史偉華
摘 要 新課改使我們的課堂教學越來越開放,各種意想不到的現(xiàn)象也隨之不斷產生。本文通過作者在平時教學過程中出現(xiàn)的一些“教學意外”,結合教學案例對高中英語課堂中的教學生成進行論述,旨在將這些“意外”轉變成教學生成資源,并隨時對教學做出富有創(chuàng)意的調整,從而達到教學的最優(yōu)化。
關鍵詞 課堂教學 意外 化解
中圖分類號:G424 文獻標識碼:A DOI:10.16400/j.cnki.kjdks.2016.03.053
Abstract The new curriculum makes us more open classroom, all kinds of unexpected phenomena also will continue to produce. Through a number of "teaching accident" appears in the usual author teaching process, combined with teaching cases for teaching high school English classroom generate discussed, aimed at these "accidents" generate resources into teaching, and at any time to make a full teaching creative adjustments in order to optimize teaching.
Key words classroom teaching; accident; resolve
在課堂教學過程中,作為一線的英語教師常常會遇到這樣那樣的“意外”,而課前雖備好課,但課上因出“意外”,致使教授者難以駕馭的時有“生成”。如何在課堂上化解這些“教學意外”,從而達到預想的教學效果,這是教師的智慧,更是課堂教學的必需。
筆者在教學《全國英語等級考試教材第一冊》時曾遇到數起“意外”,經梳理歸納為以下四種化解意外的方式。
1 環(huán)境干擾型的處理
在教Unit 14 Holidays時,學校旁邊有一戶人家在做紅白喜事,時時傳來爆竹聲,影響課堂效果。筆者一方面,巧妙利用這個特殊場景,因勢利導引出新詞“fireworks”;另一方面,與當下時勢接軌,讓學生掌握有關霧霾(fog, smog, haze)等英文單詞,并教育學生保護環(huán)境,使課堂教學頗富實際教育意義。于是出現(xiàn)了以下問答:
T: Whats the noise outside?
S1: Fireworks. (板書: fireworks.)
T: Is it good or bad for us to let off fireworks? Why?
S2: Its bad, because it stops our class.
S3: Its not good. It causes fog, smog, haze and etc. (板書: fog, smog, haze.)
T: Oh, maybe someday well wear mask every day, like Beijing. So, what should we do to change this situation?
S4: We should permit fireworks.
S5: We should protect our environment……
2 課堂分心型的引導
在教Unit 10 Hobbies and Interests這一課時出現(xiàn)了這樣一個“意外”。有一名靠窗的學生透過窗戶看著操場上其他班同學在打羽毛球。面對學生開小差的這種情形,老師一般是心急或惱火。我當時就想如何把他的“心”拉回課堂,于是“生成”了以下一段對話。
T: S1, what are you looking at?
S1: Eh… (He didnt know how to answer the question.)
T: Are you enjoying others playing badminton? (板書:badminton)
S1: Yes. (All the Ss in the class are laughing.)
T: Do you want to play badminton with them? (Keep calm, not angry)
S1: Yes, I like basketball as my life. (The whole classroom are rocking with laughter again)
T: OK. Your hobby is playing basketball, and Im interested in it very much, too. However, you should play it after class. And now you should focus on the hobbies. (板書: hobby/ be interested in)
這個單元正好有生詞“hobby, badminton”,老師利用這個機會教會學生課文中的生詞并加以拓展,從而使課堂意外轉化成可以利用的教學資源。
在課堂教學中會出現(xiàn)各種各樣的意外,教師若一味地批評學生,不但影響課堂秩序,而且很容易造成師生關系的對立,對教學有害而無益。教師完全可以急中生智,巧妙地、幽默地、機智地利用意外的人和事來化解;應該抓住契機,及時調整,重構共建。
3 學生惡作劇的應對
學生在英語課堂中難免會出現(xiàn)惡作劇,一旦出現(xiàn)這種情況,教師不能盲目訓斥,而應冷靜對待,妥善處理。把惡作劇轉化為教學資源,化被動為主動,改善師生關系,提高課堂教學效果。
在教Unit 10 Hobbies and Interests這一課時,讓學生自由討論hobbies,出現(xiàn)了這樣一個惡作劇的意外:
S1: Whats your hobby?
S2: I like eating frogs.
S3: I have eaten frogs too much. And now I like eating pandas meat. Its delicious. (All the students in the class are laughing.) (Teacher keeps silent for a while.)
面對學生“喜歡吃熊”這樣的惡作劇意外,筆者沒有簡單地予以否定或“立馬槍決”,而是這樣利用與牽引的:
T: Yeah, wild animals are very tasty. What other wild animals do you love eating?
S4: …. (The students are active in talking in Chinese.)
T: Is it good to eat wild animals? Why?
S5: I dont think so, because some animals will die out.
S6: Its wrong. Its not good for balance.
S7: Its not good because the animals will be less and we will be worse.
T: Excellent! As a student, what should you do?
S8: We should prevent the people from killing wild animals.
S9: I think we should not eat wild animals.
這樣的“意外”利用,既“生成”了學生的有效學習,還強化了學生的環(huán)保意識,引導了學生進行批判性思維探究,使其成了“正能量”。
4 教師失誤的糾正
一個有意義的教學過程,應該是師生共同學習提高的過程。在學習過程中,學生出錯可以說是“家常菜”,而教師自己的失誤也不是沒有。在平時,老師應該鼓勵學生大膽質疑,找出教師的失誤;而教師有了失誤,則可借“失誤”發(fā)揮,化“弊”為“利”。
筆者在講定語從句分析試卷時出現(xiàn)了這么一個失誤案例:
案例:Is this the school _____ your brother studies?(填關系代詞或關系副詞)
解題思路:將疑問句轉變成陳述句—— This is the school _____ your brother studies. 先行詞是the school,且定語從句中缺地點狀語,橫線中應該填寫where或in which,但我在講解時,告訴同學們應該填which,部分成績優(yōu)秀的學生卻不以為然,提出了質疑。我馬上意識到自己的錯誤,立即加以改正。順勢借著這個東風,接著舉了幾個容易混淆的句子,讓學生對此類題目做到舉一反三、觸類旁通,反而收到了意想不到的效果。
例1:Is this the website (which / that) you visited just now?
例2:Is this website the one (which / that) you visited just now?
例3:Is this the room (which / where) Mary once lived in?
前蘇聯(lián)教育家蘇霍姆林斯基說:教育的技巧并不在于能預見到課的所有細節(jié),而在于根據當時的具體情況,巧妙地不知不覺中做出相應的變動。在平時的教學中,教師不但要有“生成”意識,而且要具備及時捕捉、隨機處理課堂新信息的能力,善于運用自己的教學機智,巧妙地處理課堂中出現(xiàn)的一些“意外”,將這些“靈光一現(xiàn)”轉化成課堂教學中無法復制的精彩。總之,當“意外”發(fā)生時,我們要從容、機智地面對,化“意外”這一別樣的教學資源為課堂亮點。
參考文獻
[1] 吳紅玉.學生的“錯誤”也是一種課程資源[J].思想政治課教學,2006(4):20+56.
[2] 周云霞.大學英語寫作教學中的文化導入[J].當代教育理論與實踐,2011(7):115-116.