低風(fēng)險(xiǎn)秈型兩用核不育系創(chuàng)制與應(yīng)用研究

劉建豐 李紹清 肖應(yīng)輝 鄧化冰 雷東陽

摘 要：兩系雜交稻的推廣面積呈逐年上升的趨勢，因此兩系雜交稻的研究與推廣應(yīng)用對長期保障我國乃至全球的糧食安全具有重要意義。但兩系雜交水稻大面積推廣過程中發(fā)現(xiàn)存在以下問題：（1）有些兩用核不育系育性轉(zhuǎn)換臨界溫度較高使雜交制種存在較大風(fēng)險(xiǎn)；（2）不育系繁殖時(shí)，易受連續(xù)高溫的影響，使育性由可育向不育轉(zhuǎn)換甚至完全不育，導(dǎo)致繁殖失敗，繁殖的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)也很大；（3）一些兩用核不育系因?yàn)榉N子休眠期太短導(dǎo)致穗上發(fā)芽而影響雜交種的發(fā)芽率，也是限制兩系雜交稻尤其是兩系雜交早稻推廣的重要因素；（4）一些兩系雜交稻組合的稻瘟病抗性及耐逆境的能力較差；（5）大部分兩用核不育系的配合力不強(qiáng)或配組局限性較大。針對這些問題，該研究的主要目的是要選育不僅可以規(guī)避制種和繁殖的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，而且實(shí)用性極強(qiáng)的秈型兩用核不育系。研究主要內(nèi)容：低風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、綜合五性（豐產(chǎn)性、優(yōu)質(zhì)性、抗性、適應(yīng)性和異交性）的兩用核不育系育種技術(shù)體系研究；不育系的選育、生物學(xué)特性、農(nóng)藝性狀及配組規(guī)律的研究；兩系雜交稻安全繁殖制種計(jì)算機(jī)氣象決策系統(tǒng)研究；兩系雜交稻新組合的選育。該研究通過2年的實(shí)施，完善了水稻兩用核不育系育種技術(shù)體系，為我國今后兩系雜交稻的研發(fā)奠定了可持續(xù)發(fā)展的基礎(chǔ)；創(chuàng)制的6個(gè)水稻兩用核不育系在稻米品質(zhì)、抗?。ㄏx）性和異交性等方面具有突破性進(jìn)展，具有廣闊的應(yīng)用前景；育成了具有實(shí)際應(yīng)用價(jià)值的雜交水稻新組合12個(gè)，其中已有部分雜交稻組合取得了良好的經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會效益；研制了水稻兩用核不育系繁殖制種基地計(jì)算機(jī)決策系統(tǒng)，降低了兩系雜交稻繁殖制種風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，從而突破了限制兩系雜交稻發(fā)展的主要瓶頸。

關(guān)鍵詞：水稻 低風(fēng)險(xiǎn) 兩用核不育系 選育 技術(shù)體系

Abstract：It is very important of researching on development of two-line system hybrid rice to guarantee the food security in China even in the world because of the rapid increasing application area of two-line system hybrid rice. But there are problems in the popularizing of two-line system hybrid rice to be solved as following：（1）There is high risk for some TGMS lines to be utilized in producing hybrid rice seeds because they are characteristic of high critical sterility-inducing temperature（CSIT）.（2） Some TGMS lines are very difficulty to reproduce seeds because the high temperature during the sensitive period.（3） It is too easy to germinate for the hybrid seeds during Some TGMS lines were utilized in producing hybrid because they had a short dormant period ，which resulted in the bad quality of hybrid seeds.（4）Many two-line system hybrid rice combinations had a bad blast resistance or low adverse resistance ability.（5）The combining ability of some TGMS lines were not perfect or limited in breeding hybrid rice combinations.In order to solve these problems， this study focus on the breeding of dual purpose genic male sterile rice（TGMS lines）with low risk，high-yielding， good quality， resistance， adaptability and Outcrossing . The research contents involved the setting up of breeding technical System， studying of the breeding techniques and basic investing ， development and application of a computer-aided selection system for thermo-sensitive genic male sterile rice multiplying site. Throuh carrying out in two years， the research contents were accomplished in time. The breeding technical System of TGMS lines laid the base of sustainable development of two-line system hybrid rice. The newly bred six TGMS lines are of characteristic of good plant type， low CSIT（<23.0℃）， good combining ability， high grain quality， high outcrossing rate and good disease resistances. The newly bred 12 hybrid rice combinations were registered and produced economic benefits.The computer-aided selection system for thermo-sensitive genic male sterile rice multiplying site can solve the bottleneck of development of two-line system hybrid rice.

Key Words：Rice；Low Risk；Dual Purpose Genic Male Sterile Rice ；Breeding；Technical System

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