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      血清microRNA在多形性膠質(zhì)母細胞瘤術(shù)預后評估中的研究

      2016-08-04 09:50:02高秀娟陳熹彥偉尹婧婧巴一
      中國腫瘤臨床 2016年13期
      關(guān)鍵詞:生存期膠質(zhì)瘤測序

      高秀娟  陳熹  彥偉  尹婧婧  巴一

      血清microRNA在多形性膠質(zhì)母細胞瘤術(shù)預后評估中的研究

      高秀娟①陳熹②彥偉③④尹婧婧⑤巴一①

      目的:篩選多形性膠質(zhì)母細胞瘤(glioblastoma multiform,GBM)患者術(shù)前、術(shù)后血清中差異表達的microRNAs(miRNAs),并探討差異表達的miRNAs與患者術(shù)后預后的相關(guān)性。方法:收集2006年1月至2009年6月48例北京天壇醫(yī)院經(jīng)臨床病理診斷為GBM患者的術(shù)前術(shù)后血清樣本。采用Solexa測序的方法初步篩選出術(shù)前術(shù)后表達量有差異的miRNA,用實時熒光定量PCR (quantitative real-time PCR,RT-qPCR)的方法對每個樣本進行逐一驗證,應用t檢驗的方法篩選出滿足條件的miRNA(兩組之間的平均值差異在2倍以上,且P<0.05),對48例患者進行隨訪,統(tǒng)計生存時間,根據(jù)48例患者中位生存時間494 d,將所有標本分為長生存期組和短生存期組,應用Kaplan-Meier法和Log-rank檢驗,研究患者術(shù)后血清miRNAs的表達量與患者生存時間之間是否存在統(tǒng)計學意義的相關(guān)性。結(jié)果:Solexa結(jié)果顯示,有63個miRNA表達量存在差異,基于本研究先前的研究成果和其他文獻的報道,從中選出4個miRNA(miR-26b,miR-30e,miR-129-3p,miR-206)進行逐一驗證并進行統(tǒng)計學分析,結(jié)果只有1個miRNAs (miR-30e)在術(shù)后患者血清中的表達水平有明顯上調(diào)現(xiàn)象(術(shù)前與術(shù)后表達水平平均值差異≥2倍且P<0.05),隨訪結(jié)果顯示,生存時間>494 d,患者術(shù)后血清miR-30e的表達水平有降低的趨勢(P<0.05),但生存分析顯示,患者術(shù)后血清中miR-30e的表達量與患者總生存時間之間差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P=0.101)。結(jié)論:GBM患者術(shù)前術(shù)后血清中差異表達的miRNA只有miR-30e,且術(shù)后患者血清中的miR-30e水平與腫瘤負荷成負相關(guān)關(guān)系。生存分析結(jié)果顯示,術(shù)后患者血清miR-30e的表達水平與患者的預后沒有明顯的相關(guān)性。

      血清microRNA多形性膠質(zhì)母細胞瘤生物標志物術(shù)后評估m(xù)iR-30e

      多形性膠質(zhì)母細胞瘤(glioblastoma multiform,GBM)是最常見的中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)原發(fā)性腫瘤,每年有3/10萬的新發(fā)病例,大約占所有膠質(zhì)瘤的51%。世界衛(wèi)生組織(WHO)根據(jù)組織病理類型將膠質(zhì)瘤分為1~4級,GBM屬于4級,為高度惡性。盡管目前GBM的標準治療方案為聯(lián)合手術(shù)、放療、化療的綜合治療,但其總生存率(overall survival,OS)仍然不容樂觀,中位生存時間約為14個月[1]。目前已有大量研究應用血清microRNA (miRNA)作為腫瘤的生物學標志物用于診斷與預后評估,這使得應用血清miRNA判斷GBM患者腫瘤負荷及術(shù)后預后情況成為可能[2]。

      1 材料與方法

      1.1實驗材料

      1.1.1血清標本的收集及處理本研究收集的2006年1月至2009年6月48例患者血清樣本均來自北京天壇醫(yī)院,所有患者均經(jīng)術(shù)后病理確診,且所有標本采集前均已簽署知情同意書,術(shù)前和術(shù)后靜脈血標本均于術(shù)前未接受任何治療時及術(shù)后7~10 d采集。

