汪子鈴,邱竹,陳雄斌,陳粼波,侯吉穎,姚輝,向玥,宋小英,熊麗溶,夏婕妤,王璐,王亞平
(重慶醫(yī)科大學(xué)干細(xì)胞與組織工程研究室,組織學(xué)與胚胎學(xué)教研室,重慶 400016)
D-半乳糖誘導(dǎo)衰老小鼠睪丸結(jié)構(gòu)與功能變化及其氧化應(yīng)激相關(guān)機(jī)制
汪子鈴,邱竹,陳雄斌,陳粼波,侯吉穎,姚輝,向玥,宋小英,熊麗溶,夏婕妤,王璐,王亞平*
(重慶醫(yī)科大學(xué)干細(xì)胞與組織工程研究室,組織學(xué)與胚胎學(xué)教研室,重慶 400016)
目的建立D-半乳糖(D-gal)致小鼠衰老模型,探討睪丸結(jié)構(gòu)與功能變化及相關(guān)機(jī)制。方法C57BL/6J小鼠隨機(jī)分為衰老組和對照組。衰老組小鼠皮下注射D-gal;對照組等時等量注射生理鹽水。模型復(fù)制完成第2d,采集小鼠內(nèi)眥靜脈血測定血清睪酮水平;取小鼠睪丸測定睪丸指數(shù);石蠟切片HE染色觀察睪丸組織形態(tài)學(xué);衰老相關(guān)β-半乳糖苷酶(SA-β-Gal)染色檢測生精細(xì)胞衰老;TUNEL法檢測生精細(xì)胞凋亡;制備睪丸組織勻漿上清,ELISA檢測TNF-α、IL-1β、和IL-6的水平;硫代巴比妥酸法檢測丙二醛(MDA)含量;酶學(xué)法檢測超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性;ABTS法檢測總抗氧化能力(TAC);Western blotting檢測衰老相關(guān)蛋白p21與p53表達(dá)水平。結(jié)果衰老模型組小鼠血清睪酮水平顯著下降,睪丸臟器指數(shù)無明顯差異,生精小管結(jié)構(gòu)紊亂,生精細(xì)胞病理損傷明顯,SA-β-Gal染色陽性的生精細(xì)胞百分率上升,細(xì)胞凋亡指數(shù)上升,睪丸勻漿上清中TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6水平顯著上升,SOD活性、TAC能力顯著降低,MDA含量上升,睪丸組織中衰老相關(guān)蛋白p21與p53表達(dá)水平顯著提高。結(jié)論D-gal建立的衰老動物模型可見睪丸形態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)與功能出現(xiàn)衰老的生物學(xué)表現(xiàn),其機(jī)制可能與氧化應(yīng)激損傷及p21/p53通路激活有關(guān)。
D-半乳糖;衰老;睪丸;細(xì)胞凋亡;氧化應(yīng)激;p21;p53
隨著人口老齡化進(jìn)程日漸加快,衰老生物學(xué)與延緩衰老的研究已經(jīng)成為社會科學(xué)和自然科學(xué)高度關(guān)注的重要領(lǐng)域。睪丸是男性的性腺,承擔(dān)精子發(fā)生與合成及分泌雄激素的重要作用。男性生殖生理功能隨著年齡增加而逐漸衰退值得高度關(guān)注,有研究提示這些變化可能與睪丸結(jié)構(gòu)衰老與功能衰退密切相關(guān)[1]。D-半乳糖(D-gal)可與葡萄糖結(jié)合形成營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)乳糖被人體消化吸收,但過量的D-gal累積會造成代謝的紊亂,導(dǎo)致衰老。因此,目前常用D-gal建立研究衰老的動物模型[2]。本研究采用D-gal制作衰老小鼠模型,探討衰老小鼠睪丸結(jié)構(gòu)、功能的變化及其機(jī)制,為尋找延緩睪丸衰老的途徑提供理論及實(shí)驗依據(jù)。
1 實(shí)驗動物
6~8周齡雄性C57BL/6J小鼠,體重19~21g,重慶市醫(yī)學(xué)實(shí)驗動物中心提供(合格證號SCXK渝2007-0001),飼養(yǎng)條件控制在20~25℃,自然照明,自由飲水和攝食。
2 主要試劑
