qiáng)度較T2W I更明顯,DW I (b=1000 s/mm2)上部分病灶呈稍高信號(hào)或高信號(hào)(圖5,6)。1例行增強(qiáng)掃描患者病灶區(qū)未見明顯強(qiáng)化。
3.1 病因及發(fā)病機(jī)制
WE主要病因?yàn)轶w內(nèi)缺乏維生素B1。酒精性WE因酗酒引起慢性酒精中毒使人體對(duì)維生素B1吸收減少;非酒精性WE病因較多,包括胃部分切除術(shù)后、消化道腫瘤、長(zhǎng)時(shí)間靜脈營(yíng)養(yǎng)、妊娠或化療后劇烈嘔吐、急性重癥胰腺炎等[7],這些疾病主要引起體內(nèi)營(yíng)養(yǎng)的攝入吸收障礙,導(dǎo)致體內(nèi)維生素B1缺乏而引起WE。維生素B1又稱為硫胺素,通過血腦屏障進(jìn)入中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)后被硫胺素焦磷酸激酶轉(zhuǎn)換成硫胺素焦磷酸鹽,在葡萄糖氧化磷酸化、核糖合成、脂肪代謝、乙酰膽堿和γ-氨基丁酸合成和維持髓鞘完整性中起重要作用。維生素B1缺乏將干擾腦細(xì)胞能量代謝、神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)合成、釋放和攝取并且引起大量丙酮酸和乳酸堆積,從而導(dǎo)致中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)功能障礙[8]。另外,靜脈大量補(bǔ)充葡萄糖也會(huì)消耗體內(nèi)儲(chǔ)存的維生素B1,如果長(zhǎng)時(shí)間靜脈補(bǔ)充營(yíng)養(yǎng)而未補(bǔ)充維生素B1可誘發(fā)WE的發(fā)生。
本組4例均為腹部大手術(shù)術(shù)后患者,術(shù)后均有頻繁嘔吐病史(大部分患者通過靜脈補(bǔ)給營(yíng)養(yǎng),但未補(bǔ)充維生素B1),導(dǎo)致體內(nèi)維生素B1缺乏而引起WE。這提示腹部手術(shù)后頻繁嘔吐和全胃腸外營(yíng)養(yǎng)的患者,需警惕WE的發(fā)生;并且在全胃腸外營(yíng)養(yǎng)的同時(shí)需要及時(shí)補(bǔ)充體內(nèi)維生素B1以預(yù)防WE發(fā)生。
3.2 病理改變
WE對(duì)腦組織的損害多呈對(duì)稱性分布于第三腦室旁及中腦導(dǎo)水管周圍結(jié)構(gòu),如丘腦內(nèi)側(cè)、導(dǎo)水管周圍灰質(zhì)、乳頭體、四疊體等。這些區(qū)域代謝率很高,對(duì)維生素B1缺乏尤為敏感。急性期可引起細(xì)胞水腫、星形細(xì)胞和少突膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞腫脹,小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞不同程度增加,神經(jīng)元變性、壞死、髓鞘脫失,毛細(xì)血管增生、血腦屏障破壞等[9-10];慢性期則發(fā)生腦萎縮和腦白質(zhì)疏松。部分患者還可累積胼胝體壓部、尾狀核、紅核、齒狀核、大腦皮質(zhì)、小腦半球及小腦蚓部等[11],病變?cè)絿?yán)重,累積范圍越廣泛。
表1 4例Wernicke腦病患者的臨床資料Tab. 1 The clinical data of 4 patients w ith Wernicke encephalopathy
圖1 —5 同一病例。圖1 ,2為T2W I,可見丘腦內(nèi)側(cè)、第三腦室旁及中腦導(dǎo)水管周圍呈對(duì)稱性片狀稍長(zhǎng)T2信號(hào);圖3 ,4為 FLAIR像,病灶顯示更清晰,呈明顯高信號(hào);圖5 為DW I可見雙側(cè)丘腦內(nèi)側(cè)部分病灶呈稍高信號(hào)。圖6 為另一病例,DW I顯示雙側(cè)丘腦內(nèi)側(cè)呈高信號(hào)Fig. 1—5 Belongs to one patient: Fig.1, 2: T2W I images show symmetric hyperintensity signal lesions in the medial thalamus, periventricular region of the third ventricle and the periaqueductal grey matter. Fig.3, 4: FLAIR images, the hyperintensity signal lesions are more clearly than T2WI images. Fig.5: DW I image shows slightly hyperintensity signal lesions in the medial thalamus. Fig.6: Another case, DW I image shows strong hyperintensity signal lesions in the medial thalamus.
