華優(yōu) 宋秀祖
黑素小體特異性蛋白Pmel17的研究進展
華優(yōu) 宋秀祖
Pmel17是黑素小體特異性蛋白,在早期黑素小體中形成纖維性基質(zhì),以利于黑素沉積。在Pmel17合成代謝過程中,適配器蛋白與Rab7參與調(diào)控其從高爾基體到黑素小體的投遞,去整合素金屬蛋白酶與pH值參與調(diào)控其在黑素小體內(nèi)形成纖維基質(zhì)。Pmel17與黑素小體的結(jié)構(gòu)形成,分級組裝,轉(zhuǎn)運功能等密切相關(guān),其表達受小眼相關(guān)轉(zhuǎn)錄因子、眼白化病1型因子、α黑素細胞刺激素等因素的調(diào)節(jié)。Pmel17參與了白癜風(fēng)發(fā)病,為白癜風(fēng)的免疫機制研究提供新的方向,Pmel17還可作為黑素瘤的治療靶點。
黑素細胞;白癜風(fēng);黑色素瘤;gp100黑色素瘤抗原;黑素小體;Pmel17
Fund programs:National Natural Science Foundation of China(81000697);Hangzhou Key Program for Medical Special Departments and Diseases(20130733Q24)
黑素小體特異性蛋白Pmel17是前黑素體蛋白,由PMEL基因編碼,也被稱為PMEL、SILVER、ME20、GP100等。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),老鼠體內(nèi)SILVER基因突變可導(dǎo)致色素表達下降[1]。之后關(guān)于Pmel17與黑素的研究日益增多。
Pmel17主要表達于皮膚和眼睛的色素細胞,是Ⅰ型跨膜糖蛋白。Pmel17是Ⅱ期黑素小體纖維基質(zhì)的一部分,相對分子質(zhì)量為100 000,其前體形式為90 000,通過糖化過程從前體轉(zhuǎn)化為成熟模式。在Pmel17的成熟過程中,先以前體P1形式嵌入在內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)膜中,之后運輸?shù)礁郀柣w中,通過低聚糖轉(zhuǎn)化為成熟的P2形式,繼之投遞到黑素小體中,在黑素小體中形成纖維性基質(zhì),以利于黑素的沉積[2]。在Pmel17合成代謝過程中,適配器蛋白(adaptor protein,AP)與Rab7參與調(diào)控高爾基體到黑素小體的投遞;去整合素金屬蛋白酶(ADAM)與pH值參與調(diào)控黑素小體內(nèi)的纖維基質(zhì)形成。
1.1 AP:主要參與細胞內(nèi)物質(zhì)運輸,在跨膜高爾基體蛋白的分選投遞過程中發(fā)揮作用。在Pmel17從高爾基體投遞到黑素小體的過程中,AP的糖基化是決定其投遞路徑的重要因素。AP的分選投遞作用與其亞型有關(guān),其中AP1和AP2在早期黑素小體的蛋白分選投遞中發(fā)揮作用,而AP3和AP4則未在此投遞過程中發(fā)揮作用[3]。
1.2 Rab7:屬于小G蛋白Rab家族,是細胞內(nèi)囊泡運輸?shù)年P(guān)鍵調(diào)節(jié)因子。Kawakami等[4]用黑素瘤細胞研究Rab7與Pmel17成熟之間的關(guān)系,發(fā)現(xiàn)用siRNA抑制Rab7表達,可以顯著抑制Pmel17的成熟,證實Rab7參與調(diào)控Pmel17的成熟過程。Hida等[5]進一步發(fā)現(xiàn),Rab7參與了Pmel17、酪氨酸酶、酪氨酸酶相關(guān)蛋白1等從高爾基體投遞到黑素小體的過程。
1.3 ADAM:是一類跨膜或分泌型蛋白,可以介導(dǎo)細胞外域脫落,調(diào)節(jié)細胞的黏附和遷移,其中ADAM10和ADAM17參與了黑素生成的調(diào)節(jié)。在黑素小體中,Pmel17通過ADAM的作用切割釋放可溶性片段,進一步加工成更小的纖維源性片段(35 000~45 000,重復(fù)結(jié)構(gòu)域,可與單克隆抗體HMB45反應(yīng))。Pmel17的重復(fù)結(jié)構(gòu)域富含谷氨酸殘基,推測與黑素小體纖維基質(zhì)的合成有關(guān)[6]。在正常人黑素細胞中,ADAM抑制劑可以阻斷Pmel17的處理過程而減少纖維基質(zhì)的合成,從而導(dǎo)致黑素生成下降[7]。