      1.1.2主要試劑10×PCR buffer(TaKaRa Bio Group),25 mM MgCl2(TaKaRa Bio Group),10 mM dNTP(TaKaRa Bio Group),Taq酶(TaKaRa Bio Group),Probe(ABI),5× AMV buffer(TaKaRa Bio Group),RT-prime(ABI),AMV酶(TaKaRa Bio Group),水飽和酚(Gibco),DEPC水(Gibco),miR-16(ABI),氯仿(購自上?;瘜W試劑有限公司),異丙醇(購自上?;瘜W試劑有限公司),無水乙酸鈉(購自國藥集團化學試劑有限公司),無水乙醇(購自上?;瘜W試劑有限公司)。

      1.1.3實驗儀器Centrifuge 5417R型臺式離心機(Eppendorf),純水儀(Millipore),PTC-1148 PCR儀(Bio-Rad),ABI Prism 7300熒光定量PCR儀(ABI),各量程移液器(Gilson)。

      1.2方法

      1.2.1血清制備取5 mL促凝生化管1只,標記住院號/ID、姓名、采血時間,采集患者血5 mL,顛倒混勻,室溫放置20 min;室溫22~25℃,3 000 r/min,10 min。放入-80℃冰箱保存。

      1.2.2用于Solexa測序的血清總RNA的提取將混合血清分別裝于已標記的除酶的50 mL離心管中,加入TRIzol(體積為血清體積的2倍),用力震蕩混勻,室溫靜置15 min,離心,收集上清,加入與上清等體積的異丙醇沉淀,-20℃,沉淀2 h,離心,棄上清,取沉淀,用2 mL 75% 的DEPC乙醇,逐個清洗離心管,分裝到除酶的1.5 mL EP管中,離心,然后用2 mL的TRIzol逐個清洗乙醇洗滌后的離心管,將乙醇清洗液離心,去上清,取沉淀。用TRIzol清洗液再次清洗至沉淀完全溶解。加入TRIzol 1/5體積的氯仿,混勻靜止10 min,離心,取上清(400~600 μL)加入等體積的異丙醇,沉淀,-20℃,2 h,離心,棄上清,取沉淀,加入1 mL 75%乙醇洗滌,渦旋后離心,棄上清,取沉淀,待沉淀干燥后,加20 μL DEPC水溶解,待沉淀溶解后,放入-80℃冰箱保存,待測序。

      1.2.3Solexa測序服務由深圳華大基因科技服務有限公司提供。

      1.2.4用于實時熒光定量PCR(quantitative real-time PCR,qRT-PCR)的血清RNA的提取取100 μL血清加入300 μL DEPC水中,充分震蕩混勻后加入200 μL酸性酚(pH=4.7~5.5),劇烈震蕩混勻后加入200 μL氯仿,再次充分震蕩后,靜置15 min,離心。吸取上清液(約400 μL),加入800 μL異內(nèi)醇并加入醋酸鈉(pH=5.2,3 M)40 μL,充分混勻,-20℃靜置>2 h,離心。充分棄上淸后,加入75%乙醇1 mL,輕柔顛倒數(shù)次,離心,棄上清,室溫晾干后,加入20 μL DEPC水,溶解后放入-80℃冰箱保存。

      1.2.5逆轉(zhuǎn)錄逆轉(zhuǎn)錄反應體系為10 μL,在0.2 mL薄壁管中依次加入DEPC水4μL,5×AMVbuffer 2μL,dNTP mixture 1 μL,AMV酶0.5 μL,RT-Primer 0.5 μL,和RNA 2 μL充分混勻離心后置于PCR儀,設(shè)置逆轉(zhuǎn)錄程序為16℃30 min、42℃30 min、85℃5 min、4℃forever。

      1.2.6RT-qPCRRT-qPCR反應體系為20 μL,向EP管中分別加入dd H2O 14.77 μL,10×buffer 2 μL,MgCl21.2 μL,dNTPs mixture 0.4 μL,Taq酶0.3 μL,TaqMan probe+primer 0.33 μL,和cDNA 1 μL,每個標本每種miRNA做3次重復,每塊96孔板中均用已知濃度的miR-16成熟體經(jīng)逆轉(zhuǎn)錄生成的cDNA等濃度梯度(10倍為1個階梯)稀釋后做標準曲線,設(shè)置反應程序為95℃5 min、95℃15 s、60℃l min。

