羅云漢,吳 楓,曹軍驥,郭 曉
(1. 中國(guó)科學(xué)院地球環(huán)境研究所 中國(guó)科學(xué)院氣溶膠化學(xué)與物理重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,西安 710061;2. 中國(guó)科學(xué)院大學(xué),北京 100049;3. 西安交通大學(xué) 全球環(huán)境變化研究院,西安710049;4. 海南熱帶海洋學(xué)院 理工學(xué)院,三亞 572022)
不同提取液中源區(qū)沙塵溶解性鐵價(jià)態(tài)組成特征
羅云漢1,2,吳 楓1,曹軍驥1,3,郭 曉1,4
(1. 中國(guó)科學(xué)院地球環(huán)境研究所 中國(guó)科學(xué)院氣溶膠化學(xué)與物理重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,西安 710061;2. 中國(guó)科學(xué)院大學(xué),北京 100049;3. 西安交通大學(xué) 全球環(huán)境變化研究院,西安710049;4. 海南熱帶海洋學(xué)院 理工學(xué)院,三亞 572022)
利用pH 4.7醋酸銨溶液和pH 2硫酸溶液對(duì)四個(gè)沙塵總懸浮顆粒物(TSP)樣品進(jìn)行溶解性鐵提取,分別模擬沙塵含鐵礦物在雨水和大氣酸作用下的溶解。結(jié)果顯示:在pH 4.7醋酸銨溶液中沙塵鐵的溶解性介于2.30%—5.74%,平均值為4.17%;在pH 2硫酸溶液中沙塵鐵的溶解性為4.72%—7.27%,平均值為6.13%。兩種溶液中溶解性鐵的價(jià)態(tài)組成存在明顯差異,在pH 4.7醋酸銨中,溶解性鐵主要以三價(jià)鐵(FeⅢ)形式存在,占全部溶解性鐵的76.7%—98.3%,二價(jià)鐵(FeⅡ)僅占溶解性鐵的1.7%—23.3%;在pH 2硫酸溶液中FeⅡ的相對(duì)比例明顯增加,占全部溶解性鐵的17.3%—50.0%。推測(cè)在酸作用下富含二價(jià)鐵的礦物(如碳酸鹽礦物)發(fā)生迅速溶解,改變了溶解性鐵的組成。忽視這一機(jī)制可能不利于準(zhǔn)確理解沙塵鐵溶解性增強(qiáng)機(jī)理。
騰格里沙漠;二價(jià)鐵;三價(jià)鐵;含鐵礦物
沙塵攜帶的鐵是海洋,尤其是高氮低葉綠素(HNLC)區(qū)域,表面海水鐵的主要來(lái)源(Duce and Tindale,1991;Jickells et al,2005;Mahowald et al,2009)。沙塵鐵的輸送可以緩解這些區(qū)域生物可利用鐵的不足,促進(jìn)海洋浮游生物的生長(zhǎng),提高海洋的初級(jí)生產(chǎn)力,進(jìn)而影響海洋和大氣之間的CO2的交換,最終影響全球氣候變化(Martin and Fitzwater,1988;Martin et al,1994;Jickells et al,2005;高會(huì)旺等,2009;孫佩敬等,2009)。冰心記錄顯示在冰期-間冰期旋回中粉塵鐵通量與大氣CO2濃度呈明顯的負(fù)相關(guān)變化(Martin,1990;Shi et al,2012)。
沙塵鐵元素的生物可利用性或溶解性是理解和評(píng)價(jià)沙塵全球生物地球化學(xué)效應(yīng)最大的不確定性因素之一,有關(guān)其溶解性增強(qiáng)機(jī)制一直是大氣化學(xué)研究領(lǐng)域的熱點(diǎn)問(wèn)題。過(guò)去20年,關(guān)于沙塵鐵溶解性開(kāi)展了很多研究,提出了多種鐵溶解性增強(qiáng)機(jī)制,如重力-粒徑分異作用(Baker and Jickells,2006)、大氣酸(有機(jī)酸、無(wú)機(jī)酸)作用(Desboeufs et al,1999;Kieber et al,2005;Luo and Gao,2010;Paris and Desboeufs,2013)、大氣光化學(xué)作用等(Zhu et al,1997;Chen and Siefert,2003;Fu et al,2010),但這些機(jī)制一方面并不能完全解釋沙塵鐵溶解性的巨大變異(0.1%—80%),另一方面尚缺乏統(tǒng)一的外場(chǎng)觀測(cè)證據(jù)的支持(Baker and Croot,2010)。
研究沙塵溶解性鐵的特征(溶解過(guò)程和價(jià)態(tài)特征)是認(rèn)識(shí)鐵溶解性增強(qiáng)機(jī)制的重要手段。例如,Zhuang et al(1992)發(fā)現(xiàn)北太平洋上氣溶膠中的溶解性二價(jià)鐵顯著高于中國(guó)黃土或城市氣溶膠中的溶解性二價(jià)鐵,因而提出了沙塵氣溶膠鐵溶解性增強(qiáng)機(jī)制是光催化還原作用;Zhu et al(1997)對(duì)大西洋巴巴多斯島上沙塵氣溶膠研究發(fā)現(xiàn),溶解性鐵含量沒(méi)有呈現(xiàn)明顯的晝夜變化,但溶解性二價(jià)鐵含量有明顯的晝夜變化,因而認(rèn)為沙塵鐵溶解性增強(qiáng)不是光催化還原的結(jié)果;Trapp et al(2010)對(duì)大西洋巴巴多斯島上氣溶膠研究發(fā)現(xiàn),氣溶膠鐵溶解性增加的同時(shí)溶解性二價(jià)鐵的比例也會(huì)相應(yīng)增加,認(rèn)為這可能與含二價(jià)鐵較高的生物質(zhì)燃燒產(chǎn)生的氣溶膠有關(guān)。
