周毅駿 欽丹萍
浙江中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院消化內(nèi)科(310006)
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生物學(xué)標(biāo)記物診斷非酒精性脂肪性肝病的研究進(jìn)展
周毅駿欽丹萍*
浙江中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院消化內(nèi)科(310006)
*本文通信作者,Email: 15088662042@126.com
摘要非酒精性脂肪性肝病(NAFLD)是一種與胰島素抵抗和遺傳易感密切相關(guān)的代謝應(yīng)激性肝臟損傷,近年其在我國的發(fā)病率呈逐年上升趨勢。目前肝組織活檢是診斷NAFLD的金標(biāo)準(zhǔn),但檢查為侵入性,存在一定風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。因此,尋找一種簡單、準(zhǔn)確的診斷方法成為亟待解決的問題。無創(chuàng)生物學(xué)標(biāo)記物診斷NAFLD是近年的研究熱點(diǎn)。本文就生物學(xué)標(biāo)記物診斷NAFLD的研究進(jìn)展作一綜述。
關(guān)鍵詞非酒精性脂肪性肝??;生物學(xué)標(biāo)記;診斷;炎癥;肝纖維化;肝硬化
Liver Cirrhosis
非酒精性脂肪性肝病(nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, NAFLD)是一種與胰島素抵抗和遺傳易感密切相關(guān)的代謝應(yīng)激性肝臟損傷,包括非酒精性單純性脂肪肝(nonalcoholic simple fatty liver, NAFL)、非酒精性脂肪性肝炎(nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, NASH)等疾病。近年來,隨著環(huán)境、飲食結(jié)構(gòu)等的改變,NAFLD在我國的發(fā)病率呈逐年上升趨勢,越來越受到關(guān)注。NAFLD不僅可通過NASH進(jìn)展至肝纖維化和肝硬化,增加肝病相關(guān)死亡率,亦可作為代謝綜合征的組分,增加動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化和心血管疾病的死亡率以及2型糖尿病的發(fā)病率。肝組織活檢是診斷NAFLD的金標(biāo)準(zhǔn),但檢查為侵入性,存在一定風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。因此,尋找一種簡單、準(zhǔn)確的診斷方法成為亟待解決的問題。無創(chuàng)生物學(xué)標(biāo)記物診斷NAFLD是近年的研究熱點(diǎn)。本文就生物學(xué)標(biāo)記物診斷NAFLD的研究進(jìn)展作一綜述。
一、肝脂肪變性標(biāo)記物
肝脂肪變性是NAFLD疾病狀態(tài)的起始步驟,單純的肝脂肪變性(如NAFL)預(yù)后較好,因脂肪變性可逆,早期干預(yù)尤為重要。目前臨床上診斷肝脂肪變性主要依靠影像學(xué)手段,但B超、CT以及MRI等檢查方法在早期識別肝脂肪變性方面存在一定缺陷[1]。因此亟需探索無創(chuàng)的生物學(xué)標(biāo)記物診斷,用于早期識別肝脂肪變性,以指導(dǎo)臨床診療。
1. 自毒素(autotaxin, ATX):ATX是一種脂肪細(xì)胞來源的磷脂酶B。Rachakonda等[2]的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),血清ATX水平與伴有肥胖癥的女性NAFLD患者關(guān)系密切,與無NAFLD的肥胖癥女性相比,患有NAFLD的肥胖癥女性血清ATX水平顯著升高,且伴有堿性磷酸酶(ALP)、空腹血糖、空腹胰島素水平以及胰島素抵抗指數(shù)異常。該研究進(jìn)一步行線性回歸分析顯示,血清三酰甘油和ATX水平與肝脂肪變性獨(dú)立相關(guān),提示ATX可作為衡量肝脂肪變性的獨(dú)立生物學(xué)標(biāo)記物。
2. miRNA標(biāo)記物:近年來,有研究[3]指出血清循環(huán)miRNA,包括miR-21、miR-34a、miR-122以及miR-155等與NAFLD疾病進(jìn)程(脂肪變性、纖維化、硬化、癌變)相關(guān)。Miyaaki等[4]的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),NAFLD患者中血清與肝臟miR-122水平顯著相關(guān),提示miR-122可從肝細(xì)胞釋放入血液,且血清miR-122水平與肝脂肪變性程度密切相關(guān)。