      1.3統(tǒng)計學分析

      采用SPSS 19.0軟件進行統(tǒng)計學分析。術(shù)前與術(shù)后miR-30e的表達水平采用t檢驗分析,以P<0.05為差異具有統(tǒng)計學意義。用miR-30e濃度的均值做為分界點,將術(shù)后所有患者的miR-30e的濃度分為兩組,采用Kaplan-Meier法和Log-rank檢驗,并繪制生存曲線,以P<0.05為差異具有統(tǒng)計學意義。

      2 結(jié)果

      2.1Solexa測序結(jié)果

      術(shù)前術(shù)后血清中,表達量有差異的miRNA共63個。根據(jù)本研究先前的研究和其他文獻的研究成果、血清樣本量的多少、miRNAs表達量差異的大小,我們選出4個miRNAs做為后續(xù)RT-qPCR的驗證。

      2.2qRT-PCR結(jié)果

      在Solexa篩選出的miRNA中,選出表達差異較大的4個miRNAs(miR-26b,miR-30e,miR-129-3p,miR-206),見表1。做qRT-PCR,逐一檢測濃度,選出與Solexa結(jié)果趨勢一致、術(shù)前術(shù)后濃度差異在2倍以上且差異具有統(tǒng)計學意義的miRNA。結(jié)果顯示只有miR-30e滿足條件,術(shù)前術(shù)后變化倍數(shù)為5.91,P= 3.37×10-14(表2,圖1)。

      2.3隨訪及生存分析結(jié)果

      經(jīng)過術(shù)后隨訪統(tǒng)計患者的生存期,根據(jù)48例GBM患者生存時間的中位數(shù)為494 d,將患者分為兩組,生存時間≥494 d者為長生存期組,反之則為短生存期組。長生存期組術(shù)后血清miR-30e的表達水平較短生存期組低(圖2)。以miR-30e表達水平的中位數(shù)為界點,將48例患者分為兩組做生存分析及Log-rank檢驗。檢驗結(jié)果顯示,術(shù)后患者血清中miR-30e表達水平與GBM患者的生存時間無明顯相關(guān)性(P=0.101,圖3)。

      表1  篩選miRNAs的Solexa測序結(jié)果Table 1 Solexa sequencing copies of four selected miRNAs in the sera collected pre-and post-operation

      表2 48例GBM患者術(shù)前術(shù)后血清miRNAs的比較Table 2 miRNA expression levels,fold changes,and P-values of the sera of 48 patients with GBM pre-and post-operation

      圖1 48例GBM患者術(shù)前術(shù)后血清miR-30e表達水平比較Figure 1 miR-30e expression in the sera of 48 patients with GBM preand post-operation

      圖2 24例長生存期患者和24例短生存期患者術(shù)后血清miR-30e表達水平比較Figure 2 miR-30e expression in the sera of long-(n=24)and short-(n= 24)survival patients with GBM post-operation

      圖3 48例患者術(shù)后血清中miR-30e不同表達水平生存曲線的比較Figure 3 Comparison of the survival curves of different plasma miR-30e expression levels of patients with GBM post-operation

      3 討論

      近年來,血清miRNA運用于臨床診斷的研究已在世界范圍內(nèi)廣泛開展,而且在腫瘤的早期診斷上取得較大成果,并且隨著檢測技術(shù)的進步而獲得更多的可用于疾病診斷的血清miRNA。通過與疾病相關(guān)的血清miRNA最新技術(shù)手段的規(guī)范化和商業(yè)化,使血清miRNA可能成為新的疾病診斷和預后的標志物。Hu等[3]在對非小細胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC)研究中應用Solexa法對長期生存患者與短期生存患者血清miRNA進行初選,并獲得11種在兩組血清中均有表達,且表達差異至少為5倍的miRNA。隨后該研究在使用qRT-PCR法對更多血清樣本進行驗證,最終發(fā)現(xiàn)4種具有顯著差異且可用于NSCLC的生存預期的血清miRNA (miR-1、miR-30d、miR-486、miR-499)。GBM是一種最常見的中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)原發(fā)性腫瘤,是惡性程度最高的一種膠質(zhì)瘤,盡管近年來腫瘤治療的手段有很大的提高,但是GBM患者的預后仍沒有明顯的提高與改善。