為了理解不同大氣過(guò)程下沙塵鐵溶解性的差異,用pH 4.7醋酸銨溶液和pH 2硫酸溶液對(duì)在亞洲沙塵源區(qū)(騰格里沙漠)采集的四個(gè)沙塵樣品進(jìn)行溶解性鐵提取,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)盡管排除了溶液中氧化還原反應(yīng)和光化學(xué)反應(yīng)的影響,兩種溶液中溶解性鐵的價(jià)態(tài)組成仍存在明顯差異。本文報(bào)道了這些結(jié)果,并討論了可能的原因及實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果對(duì)理解沙塵鐵溶解性增強(qiáng)機(jī)制的意義。
1.1 樣品采集
2015年4月,在內(nèi)蒙古騰格里沙漠開(kāi)展春季沙塵采樣工作。采樣站點(diǎn)位于騰格里沙漠東南緣一個(gè)自然村落(38°79′N(xiāo),105°38′E;1235 m a.s.l.),該村落常住人口不足30人,阿拉善左旗縣城距離站點(diǎn)東邊約30 km。每年春季來(lái)自中國(guó)北部及西北部沙漠地區(qū)的沙塵頻繁經(jīng)過(guò)采樣地區(qū),然后被傳輸?shù)饺藶槲廴久芗狞S土高原、華北平原等地區(qū)(Fu et al,2014;李貴玲等,2014;Wang et al,2014;黃耀等,2015)。
采樣儀器為意大利Zambelli Easy Pluse1 恒流量顆粒物采樣器,儀器架設(shè)于村民民房屋頂,儀器進(jìn)樣口距地面約4 m;采樣濾膜為酸洗過(guò)的直徑為47 mm的whatman 41纖維素濾膜,這種濾膜元素背景值低,對(duì)沙塵顆粒物采集效率可達(dá)99%以上(Zhu et al,1997;Trapp et al,2010);采樣流量固定為15 L·min-1,采樣時(shí)長(zhǎng)根據(jù)天氣條件變化作相應(yīng)的調(diào)整。利用便攜式粒子計(jì)數(shù)器(Lighthouse 3016)記錄采樣期間空氣顆粒物數(shù)濃度信息,同時(shí)利用便攜式氣象站(Kestrel NK4500)同步連續(xù)記錄采樣期間的氣象條件。采樣信息及采樣期間氣象記錄見(jiàn)表1。
此次觀測(cè)期間共采集四個(gè)沙塵樣品,其中2015-04-22的樣品采集于典型的局地?fù)P沙天氣,采樣期間空氣中粗粒子(粒徑>1 μm)數(shù)濃度很高,是該地區(qū)正常天氣的5倍(正常天氣粗粒子數(shù)約1.5×105個(gè)/m3),風(fēng)向?yàn)槟巷L(fēng),最大風(fēng)速約9.3 m·s-1;其余三個(gè)樣品均采集于沙塵天氣,采樣期間粗粒子數(shù)濃度均很高,是正常天氣的5—10倍,風(fēng)向?yàn)楸憋L(fēng)或西北風(fēng),平均風(fēng)速為3—9 m·s-1。
1.2 溶解性鐵與全鐵分析
選用pH 4.7醋酸銨溶液和pH 2硫酸溶液分別提取沙塵樣品中的溶解性鐵,這兩種溶液常分別用來(lái)模擬沙塵含鐵礦物在雨水和大氣酸作用下的溶解。在進(jìn)行溶解性鐵提取之前,對(duì)提取溶液充分通入氮?dú)庖匀コ芤褐械娜芙庋酰ㄍǖ獨(dú)饧s30 min)。溶解性鐵提取的具體操作為:裁剪1/4濾膜樣品,加入20 mL去氧提取溶液,隨后用鋁箔包裹樣品以避免光照,然后超聲1 h,脫色搖床再振蕩1 h,之后經(jīng)0.45 μm過(guò)濾器過(guò)濾提取溶液。
利用菲啰嗪-分光光度法測(cè)定提取溶液中溶解性鐵的含量及價(jià)態(tài)組成。該方法基本原理是:在pH 4—9條件下,F(xiàn)e2+與Ferrozine反應(yīng)生成紫色絡(luò)合物,該絡(luò)合物在波長(zhǎng)562 nm處有最大吸收。相對(duì)于其他溶解性鐵的分析方法而言,該方法不僅能夠測(cè)定總?cè)芙庑澡F的含量,而且能夠測(cè)定Fe3+(FeⅢ)和Fe2+(FeⅡ)各自的含量(Viollier et al,2000;Majestic et al,2006)。實(shí)驗(yàn)使用的分析試劑均選用分析純級(jí)別,分光光度計(jì)使用紫外可見(jiàn)光分光光度計(jì)(Mapada UV6100S)并配備10 cm比色皿,該方法對(duì)溶解性鐵(FeS)的檢測(cè)限在5—10 nL·L-1。