3. 復(fù)合評分系統(tǒng):脂肪肝指數(shù)(FLI)、NAFLD肝脂肪分?jǐn)?shù)(NAFLD-LFS)、肝脂肪變指數(shù)(HSI)、內(nèi)臟脂肪指數(shù)(VAI)以及三酰甘油與葡萄糖乘積指數(shù)(TyG)是五個(gè)與肝脂肪變性和胰島素抵抗密切相關(guān)的生物學(xué)標(biāo)記物評分系統(tǒng)[5]。研究[6-7]顯示FLI可預(yù)測包括肝脂肪變性在內(nèi)的代謝綜合征相關(guān)的臨床預(yù)后,且與肝病相關(guān)死亡率密切相關(guān)。但目前關(guān)于FLI診斷的準(zhǔn)確性尚存爭議,有研究[8]認(rèn)為FLI與肝脂肪變性無顯著相關(guān)性。研究[9]顯示,NAFLD-LFS診斷肝脂肪變性的敏感性和特異性分別為86%和71%,與磁共振波譜分析(MRS)相似,但與肝組織活檢準(zhǔn)確性的比較尚待研究。HSI將ALT/AST、體重指數(shù)(BMI)、糖尿病作為變量進(jìn)行分析,其診斷肝脂肪變性的準(zhǔn)確性為81.2%,同時(shí)還可預(yù)測代謝綜合征相關(guān)事件[10]。VAI是評估內(nèi)臟脂肪代謝失調(diào)的一種評分系統(tǒng)[11]。內(nèi)臟脂肪不僅與胰島素抵抗和代謝綜合征相關(guān),亦與肝脂肪變性、肝臟炎癥以及纖維化密切相關(guān)。研究[12]顯示VAI與肝脂肪變性呈獨(dú)立相關(guān)。TyG是三酰甘油與葡萄糖水平的乘積,與胰島素敏感性呈負(fù)相關(guān)[13]。研究[14]發(fā)現(xiàn)TyG可獨(dú)立預(yù)測慢性丙肝患者輕度至重度肝脂肪變性程度,但在NAFLD中的作用尚未見報(bào)道。
二、肝組織炎癥標(biāo)記物
NAFLD被認(rèn)為是代謝綜合征的肝表現(xiàn),諸多研究表明代謝紊亂與炎癥密切相關(guān)。有學(xué)者提出“代謝性炎癥綜合征”的新概念,即指營養(yǎng)物和代謝產(chǎn)物所觸發(fā)的炎癥過程,該過程分子機(jī)制和信號通路類似于傳統(tǒng)的慢性低峰度炎癥反應(yīng),其由脂肪組織特異性巨噬細(xì)胞作為中樞環(huán)節(jié)協(xié)調(diào)介導(dǎo),多種細(xì)胞(脂肪細(xì)胞、骨骼肌細(xì)胞、淋巴細(xì)胞等)、細(xì)胞因子[腫瘤壞死因子(TNF)-α、白細(xì)胞介素(IL)-6、C-反應(yīng)蛋白(CRP)、IL-8和干擾素(IFN)-γ等]以及脂肪因子(瘦素、脂聯(lián)素、抵抗素等)共同參與炎癥的發(fā)生。在NAFLD病程中,NASH是NAFL向肝硬化進(jìn)展的限速步驟,為此是否能通過促炎癥生物標(biāo)記物鑒別NAFL與NASH已成為近年研究的重點(diǎn)。
1. TNF-α:TNF-α在胰島素抵抗中起有重要作用。Abiru等[15]的研究顯示,NASH患者血清TNF-α及其可溶性受體sTNFR1水平較NAFL患者明顯升高。Alaaeddine等[16]的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),NASH患者TNF-α mRNA水平顯著高于健康人群,并提出TNF-α mRNA 100 ng/mL可作為臨界值預(yù)測NASH,敏感性為66.7%,特異性為74.1%。此外,Du等[17]的研究顯示,采用TNF-α拮抗劑已酮可可堿治療NASH,可降低患者體重、血清ALT、AST、葡萄糖和TNF-α水平以及NAFLD活動(dòng)評分,改善肝小葉炎癥,其證實(shí)了TNF-α在NAFLD發(fā)生、發(fā)展中扮演重要角色。但值得注意的是,TNF-α在其他一些炎癥性疾病中亦升高,故認(rèn)為其針對NAFLD的特異性有限。
2. IL-6:IL-6可通過細(xì)胞因子信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)抑制因子-3(SOCS-3)參與胰島素抵抗。Abiru等[15]的研究顯示,IL-6可溶性受體sIL-6R在NASH患者體內(nèi)較NAFL患者顯著升高。García-Galiano等[18]的研究顯示,血清IL-6>4.81 pg/mL可作為脂肪變性程度的獨(dú)立預(yù)測因子,而非NASH。Kinoshita等[19]的研究顯示,IL-6>4.6 pg/mL可有效鑒別NAFL和NASH(敏感性58.1%,特異性100%)。