      近年來,與膠質(zhì)瘤相關(guān)的miRNA的研究越來越多,集中在膠質(zhì)瘤組織miRNA表達譜分析上,并在此基礎(chǔ)上對一些特異性變化的miRNA靶標及相關(guān)功能進行研究,探討miRNA在膠質(zhì)瘤中的作用和機制。膠質(zhì)瘤組織中的miRNA大體分為兩種,一種是保護性的,參與“抗腫瘤”過程,另一種是風險性的,參與“促腫瘤”過程。保護性的miRNA有:miR-21[4-9]、miR-221/222[10-14]、miR-23a[15]、miR-10b[16]、miR-381[17]、miR-372[18]、miR-30e*[19]等。風險性的有:miR-34a[20-22],miR-146a[23],miR-124,miR-128,miR-146b,miR-218[24]、miR-326[25]、miR-885-5p、miR-491-5p[26]、miR-25、miR-32[27]等。

      關(guān)于GBM患者血清中的miRNAs的研究相對較少。血清中的miR-21、miR-128和miR-342-3p的表達水平與正常對照組相比有很大的差異。通過這3 個miRNAs可以區(qū)分出GBM患者與非GBM患者,且具有相當高的靈敏性和特異性。這3個miRNAs在接受手術(shù)和放化療后都恢復到正常水平。miR-128和miR-342-3p與膠質(zhì)瘤的病理級別關(guān)系呈正相關(guān)。利用循環(huán)miRNAs穩(wěn)定的特點,通過高通量、涵蓋廣的miRNAs芯片技術(shù),分析發(fā)現(xiàn)19個GBM患者血漿中差異表達在1.5倍以上的miRNAs,其中3個表達上調(diào),16個表達下調(diào)。這些差異表達的miRNAs可為早期診斷提供非侵入性的篩選方法。此外,miR-30c-2-3p高表達與GBM患者不良預后相關(guān)[28]。目前,細胞外miRNAs的來源尚未完全清楚。部分研究者認為,細胞外的miRNAs是通過微囊泡的形式從細胞中釋放出來。有研究也證明出膠質(zhì)瘤細胞也釋放含有miRNAs的微囊泡[29]。這些微囊泡的直徑在50~500nm之間。然而,也有研究認為,這些細胞外的miRNAs是以與蛋白結(jié)合成復合物的形式存在,而不是存在于微囊泡中。綜合以上結(jié)論,本研究推測,GBM患者血清中的miRNAs可能是從膠質(zhì)瘤細胞中分泌出來后,通過某種機制(尚未確定)中部分破壞的血腦屏障,進入血液循環(huán)。有趣的是,一些miRNAs在不同體液中的表達水平不同。由于血腦屏障的存在,系統(tǒng)的研究膠質(zhì)瘤患者血清中miRNAs的來源,及其與組織中miRNAs之間的關(guān)系是十分有必要的。

      miR-30e定位于1號染色體的1p34.2[29],被認為是放療誘導的miR-30e,通過促進細胞基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶MMP-2,來提高膠質(zhì)瘤細胞的侵襲性。這一過程還伴隨著EGFR的上調(diào),和下游一些生物活性物質(zhì)的激活,EGFR的上調(diào)是由于miR-30e增強EGFR蛋白的穩(wěn)定性[30]。miR-30e還有許多其他功能,包括:促進放療后神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細胞的增殖,負性調(diào)節(jié)NK細胞的細胞毒性,調(diào)節(jié)轉(zhuǎn)錄生長因子β誘導的細胞外基質(zhì)的陳生,互相調(diào)節(jié)成骨細胞及脂肪細胞的分化[31-32]。在其他腫瘤中,miR-30e的功能是多種多樣的。在多種腫瘤中,miR-30e已經(jīng)被證明是腫瘤抑制因子。miR-30e在慢性髓系白血?。╟hronic myeloid leukemia,CML)細胞系與患者組織中低表達,通過下調(diào)BCR-ABL的表達抑制腫瘤細胞的增值,誘導凋亡,增加治療敏感性[33]。在乳腺癌的標本中,miR-30e的表達量是下降的,而外源性的在多種腫瘤中,miR-30e已經(jīng)被證明是腫瘤抑制因子??梢种迫橄侔┘毎脑鲋怠T诜伟┙M織中,miR-30e的表達量下降,而外源性的miR-30e可抑制細胞的生長,發(fā)揮抑癌基因的作用[34]。在鼻咽癌組織中,miR-30e聯(lián)合其他4個miRNAs,有判斷預后的作用,且miR-30e與鼻咽癌的無疾病生存期關(guān)系呈正相關(guān)[35]。已有研究證明GBM細胞可釋放MVs。根據(jù)本研究結(jié)果假設(shè)推論,術(shù)后GBM患者血清中miR-30e水平較術(shù)前上升的原因可能為GBM細胞可能通過某種未知機制抑制miR-30e的產(chǎn)生或抑制其釋放入血,術(shù)后這種抑制作用被解除,大量含有miR-30e的微囊泡釋放入血。而復發(fā)時血清中的miR-30e的水平很可能會相應降低,這使得miR-30e可能成為預測GBM患者復發(fā)的潛在生物學標志物。