表1 樣品信息及采樣期間氣象條件Tab.1 Sampling information and meteorology
采用中國(guó)科學(xué)院氣溶膠化學(xué)與物理重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室X射線熒光光譜(Epsilon 5 ED-XRF)測(cè)定濾膜樣品的全鐵含量(FeT),鐵元素的儀器分析誤差小于10%(Cao et al,2008;Cheng et al,2010)。
表2總結(jié)了沙塵樣品在兩種提取溶液中的鐵溶解性(FeS/FeT)及價(jià)態(tài)組成。在醋酸銨溶液中沙塵鐵的溶解性介于2.30%—5.74%,平均值為4.17%,與前人類(lèi)似的研究相比,本研究中沙塵鐵溶解性結(jié)果處于較高值水平。例如Baker et al(2006a)利用pH 4.7溶液提取非洲沙塵氣溶膠溶解性鐵,鐵溶解性在介于1.4%—4.1%,Desboeufs et al(2005)利用類(lèi)似的提取方法獲得亞利桑那沙塵(ATZD)鐵溶解性為1.5%。沙塵鐵溶解性差異可能與沙塵的來(lái)源不同有關(guān)(Shi et al,2011)。
表2 pH 4.7醋酸銨溶液和pH 2硫酸溶液中鐵溶解性(單位:%)Tab.2 Fe solubility ( Unit: %) in the two extraction solutions
在稀硫酸溶液中沙塵鐵的溶解性明顯的增強(qiáng),鐵溶解性介于4.72%—7.27%,平均值為6.13%,較醋酸銨溶液平均增加了近47%,這與前人的研究結(jié)果相當(dāng)。如Fu et al(2012)利用pH 2硫酸溶液提取中國(guó)黃土中溶解性鐵,鐵溶解性約4.3%,Cwiertny et al(2008)利用pH 1的硫酸溶液提取中國(guó)黃土中溶解性鐵,鐵的溶解性約為7.5%;Spokes and Jickells(1995)利用pH 2—5.3硫酸溶液長(zhǎng)時(shí)間提取非洲沙塵氣溶膠樣品,獲得非洲沙塵鐵溶解性平均為5.5%,Shi et al(2011)利用相同的方法提取非洲沙塵源區(qū)表土樣品,鐵溶解性平均為8.2%。
兩種提取溶液中溶解性鐵的價(jià)態(tài)組成存在明顯差異。在pH 4.7醋酸銨中,F(xiàn)eⅢ是溶解性鐵主要存在形式,占全部溶解性鐵的76.7%—98.3%,F(xiàn)eⅡ僅占溶解性鐵的1.7%—23.3%,這符合傳統(tǒng)的認(rèn)識(shí)即在近環(huán)境中性條件下溶解性鐵主要以FeⅢ形式存在或來(lái)自鐵氧化物(主要含F(xiàn)eⅢ)的溶解。在pH 2硫酸溶液中FeⅡ和FeⅢ溶解性(FeⅡ/FeT和FeⅢ/FeT)都有所增強(qiáng),其中FeⅡ溶解性增加的幅度更大,由pH 4.7醋酸銨溶液中的0.56%增加到pH 2硫酸溶液中的2.19%,平均增加了3倍;FeⅢ溶解性增加較小,由pH 4.7醋酸銨溶液中的3.60%增加到pH 2硫酸溶液中的3.94%,平均僅增加了9.4%。在硫酸溶液中溶解性FeⅡ占到全部溶解性鐵的17.3%—50.0%,平均值為35.7%,明顯高于醋酸銨溶液。FeⅡ與FeⅢ相對(duì)比例改變更為明顯(圖1),四個(gè)沙塵樣品FeⅡ/FeⅢ的值均在硫酸溶液中大幅度的增加,在pH 4.7醋酸銨溶液中FeⅡ/FeⅢ均值為0.14,而在pH 2硫酸溶液中FeⅡ/FeⅢ均值為0.63,F(xiàn)eⅡ與FeⅢ的相對(duì)比例平均增加了3.5倍。
圖1 pH 4.7醋酸銨溶液和pH 2硫酸溶液中溶解性鐵價(jià)態(tài)組成Fig.1 Fe2+/ Fe3+in the two extraction solutions
兩種溶液中鐵溶解性和溶解性鐵價(jià)態(tài)組成的差異表明溶液酸性的增強(qiáng)不僅會(huì)增加鐵的溶解性,也會(huì)顯著改變?nèi)芙庑澡F的價(jià)態(tài)組成。含鐵礦物在酸介質(zhì)中溶解的本質(zhì)是溶液中H+與礦物晶體表面發(fā)生相互作用,這種相互作用會(huì)減弱晶體表面元素之間的化學(xué)鍵,破壞晶體表面的結(jié)構(gòu),使晶體表面的元素進(jìn)入到溶液中,而溶液中H+濃度越高,這種相互作用就越強(qiáng),晶體表面的元素就越容易進(jìn)入到溶液中去(Desboeufs et al,1999)。這解釋了pH 2的硫酸溶液中鐵溶解性顯著高于pH 4.7醋酸銨溶液中鐵的溶解性的現(xiàn)象。
