河道滯留塘對(duì)城市河流凈化效果的影響

顏秉斐，彭劍峰，胡吉國(guó)，宋永會(huì)，程建光，姜詩(shī)慧

1．中國(guó)環(huán)境科學(xué)研究院城市水環(huán)境科技創(chuàng)新基地，北京　100012

2．山東科技大學(xué)化學(xué)與環(huán)境工程學(xué)院，山東 青島　266590

3．環(huán)境基準(zhǔn)與風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估國(guó)家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室，中國(guó)環(huán)境科學(xué)研究院，北京　100012

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河道滯留塘對(duì)城市河流凈化效果的影響

顏秉斐1,2，彭劍峰1,3*，胡吉國(guó)1,3，宋永會(huì)1,3，程建光2，姜詩(shī)慧1,3

1．中國(guó)環(huán)境科學(xué)研究院城市水環(huán)境科技創(chuàng)新基地，北京100012

2．山東科技大學(xué)化學(xué)與環(huán)境工程學(xué)院，山東 青島266590

3．環(huán)境基準(zhǔn)與風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估國(guó)家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室，中國(guó)環(huán)境科學(xué)研究院，北京100012

摘要為了研究高溫期(18～30 ℃)、中溫期(9～25 ℃)和低溫期(5～17 ℃)河道滯留塘系統(tǒng)對(duì)城市河流污染物凈化的效果，選取河道窄、水流急、水力停留時(shí)間(HRT)為0.5 d的滯留塘A，河道寬、水流緩、HRT約為2 d的滯留塘B，以及水量少、水流急、HRT僅為0.3 d，但岸灘為濕地的滯留塘C，通過對(duì)水質(zhì)的監(jiān)測(cè)，比較3種類型天然滯留塘在不同溫度條件下對(duì)各污染物指標(biāo)的凈化效果。結(jié)果表明：滯留塘A對(duì)污水中的TN凈化效果最佳，凈化率可達(dá)12%以上；滯留塘B適合凈化污水中的TP，凈化率可達(dá)45%以上；滯留塘C對(duì)污水中的有機(jī)物具有較高的凈化率，對(duì)CODCr的凈化率可達(dá)37%以上。整體看來各滯留塘對(duì)氮磷和有機(jī)物都有一定的凈化效果，其中對(duì)TP和CODCr的凈化效果優(yōu)于TN。同時(shí)，溫度越高，不同類型滯留塘對(duì)各指標(biāo)的凈化效果越穩(wěn)定；反之，溫度越低則凈化效果波動(dòng)越大。

關(guān)鍵詞河道滯留塘；城市支流；氮磷污染；水質(zhì)持續(xù)凈化

Effects of On-stream Detention Pond on Polluted Urban River Purification

YAN Bingfei1,2, PENG Jianfeng1,3, HU Jiguo1,3, SONG Yonghui1,3, CHENG Jianguang2, JIANG Shihui1,3

1.Department of Urban Water Environmental Research, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China2.College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China3.State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences,Beijing 100012, China

AbstractTo analyze the purifying effect of on-stream detention pond (OSDP) on polluted urban river in high temperature period (18-30 ℃), medithermal period (9-25 ℃) and hypothermic phase (5-17 ℃), three kinds of on-stream detention ponds were adopted and monitored. The retention time (HRT) of OSDP-A with a narrow channel and a fast flowing rate is 0.5 d, the HRT of OSDP-B with a wide channel and a slow flowing rate is about 2 d, the HRT of OSDP-C possessing a bank wetland and fast flowing rate is about 0.3 d. Under different temperature conditions, the removal efficiency on different pollutants indexes of 3 kinds of natural OSDPs was compared. The results shown that in the OSDP-A, the removal efficiency of TN can reached the highest, about 12%. The OSDP-B presented the best removal capability for TP with its removal efficiency as much as 45%. However, the highest removal efficiencies of CODCrwere observed in OSDP-C, being 37%. The effects of various kinds of OSDP on the removal of nitrogen, phosphorus and organic contamination were observed, and the removal rates of TP and CODCrwere better than TN in general. Additionally, with water temperature increasing, the treat capability of different OSDPs kept relative stable; while with water temperature decreasing, their removal efficiencies presented unstable.