1.4 黑素小體pH值影響Pmel17合成纖維基質(zhì):Pmel17的重復(fù)結(jié)構(gòu)域含有谷氨酸殘基,可以合成淀粉樣蛋白形成纖維,并穩(wěn)定纖維基質(zhì)的結(jié)構(gòu)。黑素小體內(nèi)pH值在纖維基質(zhì)的合成過程中發(fā)揮調(diào)控作用,在pH值為4.5~5.5時纖維基質(zhì)可以穩(wěn)定合成,而在pH值>6的情況下纖維基質(zhì)則會完全溶解破壞,從而影響黑素生成[8]。
2.1 Pmel17參與黑素小體形態(tài)學(xué)形成:黑素小體是一種存在于色素細胞中的細胞器,與溶酶體相關(guān)。其中Ⅰ、Ⅱ期屬于早期黑素小體,Ⅲ、Ⅳ期屬于晚期黑素小體,早期黑素小體缺乏色素,晚期黑素小體富含色素。Pmel17存在于早期黑素小體中,而與Pmel17具有同源性的GPNMB則存在于晚期黑素小體中[9]。Pmel17是黑素小體的關(guān)鍵結(jié)構(gòu)成分,其合成的淀粉樣纖維可作為黑素沉積的支架,促進黑素在黑素小體中形成。黑素小體的分期組裝與Pmel17的N末端有關(guān),其順式N末端可誘導(dǎo)生成黑素小體纖維基質(zhì);反式N末端能穩(wěn)定重復(fù)結(jié)構(gòu)域并促進其成熟,進一步促進纖維生成[10]。有研究證實,Pmel17作為黑素小體的結(jié)構(gòu)性蛋白可以調(diào)節(jié)黑素小體的形態(tài),但對黑素的合成速率并無顯著影響[11]。
2.2 Pmel17是黑素小體上的功能性淀粉樣糖蛋白:黑素細胞具有產(chǎn)生黑素的獨特能力,主要是由于黑素小體上表達一系列特定糖蛋白。Pmel17即是參與黑素儲存和生成的功能性淀粉樣糖蛋白[6]。通常淀粉樣糖蛋白過度沉積會對人體產(chǎn)生病理性效應(yīng),如阿爾茲海默病等[12]。但功能性淀粉樣糖蛋白可以防止?jié)撛谟卸井a(chǎn)物沉積,其作用主要是促進黑素沉積,保護黑素細胞免受外界不利因素影響[13?14]。Pmel17不產(chǎn)生病理性作用,可能與β淀粉樣前體蛋白裂解酶2(BACE2)有關(guān)。Rochin等[15]研究認為,黑素細胞中的BACE2能裂解Pmel17,促進其合成黑素小體淀粉樣纖維基質(zhì),還可調(diào)節(jié)黑素小體的前體裂解,有助于消除淀粉樣纖維及其中間體的潛在毒性。
2.3 Pmel17與黑素小體轉(zhuǎn)運:黑素小體在黑素細胞合成后通過樹突轉(zhuǎn)運到角質(zhì)形成細胞中。既往在黑素小體轉(zhuǎn)運的分子機制研究中,一直缺乏有效的黑素小體免疫學(xué)標記。2008年,Singh等[16]提出,在黑素細胞和角質(zhì)形成細胞共培養(yǎng)中,Silv/GP100/Pmel17的Silver位點可作為新的指標來追蹤黑素小體的轉(zhuǎn)運,證實了Pmel17可以作為研究黑素小體轉(zhuǎn)運的免疫學(xué)標記。2012年,Verdy等[17]在以上研究基礎(chǔ)上發(fā)現(xiàn),在黑素小體轉(zhuǎn)運過程中,Pmel17可以隨之轉(zhuǎn)運到共培養(yǎng)的角質(zhì)形成細胞中,在角質(zhì)形成細胞中可發(fā)現(xiàn)Pmel17標記的黑素小體,因此,通過檢測Pmel17的表達可以觀察黑素小體的轉(zhuǎn)運情況。
3.1 小眼相關(guān)轉(zhuǎn)錄因子(MITF):是調(diào)節(jié)黑素合成的關(guān)鍵轉(zhuǎn)錄因子,可以調(diào)節(jié)黑素合成途徑中幾個關(guān)鍵酶如酪氨酸酶,酪氨酸酶相關(guān)蛋白1等轉(zhuǎn)錄表達,Pmel17的轉(zhuǎn)錄表達也是由MITF調(diào)節(jié)[16]。在MITF突變胚胎的視網(wǎng)膜色素上皮中無法檢測到Pmel17的表達,進一步證實,MITF可以轉(zhuǎn)錄調(diào)控Pmel17在視網(wǎng)膜色素上皮中的表達[18]。