不同提取溶液中溶解性鐵價(jià)態(tài)組成變化的原因較為復(fù)雜,主要包括提取溶液中的氧化還原作用,如溶解氧,試劑本身的氧化還原性質(zhì)(Cwiertny et al,2008),光催化還原作用(Zhu et al,1993;Fu et al,2010)以及含不同價(jià)態(tài)鐵的礦物的選擇性溶解(Cwiertny et al,2008)。本研究在進(jìn)行溶解性鐵提取實(shí)驗(yàn)時(shí)選擇的是醋酸銨和硫酸兩種提取試劑。在以往的研究中pH 4.7醋酸銨溶液經(jīng)常被用來(lái)模擬沙塵在雨水或云水中溶解(Desboeufs et al,2005;Baker et al,2006b),而硫酸溶液經(jīng)常被用來(lái)模擬沙塵在大氣酸作用下的溶解(Shi et al,2015),這兩種試劑本身不會(huì)與溶解性鐵發(fā)生氧化還原反應(yīng)。此外,在進(jìn)行溶解性鐵提取之前,對(duì)提取溶液進(jìn)行充分通氮?dú)猓s30 min)去氧。因而溶液中的氧化還原作用并不是造成兩種溶液中溶解性鐵價(jià)態(tài)組成巨大差異的原因。以往研究表明即使不去除溶液中溶解氧氣,F(xiàn)eⅡ標(biāo)樣也可以在常規(guī)條件下(4℃)保存數(shù)天(Majestic et al,2006)。光照,尤其是紫外光輻射,會(huì)將溶液中的溶解性FeⅢ催化還原成FeⅡ,改變?nèi)芤褐腥芙庑澡F的價(jià)態(tài)組成,這種作用的強(qiáng)弱與光的波長(zhǎng)和強(qiáng)度以及溶液的pH都有關(guān)(Zuo and Zhan,2005;Zuo et al,2005)。本次研究在進(jìn)行溶解性鐵實(shí)驗(yàn)過(guò)程中,對(duì)所有樣品進(jìn)行嚴(yán)格避光處理(鋁箔包裹),并在提取實(shí)驗(yàn)完成后2小時(shí)內(nèi)完成對(duì)樣品的溶解性鐵價(jià)態(tài)分析。數(shù)據(jù)質(zhì)量控制實(shí)驗(yàn)表明,利用提取溶液配制的100 nL·L-1的FeⅡ、FeⅢ標(biāo)樣在常規(guī)實(shí)驗(yàn)室條件下(光照、24℃)可以穩(wěn)定保存5—8 h。因而光催化還原作用也不是造成兩種溶液中溶解性鐵價(jià)態(tài)組成巨大差異的原因。
沙塵是地表巖石風(fēng)化的產(chǎn)物,含鐵礦物包括鐵氧化物、含鐵硅鋁酸鹽、碳酸鹽礦物等由于礦物的成因不同,這些礦物中FeⅡ和FeⅢ含量存在著差異(Heron et al,1994)。其中鐵氧化物中主要含F(xiàn)eⅢ(Zhu et al,1993),硅鋁酸鹽礦物中既含F(xiàn)eⅡ又含F(xiàn)eⅢ(Cwiertny et al,2008),碳酸鹽礦物中主要含F(xiàn)eⅡ(Tessier et al,1979;Heron et al,1994)。這些含鐵礦物的溶解速率受溶液pH的控制,溶液酸性的增強(qiáng)會(huì)引起這些含鐵礦物溶解速率不同幅度的增加,這可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致不同提取溶液中溶解性鐵的價(jià)態(tài)組成存在差異(Chou et al,1989;K?hler et al,2003;Golubev et al,2009)。以往研究發(fā)現(xiàn)黑暗條件下利用強(qiáng)酸溶液(pH 1—3)提取沙塵樣品,溶液中有相當(dāng)大比例(10%—40%)的二價(jià)鐵存在,認(rèn)為這些溶解性FeⅡ主要來(lái)自含F(xiàn)eⅡ礦物的溶解(Cwiertny et al,2008)。亞洲沙塵形成于干旱-半干旱地區(qū),含有較高含量(約10%)的原生和次生碳酸鹽礦物如方解石、白云石等(Cao et al,2005;Wang et al,2005),這些碳酸鹽礦物在沉積過(guò)程中會(huì)混入微量的鐵元素,鐵元素主要以FeⅡ的形式賦存在這些礦物的晶格中(Tessier et al,1979;Heron et al,1994)。此外,這些碳酸鹽礦物溶解速率對(duì)溶液pH的變化較其他含鐵礦物更加敏感,溶液酸性的增強(qiáng)會(huì)引起其溶解速率發(fā)生大幅度的改變。例如,在pH 5溶液中白云石溶解速率約為10-11mol·cm-2·s-1,而在pH 2溶液中其溶解速率為10-8mol·cm-2·s-1,pH每降低1個(gè)單位其溶解性速率增加近1個(gè)數(shù)量級(jí)(Chou et al,1989);而鐵氧化物如赤鐵礦在pH 5溶液中溶解速率約為10-17mol·cm-2·s-1,在pH 2溶液中其溶解速率約為10-15—10-16mol·cm-2·s-1,pH降低2—3個(gè)單位其溶解性速率才能增加1個(gè)數(shù)量級(jí)(Meskhidze et al,2003)。因此推測(cè)在兩種提取溶液中溶解性鐵價(jià)態(tài)組成的巨大差異,是沙塵中含F(xiàn)eⅡ的碳酸鹽礦物在溶液酸性增強(qiáng)后發(fā)生快速溶解的結(jié)果。
