如何選擇文章的標題

/文周和春

如何選擇文章的標題

選擇文章的標題是閱讀理解中常見的題型之一，它要求考生在理解全文的基礎(chǔ)上較好地運用概括、判斷、歸納等邏輯思維方法對文章進行高度概括或總結(jié)，屬于難題。要想做好此類題，必須弄清楚常見的設(shè)問形式、標題的特點，掌握解題思路及技巧，才能做到得心應(yīng)手。

常見的設(shè)問形式包括：The best title for the text would be.../What can be the best title for this text?/Which of the following can be the best title for the text?等。

文章的標題是語篇中心思想最精煉的表達形式。標題可以是單詞、短語或句子。好的標題可以抓住讀者的眼球，幫助讀者迅速推測出文章的主要內(nèi)容及中心，把握作者的觀點和意圖。所以好標題的特點是：短小精悍，多為短語；涵蓋性強，能覆蓋全文；確定的范圍要恰當(dāng)；精確性強，沒有隨意改變語言表意的程度及色彩。

快速瀏覽文章抓住關(guān)鍵信息

選擇文章標題，可以采用瀏覽法，仔細閱讀文章或段落的首尾句是關(guān)鍵。即在閱讀語篇時，一般不需逐句瀏覽，只需重點選讀文章的首段、尾段或每段的首句和尾句，搜索主題線索和信息。尤其在閱讀說明文和議論文時，根據(jù)篇章特點，我們可以通過尋找短文的主題句來歸納文章的主題。主題句的位置通常有三種情況：開頭、中間、結(jié)尾（含在開頭和結(jié)尾同時出現(xiàn)，首尾呼應(yīng)的主題句）。

【中考真題1】（2015年德州卷，保留原題號）Green is an important color in nature.It is the color of grass and the leaves on trees.It is also the color of most growing

plants.

Sometimes,the word“green”means young,fresh and growing.For example,a greenhorn is someone who has no experience.In the 15th century,a greenhorn was a young cow or an ox whose horns(角)had not yet developed.A century later, a greenhorn was a soldier who had no experience in war.By the 18th century,a greenhorn had the meaning it has today－a person who is new in a job.

Someone who is good at growing plants is said to have a green thumb(大拇指). The expression comes from the early 20th century.A person with a green thumb can make plants grow quickly and well.The Green Revolution(綠色革命)is the name given some years ago to the development of new kinds of rice and other grains.It was the result of hard work by agricultural scientists who had green thumbs.

Green is also the color used to describe the powerful feeling.Jealousy(嫉妒).The green－eyed monster is not a dangerous animal from outer space.It is an expression used about 400 years ago by the British writer William Shakespeare in his play“Othello”.It describes the unpleasant feeling when someone has something he wants.

In most places in the world,a green light is a signal(信號)to move ahead.In everyday speech,a green light means approval(贊成)to continue with a project.

55.Which would be the best title of the passage?

A.Green，the color of grass and treesB.The stories about the color“green”

C.Green，a sign of approvalD.Different meanings of“green”

解析：抓住每段的主旨句（該文中的首句），就可以推出主題應(yīng)該是講解green這個詞在不同情境下的含義，從而得到正確答案為D。

觀察備選項尋找突破口

要快速而準確地選擇文章的標題，除了要了解文章大意之外，還可以通過觀察備選項的特點來尋找解題的突破口。

一、標題概括性強

標題應(yīng)該最大限度覆蓋全文，囊括文章的主要內(nèi)容，體現(xiàn)文章的主旨大意。當(dāng)我們從命題者的視角來看干擾項時，會發(fā)現(xiàn)干擾項往往有以下一些特點：

1.以偏概全。多表現(xiàn)為部分替代整體，從而導(dǎo)致范圍太小，這是常用的干擾手段。以事實、細節(jié)替代文章的中心，常用原文中的句子結(jié)構(gòu)或大部分詞匯，只是在不起眼的地方換了幾個詞（甚至一個關(guān)鍵詞）來造成句意的變化。這種命題手法具有極強的迷惑性。因此，辨別信息時一定要非常仔細，尤其是選項的結(jié)構(gòu)和詞匯與原文相關(guān)的結(jié)構(gòu)和詞匯相似時，更要注意其中是否有詞匯被調(diào)換了。

2.過度概括。多表現(xiàn)為人為擴大范圍，設(shè)置的錯誤選項包含了文章沒有涉及的內(nèi)容。辨別選項中的信息是正確的還是錯誤的，一定要琢磨選項的意思，不要因為時間緊不讀完選項

的句子或粗粗一讀，只憑對文章的大致印象，看到幾個表面文字與文章中有關(guān)部分相同就下結(jié)論。也就是說，要注意選項的歸納分寸，不要被歸納過頭的選項所迷惑，即文章的標題不能過度概括。

【中考真題2】（2015年鎮(zhèn)江卷，保留原題號）It is believed in some ways that the daughter is father’s lover.But my experience has taught me in a different way. For a long time,my father has been a very vague figure(模糊的形象)to me.He was a man of few words,tall but slim and nothing else.