Key wordson-stream detention pond system; urban tributaries; nitrogen and phosphorus pollution; continuous water quality purification

河流是自然水循環(huán)中最重要的環(huán)節(jié)，也是自然界最重要的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)之一[1]。人類不僅傍河流而生，而且利用和開發(fā)河流，謀求社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展[2]。此外，河流系統(tǒng)還是非點(diǎn)源污染物的主要運(yùn)移通道，大部分污染物通過河流進(jìn)入湖泊水庫(kù)，因此，污染河水的處理已經(jīng)成為世人關(guān)注的焦點(diǎn)[3]。

我國(guó)北方地區(qū)季節(jié)性缺水明顯，城市中小型河流普遍受到污染；雖然污水廠出水達(dá)到一級(jí)A排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，但城市河湖水體收納的水質(zhì)仍常為劣Ⅴ類，因而對(duì)河道滯留塘技術(shù)有較大的需求。目前，國(guó)內(nèi)鮮有河道滯留塘技術(shù)對(duì)季節(jié)性缺水城市支流污染凈化效果的研究。筆者以沈陽(yáng)市白塔堡河為例，沿途選取天然河道滯留塘，著重分析河道滯留塘系統(tǒng)內(nèi)污染物的持續(xù)凈化能力。

1材料與方法

1.1試驗(yàn)系統(tǒng)

白塔堡河為渾河水系Ⅰ級(jí)支流，位于渾河中游左側(cè)，系沈陽(yáng)市的主要河流之一。其流域面積178 km2，河流總長(zhǎng)度48.5 km，河道平均比降為1.65‰，多年平均徑流量為2 790萬(wàn)m3[12]。

白塔堡河上中游污染主要來自農(nóng)業(yè)面源和農(nóng)村散排生活污水，中下游主要來自工業(yè)廢水和城市生活污水。針對(duì)白塔堡河污染情況，依次在上、中、下游設(shè)置閘壩，形成3個(gè)長(zhǎng)約1 km的河道滯留塘：滯留塘A為河道窄、水流急、HRT為0.5 d的普通河道；滯留塘B為河道寬、水流緩、HRT為2 d的礫石護(hù)坡河道；滯留塘C為水量少、水流急、HRT僅0.3 d但岸灘為濕地的河道。滯留塘A、C按上、中、下游分別選3個(gè)取樣點(diǎn)，編號(hào)為A1、A2、A3和C1、C2、C3。滯留塘B按上、中上、中下、下游選取4個(gè)取樣點(diǎn)，編號(hào)為B1、B2、B3、B4。

1.2試驗(yàn)方法

沈陽(yáng)市河道滯留塘運(yùn)行主要集中在4—10月，其月平均氣溫為11～25 ℃。試驗(yàn)選取平均氣溫為24 ℃(18～30 ℃)、17 ℃(9～25 ℃)和11 ℃(5～17 ℃)3個(gè)溫度段分別表示高溫期、中溫期和低溫期，進(jìn)行不同溫度對(duì)污染物凈化效果的對(duì)比分析。

常規(guī)水質(zhì)指標(biāo)測(cè)試方法參見《水和廢水監(jiān)測(cè)分析方法》[13]。CODCr采用快速消解分光光度法測(cè)定；TP濃度采用鉬銻抗分光光度法測(cè)定；TN濃度采用過硫酸鉀消解-紫外分光光度法測(cè)定；TOC濃度采用紫外氧化-非色散紅外探測(cè)法測(cè)定。各污染物指標(biāo)平均去除率的計(jì)算方法為：(滯留塘污染物指標(biāo)各溫期總進(jìn)水濃度-滯留塘污染物指標(biāo)各溫期總出水濃度)滯留塘污染物指標(biāo)各溫期總進(jìn)水濃度。

2河道滯留塘對(duì)污染物的凈化效果

2.1對(duì)CODCr的凈化效果

白塔堡河沿程滯留塘A、B、C對(duì)CODCr的凈化效果如圖1所示。

圖1　不同滯留塘對(duì)CODCr凈化效果對(duì)比Fig.1　Comparison of different dentention pond on the CODCr removal efficiency