利用pH 4.7醋酸銨溶液和pH 2硫酸溶液提取了亞洲沙塵源區(qū)沙塵TSP樣品溶解性鐵。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),pH 2硫酸溶液中鐵溶解性顯著高于pH 4.7醋酸銨溶液,說(shuō)明酸性的增強(qiáng)可明顯增加沙塵鐵溶解性。兩種提取溶液中溶解性鐵的價(jià)態(tài)組成存在顯著的差異,在弱酸性或近環(huán)境中性(pH 4.7)溶液中,溶解性鐵主要以FeⅢ形式存在,溶解性FeⅡ僅占溶解性鐵的很小部分;在強(qiáng)酸性溶液中,F(xiàn)eⅡ含量大幅度增加。綜合分析后,推測(cè)在兩種提取溶液中溶解性鐵價(jià)態(tài)組成的巨大差異,是由于沙塵中含F(xiàn)eⅡ的礦物(如碳鹽酸)在溶液酸性增強(qiáng)后發(fā)生了快速的溶解。
沙塵在傳輸過(guò)程中,尤其是在大洋上傳輸過(guò)程中,往往會(huì)與人為污染氣團(tuán)或海鹽氣溶膠發(fā)生強(qiáng)烈的混合,這些人為污染氣團(tuán)中的酸性物質(zhì)如H2SO4、SO2、HNO3、HCl等會(huì)與沙塵顆粒物發(fā)生反應(yīng),并在顆粒物表面形成酸性很強(qiáng)的吸濕層,例如Zhu et al(1997)利用化學(xué)模式估算出大西洋巴巴多斯島上沙塵顆粒物表面吸濕層的pH能低至1;與之類(lèi)似,Meskhidze et al(2003)對(duì)中國(guó)黃海上采集的沙塵氣溶膠的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),這些沙塵顆粒物與人為污染氣團(tuán)強(qiáng)烈混合,沙塵顆粒物表面吸濕層的pH在1左右。本研究的結(jié)果表明,在這種強(qiáng)酸性的吸濕層里,含二價(jià)鐵的礦物如碳酸鹽礦物會(huì)發(fā)生快速的溶解,即使不發(fā)生大氣光還原反應(yīng)或不與含較多二價(jià)鐵的生物質(zhì)燃燒產(chǎn)生的氣溶膠發(fā)生混合,沙塵氣溶膠溶解性二價(jià)鐵比例也會(huì)升高。這種酸作用導(dǎo)致的溶解性鐵價(jià)態(tài)組成的改變,在以后通過(guò)溶解性鐵價(jià)態(tài)組成的變化來(lái)理解鐵溶解性增強(qiáng)機(jī)制時(shí)是不應(yīng)該被忽視的。
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pH-dependent dissolved iron speciation of dust collected in dust source region
LUO Yunhan1,2, WU Feng1, CAO Junji1,3, GUO Xiao1,4
(1. Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics (KLACP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; 2. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; 3. Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China; 4. College of Science and Technology, Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Sanya 572022, China)
Background, aim, and scopeAbout 30% of the world oceans like the Equatorial Pacific and the Southern Oceans are comprised of high-nutrient low-chlorophyll (HNLC) regions where phytoplankton growth is limited by bioavailable iron(Fe) supply. It is believed that increased bioavailable Fe supply to these regions will stimulate phytoplankton growth, leading to enhanced atmospheric CO2sequestration and nitrogen fi xation by the ocean, which can have profound impacts on climate. Mineral dust originated from the world semi-arid and arid regions is the dominant source of Fe to the remote oceans. Direct fi eld measurements reported Fe solubility of mineral dust ranging from less than 0.1% to as much as 80% with higher solubility values generally observed over remote parts of the oceans, implying