3.3 臨床表現(xiàn)與診斷
WE目前沒有統(tǒng)一的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn),主要靠醫(yī)師的主觀診斷[12]。WE最典型的臨床癥狀是“精神狀態(tài)改變、眼肌麻痹和眼球震顫、共濟(jì)失調(diào)”三聯(lián)征[13]。但臨床上僅有1/3患者出現(xiàn)典型“三聯(lián)征”,大多數(shù)僅表現(xiàn)為其中的一種或兩種[12]。甚至有文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道,大多數(shù)非酒精中毒性WE患者僅表現(xiàn)為精神狀態(tài)的改變,如認(rèn)知障礙、空間定向障礙、冷漠、嗜睡、昏迷而無(wú)其他癥狀[14]。本組4例患者均未出現(xiàn)典型的“三聯(lián)征”表現(xiàn),僅表現(xiàn)為精神狀態(tài)改變,這與文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道較一致。臨床上這種精神狀態(tài)的異常很容易與其他神經(jīng)精神疾病的臨床表現(xiàn)相混淆,這也是WE容易被誤診的重要原因。
WE診斷主要以臨床表現(xiàn)及硫胺素治療后的轉(zhuǎn)歸作為重要依據(jù),但其診斷符合率很低,僅有5.7%的非酒精性WE患者和31.9%的酒精性W E患者生前被正確診斷[15-16]。目前,MRI的普及應(yīng)用為WE診斷提供了很大的幫助。MRI是診斷本病的重要依據(jù),特別是臨床癥狀欠典型時(shí)[17]。
3.4 MR I表現(xiàn)
M R I對(duì)W E診斷具有很高特異性,可達(dá)93%[4]。其特征性表現(xiàn)為:雙側(cè)丘腦內(nèi)側(cè)、第三腦室旁及導(dǎo)水管周圍、乳頭體、四疊體可見對(duì)稱分布的斑片狀長(zhǎng)T1、長(zhǎng)T2信號(hào),F(xiàn)LAIR序列呈不同程度較高信號(hào),乳頭體、四疊體對(duì)稱分布的斑片狀長(zhǎng)T1、長(zhǎng)T2信號(hào),F(xiàn)LAIR序列呈不同程度較高信號(hào),急性期DW I病灶呈明顯高信號(hào),彌散系數(shù)(apperent diffusion coefficient,ADC)明顯降低,治療好轉(zhuǎn)后病灶DW I高信號(hào)縮小或消失;增強(qiáng)掃描急性期病灶可出現(xiàn)強(qiáng)化。其中DW I較敏感,早期就能檢測(cè)到高信號(hào)病灶,但僅在急性期出現(xiàn),而FLAIR上不同程度高信號(hào)為特征性表現(xiàn),最具診斷價(jià)值[14]。近年來(lái),1H-MRS在WE診斷中也有較多應(yīng)用。1H-MRS技術(shù)是了解大腦損害的寶貴工具[18],它可檢測(cè)到WE患者N-乙酰天冬氨酸(NAA)與肌酸(Cr)比值下降,乳酸(Lac)峰升高,膽堿(Cho)減低,而且治療后NAA/Cr比值有無(wú)回升可提示腦神經(jīng)元是否發(fā)生可逆性損壞,對(duì)幫助判斷WE患者的預(yù)后有極大幫助[19-20]。除了典型的MRI表現(xiàn),異常信號(hào)有時(shí)還可見于胼胝體壓部、尾狀核、紅核、大腦皮質(zhì)、小腦等不典型的區(qū)域。Zuccoli等[21]對(duì) 56 例酒精性和非酒精性 WE病例比較,發(fā)現(xiàn)此不典型區(qū)域受累更多見于非酒精中毒性WE。但是本組4例非酒精中毒性WE患者均未發(fā)現(xiàn)此不典型區(qū)域受累,這可能與病例數(shù)較少有關(guān)。
值得注意的是,典型的MRI表現(xiàn)十分有助于確診WE,但MRI檢查陰性尚不能排除WE[18]。另外,非酒精性WE的MRI表現(xiàn)較酒精性WE有細(xì)微差別:酒精性WE患者常伴有腦萎縮,Lee等[22]的研究顯示乳頭體、天幕下區(qū)、幕上皮質(zhì)及胼胝體等部位的萎縮僅見于酒精性WE患者,而非酒精性WE患者很少出現(xiàn)。另外,酒精性WE患者乳頭體病灶信號(hào)變化及增強(qiáng)比非酒精性WE更明顯。
3.5 鑒別診斷
3.5.1 雙側(cè)中線旁丘腦梗死綜合征
常見于心源性栓子脫落造成的旁正中動(dòng)脈管腔閉塞,臨床上表現(xiàn)為意識(shí)障礙、眼球運(yùn)動(dòng)障礙和丘腦性失語(yǔ)。MRI表現(xiàn)雙側(cè)中線旁丘腦及中腦對(duì)稱性蝶形或心形長(zhǎng)T1、長(zhǎng)T2信號(hào),F(xiàn)LA IR和DW I呈高信號(hào)[23]。其病灶范圍較WE相比更局限,信號(hào)改變更明顯。
3.5.2 基底動(dòng)脈尖綜合征
是以基底動(dòng)脈頂端為中心2cm范圍內(nèi)雙側(cè)大腦后動(dòng)脈/小腦上動(dòng)脈及基底動(dòng)脈頂端交叉部位的血液循環(huán)障礙所致。病灶除了常累積丘腦、腦干和小腦外,顳、枕葉也常常受累,而 WE 累及顳、枕葉罕見,結(jié)合其臨床癥狀及累及部位鑒別不難[24]。