3.2 眼白化病1型因子(OA1):是7次跨膜蛋白,只表達在黑素細胞中[19]。OA1能激活MITF,從而調(diào)節(jié)Pmel17的表達。 Falletta等[20]利用雌性129/Sv老鼠建立 OA1+/+、OA1+/?和 OA1?/?細胞模型,研究發(fā)現(xiàn),OA1缺失的黑素細胞中,MITF和Pmel17表達顯著減少,推測OA1的功能缺失可以下調(diào)MITF的表達,繼而導(dǎo)致Pmel17的表達下降。Burgoyne等[21]研究證實,OA1還可以調(diào)節(jié)黑素小體的數(shù)量多少,但對黑素小體的體積大小無調(diào)節(jié)作用。
3.3 α黑素細胞刺激素(α?MSH):α?MSH可以通過上調(diào)PMEL基因的表達,從而提高Pmel17的蛋白表達水平[22]。抑制黑素合成的細胞因子如腫瘤壞死因子α和轉(zhuǎn)化生長因子β1,均可以抑制PMEL轉(zhuǎn)錄合成mRNA,但僅有腫瘤壞死因子α能夠下調(diào)Pmel17的蛋白表達。在α?MSH存在的情況下,腫瘤壞死因子α則無法下調(diào)Pmel17的蛋白表達,表明α?MSH在調(diào)節(jié)Pmel17的蛋白表達中發(fā)揮主導(dǎo)作用[23]。
4.1 Pmel17與白癜風(fēng):Kemp等[24]通過放射免疫技術(shù),最早證實白癜風(fēng)患者血清中存在Pmel17抗體,推測其可能與白癜風(fēng)發(fā)病有關(guān),通過Pmel17抗體與黑素細胞特異性抗原反應(yīng),在白癜風(fēng)的免疫學(xué)發(fā)病機制中發(fā)揮作用。Mandelcorn?Monson等[25]進一步研究發(fā)現(xiàn),Pmel17與白癜風(fēng)的病情活動相關(guān),在17例人白細胞抗原A2陽性的白癜風(fēng)患者中,有15例檢測到了抗原特異性T細胞與Pmel17抗原肽發(fā)生反應(yīng)。Tang等[26]利用全基因組關(guān)聯(lián)分析證實,12q13.2是中國漢族人白癜風(fēng)易感位點之一,其緊接于PMEL啟動子的上游區(qū)域,且與其他自身免疫病,如Ⅰ型糖尿病和SLE相關(guān)聯(lián),為研究白癜風(fēng)的自身免疫學(xué)發(fā)病機制及與其他自身免疫病的聯(lián)系提供了依據(jù)。既往研究已經(jīng)證實,白癜風(fēng)是CD8+T細胞介導(dǎo)的自身免疫性皮膚病,但黑素細胞抗原特異性T細胞的具體作用機制尚不清楚。Byrne等[27]利用PMEL轉(zhuǎn)基因幼稚T細胞,證實黑素細胞的自身免疫性破壞可以誘導(dǎo)幼稚T細胞增殖,上調(diào)CD44、P選擇素配體和顆粒酶B的表達,但并未誘導(dǎo)干擾素γ的產(chǎn)生,且成年小鼠切除胸腺也未誘導(dǎo)出色素脫失的發(fā)生,但在白癜風(fēng)病程中若耗盡CD4+T細胞,則可以誘導(dǎo)PMEL轉(zhuǎn)基因幼稚T細胞產(chǎn)生干擾素γ。
4.2 Pmel17與黑素瘤:抗體藥物耦聯(lián)劑在黑素瘤的治療中越來越受到人們的關(guān)注。黑素小體特異性蛋白Pmel17是黑素瘤靶向治療中的靶點,通過抗體藥物耦聯(lián)劑識別Pmel17,促使靶向分子將藥物運往至腫瘤細胞內(nèi),從而可以有效地殺死黑素瘤細胞,發(fā)揮治療作用。研究證實,高表達的Pmel17可能在黑素瘤的靶向治療中發(fā)揮作用[27?28]。另外,在黑素瘤的化療過程中發(fā)現(xiàn),順鉑的臨床療效與Pmel17的表達水平有關(guān),Pmel17可抵抗順鉑的作用,使其療效減弱[29]。