3. CRP:研究[20]顯示CRP水平在NAFLD患者中顯著升高,可用于指導(dǎo)NAFLD診斷。然而該研究診斷NAFLD是基于ALT水平升高和超聲改變,而非肝活檢,故結(jié)果有待證實(shí)。Maleki等[21]的研究顯示,NASH患者高敏感性CRP(hs-CRP)水平較非NASH患者顯著升高,并且其表達(dá)水平與肝纖維化程度呈正相關(guān)。Fierbinteanu-Braticevici等[22]的研究顯示,CRP 3.5 mg/L作為臨界值可有效預(yù)測NASH(敏感性82%,特異性88%),但對預(yù)測重度肝纖維化(F≥3)無效。
4. 鐵蛋白:鐵蛋白屬于急性時(shí)相蛋白,當(dāng)機(jī)體處于炎癥、感染等情況時(shí)可顯著升高。Angulo等[23]的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),血清鐵蛋白水平在NAFLD患者體內(nèi)顯著升高,且濃度與肝纖維化程度相關(guān)。Kowdley等[24]的研究顯示,血清鐵蛋白水平>1.5倍正常值上限(女性>300 ng/mL,男性>450 ng/mL)與肝鐵質(zhì)沉積以及組織學(xué)損傷嚴(yán)重程度呈正相關(guān),并可作為NAFLD患者肝纖維化的獨(dú)立預(yù)測因子。
5. 氧化應(yīng)激標(biāo)記物:氧化應(yīng)激是判斷炎癥的一種間接指標(biāo)。肝內(nèi)脂肪沉積會(huì)引起肝細(xì)胞發(fā)生氧化反應(yīng),產(chǎn)生自由基,誘導(dǎo)一系列級聯(lián)反應(yīng),級聯(lián)反應(yīng)中某些穩(wěn)定物質(zhì)或最終產(chǎn)物可作為氧化應(yīng)激的標(biāo)記物。Feldstein等[25]的研究顯示,NASH患者與正常人群相比,自由基介導(dǎo)的氧化反應(yīng)產(chǎn)物9,13-羥基十八碳二烯酸和9,13-氧代十八碳二烯酸顯著升高。此外,體內(nèi)某些抗氧化應(yīng)激成分的消耗程度,如谷胱甘肽,可作為一種間接衡量氧化應(yīng)激反應(yīng)的指標(biāo)。然而,氧化應(yīng)激目前被認(rèn)為是急慢性疾病的普遍特征,在自然衰老過程中亦可出現(xiàn),在肝臟疾病中的特異性有待證實(shí)。
三、肝纖維化標(biāo)記物
根據(jù)NASH的自然病程,15%~25%的患者會(huì)在 10~20年后進(jìn)展為肝硬化并出現(xiàn)相關(guān)并發(fā)癥。1/3的NASH患者在病程初期即已出現(xiàn)肝纖維化表現(xiàn),其中10%~15%發(fā)展為肝硬化甚至肝細(xì)胞癌(HCC)。近年NASH相關(guān)性HCC在肝移植適應(yīng)證中所占比例呈明顯上升趨勢[26]。因此,早期準(zhǔn)確評估NAFLD患者肝纖維化程度尤為重要。
1. AST與血小板比值(APRI):APRI是一種簡單易行的評分系統(tǒng),可用于評估肝纖維化或肝硬化程度[27]。Adler等[28]行meta分析顯示,APRI評分>0.5診斷重度肝纖維化的敏感性為81%,特異性為50%。Kruger等[29]的研究顯示,APRI評分可有效評估NAFLD晚期肝纖維化。
2. FibroTest:FibroTest是一種評估肝纖維化的評分系統(tǒng),由年齡、性別以及5種血清標(biāo)記物[α2-巨球蛋白(α2-MG)、結(jié)合珠蛋白、載脂蛋白A1、谷酰轉(zhuǎn)肽酶、總膽紅素]組成,可用于評估NAFLD相關(guān)肝纖維化[30-32]。
3. Fibrometer:Fibrometer是可用于鑒別病毒性肝炎與酒精性肝炎引起的肝纖維化的評分系統(tǒng)[33],基于血小板計(jì)數(shù)、凝血酶原時(shí)間、AST、α2-MG、透明質(zhì)酸、尿素氮水平以及年齡進(jìn)行評估。近年來,該評分系統(tǒng)對NAFLD肝纖維化的評價(jià)效應(yīng)受到部分學(xué)者關(guān)注[34-35]。
4. FIB-4:FIB-4是由血小板、ALT、AST水平以及年齡組成的評分系統(tǒng)。McPherson等[36]分別使用FIB-4以及其他3種非侵入性肝纖維化評分系統(tǒng)(AST/ALT比值、BARD和NAFLD纖維化評分)評價(jià)NAFLD患者肝纖維化程度,結(jié)果顯示FIB-4優(yōu)于另外3種評分系統(tǒng),可有效診斷晚期肝纖維化,避免不必要的肝活檢。