3.5.3 肝豆?fàn)詈俗冃裕╓ ilson?。?/p>
是常染色體隱性遺傳銅代謝障礙疾病。MRI??梢婋p側(cè)豆?fàn)詈碎L(zhǎng)T1、長(zhǎng)T2信號(hào),尾狀核、丘腦及腦干等部位也可累積。臨床上結(jié)合角膜K-F環(huán)、血清總銅量減低及尿銅排泄量增加等可鑒別。
總之,非酒精中毒性Wernicke腦病臨床表現(xiàn)復(fù)雜,大多病例臨床癥狀不典型,MRI具有一定的特異性。對(duì)臨床上腹部大手術(shù)后頻繁嘔吐、長(zhǎng)期胃腸外營(yíng)養(yǎng)的患者,一旦出現(xiàn)意識(shí)和神智障礙、共濟(jì)失調(diào)及眼球震顫等臨床癥狀,應(yīng)想到該病可能。臨床病史結(jié)合顱腦MRI較為特征性的表現(xiàn)有助于該病的確定診斷。
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The d iagnose of MRI in Wernicke encephalopathy after abdom inal operation
QIN dong-xue1, 2, SHA lin2*, WU Jian-lin3
25 Mar 2016, Accepted 30 May 2016
Objective: To investigate the clinical and MRI characteristics of Wernicke encephalopathy after abdom inal operation, in order to improve the understanding and diagnostic level of it. Materials and Methods: Retrospectively analyzed the collected clinical and imaging data of four nonalcoholic Wernicke encephalopathy patients after abdom inal operation and reviewed the reference literature. Results: Two of the four patients were lethargy, one patient showed spiritual apathy, another one patient performed as listlessness and lacking language and movement. All of the four patients were underwent MR imaging which showed that the symmetric lesions located in the medial thalamus, periventricular region of the third ventricle and the periaqueductal grey matter. Their signals were symmetric slight hyperintensity on T2-weighted images, fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) images and hypointensity on T1-weighted images. Some lesions also showed slight hyperintensity or hyperintensity in DW I images. One patient was performed contrast enhanced scan, but the lesions were not obviously enhanced. Conclusions: The MR signals of nonalcoholic Wernicke encephalopathy had certain specificity, and the clinical manifestation combined w ith brain MRI examination w ill be helpful to diagnose of it.
Wernicke encephalopathy; Vitam in B deficiency; Magnetic resonance imaging
1. 天津醫(yī)科大學(xué)研究生院,天津300070
2. 大連醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬二院放射科,大連 116100
3. 大連大學(xué)附屬中山醫(yī)院,大連116001
沙琳,E-mail:drshalin@163.com
2016-03-25
R445.2;R742
A
10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2016.07.004