黑素小體特異性蛋白Pmel17是參與黑素小體結(jié)構(gòu)形成的重要跨膜糖蛋白,可以調(diào)節(jié)黑素小體的結(jié)構(gòu)形態(tài),具有促進黑素小體生成和轉(zhuǎn)運的功能,可作為黑素瘤靶向藥物治療的靶點。Pmel17與皮膚病相關(guān)研究目前并不多,通過對Pmel17的不斷深入研究,有助于更好的了解黑素小體的結(jié)構(gòu)和功能,探討白癜風(fēng)的發(fā)病機制。
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Melanosomal specific protein Pmel17
Hua You,Song Xiuzu.Department of Dermatology,Third People′s Hospital of Hangzhou,Hangzhou Clinical College Affiliated to Anhui Medical University,Hangzhou 310009,China
Song Xiuzu,Email:songxiuzu@sina.com
Pmel17,a melanosomal specific protein,forms fibrous matrices in premelanosomes for the sake of melanin deposition.In the process of Pmel17 synthesis and metabolism,adaptor proteins and Rab7 participate in regulating delivery of Pmel17 from the Golgi apparatus to melanosomes,and the a disintegrin and metalloproteinase(ADAM)family and pH value in regulating formation of fibrous matrices in melanosomes.Pmel17 is closely associated with structure formation,hierarchical assembly and transport of melanosomes,and its expression is regulated by the microphthalmia?associated transcription factor(MITF),ocular albinism type 1 factor(OA1), α ?melanocyte?stimulating hormone(α?MSH),etc.Pmel17 is involved in the occurrence of vitiligo,and has provided new directions for studying into the immunological mechanisms of vitiligo.In addition,Pmel17 can serve as a target for the treatment of melanoma.
Melanocytes;Vitiligo;Melanoma;gp100 Melanoma antigen;Melanosome;Pmel17
國家自然科學(xué)基金(81000697);杭州市醫(yī)學(xué)重點專科專病項目(20130733Q24)
10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673?4173.2016.06.016
310009杭州,安徽醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬杭州臨床學(xué)院 杭州市第三人民醫(yī)院皮膚科
宋秀祖,Email:songxiuzu@sina.com
本文主要縮寫:AP:適配器蛋白,ADAM:去整合素金屬蛋白酶,BACE2:β淀粉樣前體蛋白裂解酶2,MITF:小眼相關(guān)轉(zhuǎn)錄因子,OA1:眼白化病1型因子,α?MSH:α?黑素細胞刺激素
2015?12?21)