5. BARD:BARD評分系統(tǒng)基于BMI、AST/ALT比值以及是否有2型糖尿病對肝纖維化進(jìn)行評分,記分系統(tǒng)如下:BMI≥28 kg/m2,1分;BMI<28 kg/m2,0分;AST/ALT≥0.8,2分;AST/ALT<0.8,0分;糖尿病,1分。總分2~4分高度提示肝硬化可能[37]。然而有研究[38]指出BARD診斷肝纖維化的準(zhǔn)確性較低。故有學(xué)者[39]建議加入國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化比值(INR)以增強(qiáng)BARD的特異性和敏感性,但其診斷效應(yīng)有待進(jìn)一步行臨床試驗(yàn)驗(yàn)證。
上述5種評分系統(tǒng)能較好地鑒別肝纖維化低危與高危患者,評估不良事件發(fā)生率以及預(yù)測遠(yuǎn)期生存率。但有學(xué)者[40]指出,對于年齡≥45歲、肥胖(男性BMI>31.1 kg/m2,女性BMI>32.3 kg/m2)、合并糖尿病的肝硬化高?;颊?,建議采用肝活檢以明確組織學(xué)病變。
四、結(jié)語
隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展和生活方式的改變,中國地區(qū)NAFLD發(fā)病率呈逐年上升趨勢,已成為繼病毒性肝炎之后的新社會(huì)醫(yī)學(xué)問題。盡管肝活檢仍作為診斷NAFLD的金標(biāo)準(zhǔn),但生物標(biāo)記物作為一種無創(chuàng)檢查手段,具有獨(dú)特優(yōu)勢,能早期識別肝脂肪變性,合理評估肝臟炎癥程度,預(yù)測肝纖維化進(jìn)程,較好地協(xié)助臨床診療。相比于靜態(tài)單點(diǎn)肝臟活檢技術(shù),生物標(biāo)記物的可操作性、實(shí)用性以及動(dòng)態(tài)性使其在未來臨床應(yīng)用中更具前景。
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(2015-07-15收稿;2015-08-07修回)
Progress in Studies on Biomarkers for Diagnosis of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
ZHOUYijun,QINDanping.
DepartmentofGastroenterology,theFirstAffiliatedHospitalofZhejiangChineseMedicalUniversity,Hangzhou(310006)
Correspondence to: QIN Danping, Email: 15088662042@126.com
AbstractNonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a kind of metabolic and stress-related liver damage closely related with insulin resistance and inherited susceptibility. Its incidence is increasing recently in China. Liver biopsy is the gold standard for the diagnosis of NAFLD, but which is an invasive procedure with certain risks. Therefore, finding a simple and accurate diagnostic method is an eager task, and searching of non-invasive biomarkers for diagnosis of NAFLD has become a hot spot of study. This article reviewed the progress in studies on biomarkers for diagnosis of NAFLD.
Key wordsNonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease;Biological Markers;Diagnosis;Inflammation;Liver Fibrosis;
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1008-7125.2016.04.012