由圖1可知，CODCr在高溫期為17.19～57.18 mgL，中溫期為34.12～61.93mgL，低溫期為17.64～88.99 mgL；可見不同溫期各采樣點(diǎn)CODCr沿河道逐漸降低，中間略有波動(dòng)，但規(guī)律較明顯。不同類型滯留塘因溫度和位置會(huì)影響CODCr的大小，滯留塘A的中、低溫期與滯留塘B的高、中溫期CODCr變化趨勢(shì)分別相近；不同溫期滯留塘C的沿程CODCr變化趨勢(shì)則相差較大。原因是選取滯留塘河道較長(zhǎng)，跨度大，尤其滯留塘C附近有家具廠等不同排污工廠存在，污染負(fù)荷時(shí)空變化幅度大[14]。但無(wú)論滯留塘沿途污染物濃度如何變化，進(jìn)水端均大于出水端。

滯留塘A、B、C各溫期對(duì)CODCr的平均凈化率分別為29.18%、25.77%和37.49%，對(duì)CODCr平均凈化率為B

2.2對(duì)TOC的凈化效果

白塔堡河沿程滯留塘A、B、C對(duì)TOC的凈化效果如圖2所示。由圖2可知，TOC濃度在高溫期為8.40～27.59 mgL，中溫期為10.38～15.57 mgL，低溫期為10.83～23.24 mgL；除了采樣點(diǎn)B3處的驟升，高、中、低溫期各滯留塘TOC濃度依次沿采樣點(diǎn)穩(wěn)定呈先降后升的趨勢(shì)。其中，滯留塘C的3個(gè)采樣點(diǎn)各溫期TOC濃度變化趨勢(shì)最為相近。無(wú)論沿程濃度怎樣變化，每個(gè)滯留塘均可保持進(jìn)水端濃度大于出水端濃度，因此，對(duì)TOC有一定凈化效果；但同時(shí)因各點(diǎn)TOC濃度波動(dòng)較大，也表現(xiàn)出沿途有機(jī)污染物的無(wú)規(guī)律排放。

圖2　不同滯留塘對(duì)TOC凈化效果對(duì)比Fig.2　Comparison of different dentention pond on the TOC removal efficiency

滯留塘A、B、C各溫期對(duì)TOC的平均凈化率分別為12.75%、8.84%和4.65%，對(duì)TOC平均凈化率為C

2.3對(duì)TN的凈化效果

白塔堡河沿程滯留塘A、B、C對(duì)TN的凈化效果如圖3所示。

圖3　不同滯留塘對(duì)TN凈化效果對(duì)比Fig.3　Comparison of different dentention pond on the TN removal efficiency

由圖3可知，TN濃度在高溫期為6.43～18.55 mgL，中溫期為4.7～10.11 mgL，低溫期為5.84～16.92 mgL；可見滯留塘B、C的TN濃度在不同溫期沿各采樣點(diǎn)的變化趨勢(shì)相近，規(guī)律較明顯。各滯留塘出現(xiàn)的不同位置污染物濃度波動(dòng)，可能是由環(huán)境、大氣沉降以及人類活動(dòng)方式的改變和沿程工廠以及生活污染物排放量不同引起的，但整體都呈下降趨勢(shì)。從滯留塘A到B間TN濃度迅速下降，這與沿河河道的自然修復(fù)、微生物修復(fù)、植物修復(fù)等河體[19]自凈作用有關(guān)，從滯留塘B到C的TN濃度急劇上升是由沿河污染物排放量增多導(dǎo)致。

滯留塘A、B、C各溫期對(duì)TN的平均去除率分別為12.52%、8.84%和4.66%，對(duì)TN平均凈化率為C

2.4對(duì)TP凈化效果

白塔堡河沿程滯留塘A、B、C對(duì)TP的凈化效果如圖4所示。由圖4可知，TP濃度高溫期為0.12～1.51 mgL，中溫期為0.15～0.74 mgL，低溫期為0.15～1.83 mgL。與TN的濃度變化相比發(fā)現(xiàn)，N、P沿河道整體變化趨勢(shì)相近。3個(gè)滯留塘TP濃度從上游到下游呈波動(dòng)性，間或出現(xiàn)下游高于中游、中游高于上游的情況。因白塔堡河是自然河道，所選滯留塘未經(jīng)人工改造，易受外界自然和人為因素干擾，但整體污染物濃度為下降趨勢(shì)。

圖4　不同滯留塘對(duì)TP凈化效果對(duì)比Fig.4　Comparison of different dentention pond on the TP removal efficiency