that atmospheric processing can increase the Fe solubility during dust transport. To understand how atmospheric process will influence Fe dissolution behavior of mineral dust, Fesolubility and dissolved Fe speciation of mineral dust in typical atmospheric solutions were investigated.Materials and methodsIn April 2015, four dust Total Suspended Particle (TSP) samples were collected at the Tengger Desert, a well-known Asian dust source region. A quarter of the dust fi lter sample was extracted with ammonium acetate (pH 4.7) and sulfuric acid (pH 2) to simulate Fe dissolution in the rainwater and acidic aerosol water, respectively. Dissolved Fe and Fe2+in the extraction solution were measured colorimetrically using the Ferrozine method. Total Fe on the fi lter was determined with X-Ray Fluorescence.ResultsFe solubility was 4.17% (2.30%—5.74%) in the ammonium acetate and 6.13% (4.72%—7.27%) in the sulfuric acid. Large difference in soluble iron speciation was observed in the two solutions. In the ammonium acetate, Fe3+was the dominant species accounting for 76.7%—98.3% of the total dissolved iron and Fe2+only constituted a minor part (1.73%—23.3%). In the sulfuric acid, Fe2+was significantly mobilized and accounted for a much higher fraction of total dissolved iron (17.3%—50.0%) than that in the ammonium acetate.DiscussionThe results show that both Fe solubility and dissolved Fe speciation were strongly dependent on the pH of the extraction solution. Since mineral dissolution in the acidic solution is a proton-promoted process, it is reasonable that Fe solubility was significantly enhanced when the solution become more acidic. However, there exists many factors that may lead to a difference in dissolved Fe speciation in the two extraction solutions. These factors include (1) redox reaction between dissolved Fe and the extractant, (2) Photo-reduction of dissolved Fe, (3) Selective dissolution of Fe-bearing mineral in different extraction solution. On one hand, no redox reaction between dissolved Fe and ammonium acetate or between dissolved Fe and sulfuric acid is expected to occur in the extraction solution. On the other hand, all of the extraction experiments were