When I was in primary school,my father was never there to pick me up,and he never came to any of my parent－teacher meetings.He was always busy doing projects.I remember when I was in middle school and my head was badly hurt in a PE class.During my operation,my father was nowhere to be found.This hurt me most.At that moment,I considered my father as a cold－blooded man who did not care about me at all.

But things seemed different at my high school graduation ceremony,where I was chosen to represent my class and give a speech.My father,once again,told me he had a business trip in a place outside the city and would be unable to show up.“Don’t come.I will be very nervous if I see you.”I told him.

I remember my speech went smoothly.After the ceremony was over and I was about to leave,I suddenly noticed a familiar looking man sitting in a corner of the hall.It was my father！I was so surprised that I rushed to him with tears running down my face.“Well done.”He said.His eyes were also filled with tears.

Later,I found out that my father had managed to finish his work by staying up late,and he drove for eight hours to get back.He had been sitting in the corner because he didn’t want me to see him.My father remembered every word in my speech.

For much of my life,I described my father was a cold－blooded man who only cared about his work.But when I thought deeply about this,it was obviously not true.At my graduation ceremony,I could feel my father’s deep love.The fact is that seeing is not believing,and seeing may not be the fact if we don’t perceive(感知)the world with our hearts and minds.There’s no doubt that life doesn’t lack(缺少)love,but sometimes our eyes have trouble seeing it.

35.What’s the best title of the passage?

A.My busy fatherB.Life is full of love

C.Seeing is not believingD.A wonderful speech

解析：這是一篇記敘文。作者一開始對父親的印象是冷血。他忙于工作，不參加家長會，甚至在作者做手術(shù)時都未露面。直至那次她參加一個畢業(yè)典禮的演講，父親安排好工作，驅(qū)車8個小時終于趕上該活動，他在后面默默地支持女兒。通過這些事情的回憶，作者發(fā)現(xiàn)父愛的無言和厚重。在了解文章大意后，再逐一分析備選項。選項A，只概括了父親的工作之忙，很明顯

屬于以偏概全。選項D也只概括了文章的某一部分內(nèi)容，可以排除。B項極具干擾性，很多考生可能因為文章中多次出現(xiàn)love一詞而誤選。認真分析后可知，該選項屬于過度概括的情況，作者通過先抑后揚的手法，其實想告訴讀者“眼見不一定為實”這個道理，所以C項為最佳答案。

二、標題醒目、獨特

標題是文章的點睛之筆。讀者對文章的閱讀興趣很大程度上取決于標題的好壞，所以標題要醒目，甚至獨特，才能最大限度地吸引讀者的注意力。

【中考真題3】（2014年徐州卷，保留原題號）Mary was waiting for the airplane to take off.She was happy to get a seat by herself.Just then,an air hostess came up to her and asked,“Would you mind changing your seat?A man would like to sit with his wife.”

Theonlyavailableseatwasnexttoagirlwithherarmsbroken,a black-and-blue face,and a sad expression.“I don’t want to sit there,”Mary thought immediately.But a soft voice spoke,“She needs help.”Finally,Mary moved to that seat.

The girl was named Emily.She had been in a car accident and now was on her way for treatment.

When the snack and juice arrived,Mary realized that Emily could not feed herself.Mary considered offering to feed her but hesitated(猶豫)，as it seemed too impolite to offer a service to a stranger.But then Mary realized that Emily’s need was more important.Mary offered to help her eat.Although Emily was uncomfortable to accept,she agreed.They became closer and closer in a short time.By the end of the five-hour trip,Mary’s heart had warmed,and the time was really better spent than if she had just sat by herself.

Mary was very glad that she had sat next to Emily and fed her.Love sometimes goes beyond human borders(邊界)and removes the fears that keep people away.When we reach our hands to serve another,we grow to live in a larger and more rewarding world.

42.What is the best title for this passage?

A.Flying With StrangersB.Changing Seats

C.Learning To ForgiveD.Passing Your Love On

解析：解該題時，仔細分析選項就可以預(yù)測出正確答案。因為從內(nèi)容上看無論是A項（和陌生人同行），B項（換座）還是C項（學(xué)會原諒）應(yīng)該都屬于D項（愛的傳遞）的范疇。同時，從文學(xué)的角度來看，標題要醒目、有內(nèi)涵，D項也具備這個條件，所以D項最佳。

總之，同學(xué)們想要在閱讀理解題中準確選擇文章標題，就必須養(yǎng)成良好的閱讀習(xí)慣。在日常的閱讀過程中注意題材和體裁的廣泛性，留意各種閱讀材料的標題，分析作者選用該標題的目的和好處。在此基礎(chǔ)上，通過專項訓(xùn)練來掌握科學(xué)的解題思路與技法，必將快速提升解題能力，從而決勝各類考試。

責(zé)任編輯：李丁文