滯留塘A、B、C各溫期對(duì)TP的平均去除率分別為11.11%、45.57%和20.52%，對(duì)TP平均凈化率為A

2.5對(duì)各指標(biāo)整體凈化效果

滯留塘A、B、C對(duì)各指標(biāo)的凈化率如圖5所示。從圖5可知，滯留塘A對(duì)各指標(biāo)的凈化效果相對(duì)穩(wěn)定，對(duì)TOC以及TN的凈化效果較B、C更好；滯留塘B對(duì)TP的凈化效果優(yōu)于其他3個(gè)指標(biāo)，對(duì)CODCr的凈化效果也較好；滯留塘C對(duì)CODCr的凈化效果優(yōu)于其他3個(gè)指標(biāo)。其中，對(duì)CODCr的凈化效果為C>A>B，對(duì)TOC的凈化效果為A>B>C，對(duì)TN的凈化效果為A>B>C，對(duì)TP的凈化效果為B>C>A。整體看，3個(gè)滯留塘對(duì)CODCr以及TP的凈化最為明顯。

圖5　不同滯留塘對(duì)各指標(biāo)的凈化率對(duì)比Fig.5　Comparison removal rate of different dentention pond on different properties

2.6溫度對(duì)不同滯留塘各指標(biāo)凈化率的影響

溫度對(duì)滯留塘A、B、C各指標(biāo)的凈化率如圖6所示。從圖6可以看出，高溫期除TOC外滯留塘B對(duì)各污染物指標(biāo)凈化效果相對(duì)較好，且在3個(gè)滯留塘中對(duì)CODCr和TP的凈化率相對(duì)較高，與圖5結(jié)論一致；中溫期滯留塘A對(duì)有機(jī)物(CODCr、TOC)凈化效果相對(duì)較好，滯留塘B對(duì)TP和CODCr凈化效果較TN和TOC要好，滯留塘C更適合凈化CODCr；低溫期除滯留塘C外，各滯留塘對(duì)CODCr凈化率較其他溫度下都有所提高，但對(duì)其他指標(biāo)的凈化率波動(dòng)很大。從整體看，對(duì)北方城市支流河道來說，溫度越高，不同類型滯留塘對(duì)不同指標(biāo)的凈化率波動(dòng)越小，越穩(wěn)定；溫度越低，滯留塘隨類型的改變對(duì)各指標(biāo)的凈化率受溫度影響越大，變化趨勢(shì)越不穩(wěn)定。

圖6　溫度對(duì)不同滯留塘各指標(biāo)凈化率的對(duì)比Fig.6　Comparison removal rate of different thermophase on different dentention pond properties

3結(jié)論

(1)自然河道污水排放不具規(guī)律性，且自然條件如溫度、大氣沉降等，以及人為影響如污染物排放、人類活動(dòng)方式等任何一個(gè)因素的改變都會(huì)對(duì)滯留塘的凈化效果造成干擾。盡管如此，研究所選取的3處滯留塘對(duì)N、P和有機(jī)物等污染物都具有一定的凈化效果。

(2)相比之下，A類窄急型的滯留塘對(duì)TN凈化效果最佳，達(dá)12%以上；B類寬慢型的滯留塘對(duì)污水中的TP凈化效果較好，可達(dá)45%以上；C類與濕地串聯(lián)的滯留塘系統(tǒng)對(duì)有機(jī)物具有較高的凈化率，尤其對(duì)CODCr的凈化率可達(dá)37%以上。

(3)北方城市支流河道，溫度越高，不同類型滯留塘對(duì)各指標(biāo)的凈化效果越穩(wěn)定；反之，溫度越低，則凈化效果波動(dòng)越大。整體上各滯留塘對(duì)CODCr以及TP的凈化效果都較好。

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中圖分類號(hào):X522

文章編號(hào):1674-991X(2016)02-0133-06

doi:10.3969j.issn.1674-991X.2016.02.020

作者簡(jiǎn)介:顏秉斐(1989—)，女，碩士，主要從事水環(huán)境修復(fù)及風(fēng)險(xiǎn)控制技術(shù)，ybf201506@163.com*責(zé)任作者:彭劍峰(1977—)，男，研究員，博士，主要從事水環(huán)境修復(fù)及風(fēng)險(xiǎn)控制技術(shù)，pjf1995@163.com

基金項(xiàng)目:國(guó)家水體污染控制與治理科技重大專項(xiàng)(2012ZX07202-005)

收稿日期:2015-10-15