conducted under dark condition. The only possible reason for the difference in dissolved Fe speciation in the two solutions lies in the selective dissolution of Fe-bearing minerals. Asian dust has a very high content of carbonate minerals and some Fe was trapped in the crystal lattice these carbonate minerals in the form of Fe2+. Moreover, dissolution rate of carbonate minerals is much more sensitive to pH than other Fe-bearing minerals. We proposed the large difference in soluble iron speciation was caused by fast dissolution of Fe2+-bearing minerals like carbonate when the pH of the extraction was lowered.ConclusionsWe found that both that Fe solubility and dissolved Fe speciation of mineral dust were strongly pH-dependent. Lowered pH of atmospheric solution not only leads to enhanced Fe solubility but also results in significant change in dissolved Fe speciation. This large change in the dissolved Fe speciation was possibly caused by fast dissolution of Fe2+-bearing minerals like carbonate under more acidic solution. When dust is transported in the atmosphere, the atmospheric solution around dust particle may become extremely acidic, leading to mobilization of Fe2+-bearing minerals as well as change in the dissolved Fe speciation. A lack of awareness of this pH-initiated change in dissolved Fe speciation may hamper an accurate understanding of factors that control dust iron solubility.Recommendations and perspectivesThis study reveals a new mechanism that may lead to a change in dissolved Fe speciation of mineral dust when dust is subject to atmospheric processing. This pH-initiated change in dissolved Fe speciation should not be ignored when we explain the factors that control dust iron solubility.
Tengger Desert; Fe2+; Fe3+; Fe-bearing minerals
LUO Yunhan, E-mail: luoyh@ieecas.cn
10.7515/JEE201602009
2015-12-21;錄用日期:2016-02-02
Received Date:2015-12-21;Accepted Date:2016-02-02
中國(guó)科學(xué)院戰(zhàn)略性先導(dǎo)科技專(zhuān)項(xiàng)(XDB05000000);國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目(40872211)
Foundation Item:Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (XDB05000000); National Natural Science Foundation of China (40872211)
羅云漢,E-mail: luoyh@ieecas.cn