      因此本研究收集48例GBM患者術(shù)前和術(shù)后血清miRNA,采用Solexa技術(shù)和RT-qPCR技術(shù)對這些樣本進行篩選和逐一檢測,并進行統(tǒng)計學分析最后得出結(jié)論??梢詰没颊咝g(shù)后血清中miR-30e的表達水平檢測術(shù)后患者的腫瘤負荷情況,從而初步判斷患者的預后。目前對于血清miRNA的研究還處于起步階段,隨著對血清miRNA的作用機制研究的深入,也會促進對血清miRNA與相應疾病之間生理生化關(guān)系的認識。進而明確血清miRNA在疾病發(fā)生發(fā)展中的具體作用。

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      (2016-04-08收稿)

      (2016-06-07修回)

      (編輯:孫喜佳校對:鄭莉)

      Serum microRNA profiles as novel biomarkers for the post-operative evaluation and survival of patients with glioblastoma multiform

      Xiujuan GAO1,Xi CHEN2,Wei YAN3,4,Jingjing YIN5,Yi BA1
      Correspondence to:Yi BA;E-mail:yiba99@yahoo.com
      1Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology,Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital,National Clinical Research Center for Cancer,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy,Tianjin 300060,China;2State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology,Nanjing University,Nanjing 210093,China;3First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University,Nanjing,210000,China;4Beijing Tiantan Hospital,Beijing 100050,China;5Aerospace Central Hospital,Beijing 100049,China

      Objective:To investigate the differentially expressed miRNAs in serum collected post operation and compared these miRNAs with those collected pre-surgery among patients suffering from glioblastoma multiform(GBM)and undergoing regular clinical follow-up.These miRNAs may be potential biomarkers for the post-operative evaluation of patients with GBM.Methods:Forty-eight patients with GBM and clinical pathological diagnosis were enrolled in this study.In the initial biomarker screening stage,total RNAs were extracted and subjected to Solexa sequencing to select miRNAs with significantly altered expression pre-and post-operation. Some of these differentially expressed miRNAs were chosen and verified through TaqMan probe-based qRT-PCR assay.A t-test was performed to determine the miRNAs that satisfied the two criteria,namely,fold change>2 and P<0.05.All of the patients were followed-up,and survival data were collected.The patients were then classified into two groups,namely,long-and short-survival groups,on the basis of the median of the miR-30e expression levels in the sera collected post-operation.Kaplan-Meier method and Log-rank test(SPSS version 19.0,IBM)were employed to determine the possible relationships between miR-30e expression levels in the sera collected post-operation and patients'overall survival.Results:Solexa revealed 63 differentially expressed miRNAs.Four miRNAs,namely,miR-26b,miR-30e,miR-129-3p,and miR-206,were selected on the basis of previous and present findings.These miRNAs were then verified in the RT-qPCR phase.Among these miRNAs,only miR-30e was significantly upregulated post-operation.The serum miR-30e expression level post-operation was not significantly associated with the overall survival of the patients.A low miR-30e expression level corresponded to prolonged survival.Conclusion:miR-30e was upregulated in the sera collected post-operation from patients with GBM.This miRNA may be negatively related to the tumor load of these patients.The miR-30e expression level in the serum col-lected post-surgery serum was not significantly associated with overall survival.Therefore,miR-30e may serve as a novel potential noninvasive biomarker for the post-operative evaluation of patients with GBM.

      serum miRNA,GBM,biomarker,post-operative evaluation,miR-30e

      10.3969/j.issn.1000-8179.2016.13.395

      ①天津醫(yī)科大學腫瘤醫(yī)院消化腫瘤科,國家腫瘤臨床醫(yī)學研究中心,天津市腫瘤防治重點實驗室(天津市300060);②南京大學醫(yī)藥生物技術(shù)國家重點實驗室;③南京醫(yī)科大學第一附屬醫(yī)院;④北京天壇醫(yī)院;⑤北京航天中心醫(yī)院

      巴一yiba99@yahoo.com

      高秀娟專業(yè)方向為腫瘤的早期診斷與治療。E-mail:xiujuangaodoctor@163.com

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