D-gal(純度>99%)(上海生工生物工程有限公司);衰老相關(guān)β-半乳糖苷酶(SA-β-Gal)染色試劑盒、BCA蛋白濃度測定試劑盒、丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)/超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)/總抗氧化能力(total antioxidant capacity,TAC)檢測試劑盒、P53/P21單克隆抗體(上海碧云天生物技術(shù)研究所),β-actin鼠單克隆抗體(Proteintech武漢三鷹生物技術(shù)有限公司);ELISA試劑盒(TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6)(欣博盛生物科技有限公司),山羊抗鼠抗體二抗 (北京中杉金橋生物技術(shù)有限公司)。
3 小鼠衰老模型的建立
小鼠隨機(jī)分為衰老模型組和對照組,每組14只。衰老模型組:小鼠頸背部皮下注射溶于PBS的D-gal(120mg/kg,qd×42d);對照組:小鼠頸背部皮下等時等量注射生理鹽水。建模完成后第2d,采集相關(guān)實(shí)驗材料。
4 血清睪酮檢測
建模完成后第2d,各組小鼠內(nèi)眥靜脈取血,離心制備血清,DXI800全自動生化儀(美國貝克曼庫爾特有限公司)檢測血清睪酮含量。
5 睪丸器官指數(shù)測定及睪丸組織病理學(xué)觀察
模型復(fù)制完成后第2d,稱小鼠體重,取出睪丸稱濕重,測定睪丸臟器指數(shù) (睪丸臟器指數(shù)=睪丸濕重/體重)。4%多聚甲醛白膜下固定睪丸24h,常規(guī)方法制備石蠟切片,HE染色,光鏡觀察睪丸組織病理學(xué)。每例隨機(jī)選取20個生精小管橫切面,分別計數(shù)支持細(xì)胞、精原細(xì)胞、初級精母細(xì)胞、球形精子細(xì)胞(包括次級精母細(xì)胞,Sa型,Sbl型)和延長精子細(xì)胞比值,圖像分析系統(tǒng)(Image Pro Plus 6.0)測量睪丸支持細(xì)胞和各級生精細(xì)胞數(shù)量,評價睪丸精子發(fā)生情況[3]。
6 睪丸衰老與細(xì)胞凋亡檢測
睪丸衰老組織化學(xué)分析:制備10μm睪丸冰凍組織切片,按照SA-β-Gal染色試劑盒說明書操作,光鏡下觀察睪丸組織切片中含藍(lán)色SA-β-Gal染色產(chǎn)物的陽性細(xì)胞相對密度,圖像軟件分析吸光度值。
細(xì)胞凋亡TUNEL法檢測:常規(guī)脫蠟處理切片,按照TUNEL檢測試劑盒方法操作,蘇木素復(fù)染細(xì)胞核,觀察棕色陽性細(xì)胞。每張切片隨機(jī)選擇20個生精小管截面,分別計數(shù)棕色陽性細(xì)胞和總生精細(xì)胞,其比值為陽性細(xì)胞率即為生精細(xì)胞凋亡指數(shù)(apoptotic index,AI)。
7 睪丸組織勻漿中氧化與抗氧化指標(biāo)和TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6含量檢測
稱取40mg睪丸組織按照比例(20mg組織加250μl裂解液)超聲均漿機(jī)勻漿,12000g離心5min,收集勻漿上清液,BCA蛋白濃度測定試劑盒檢測各組上清液的蛋白濃度。按照SOD、MDA、TAC檢測試劑盒說明書進(jìn)行相關(guān)指標(biāo)檢測,按ELISA檢測試劑盒說明書操作流程檢測睪丸勻漿中TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6的含量。
8 睪丸組織衰老相關(guān)蛋白檢測
提取兩組睪丸組織總蛋白,調(diào)整蛋白濃度,按40μg/泳道加樣,12%SDS-PAGE凝膠電泳分離;轉(zhuǎn)至PVDF膜,5%脫脂奶粉封閉2h;加鼠抗p53和鼠抗p21(1:2000)、鼠抗β-actin(1:4000)4℃孵育過夜;洗膜,HRP標(biāo)記的山羊抗鼠二抗(1:5000)室溫孵育2h;洗膜,ECL發(fā)光系統(tǒng)顯色,Image Lab軟件計算目的蛋白與內(nèi)參蛋白β-actin灰度值比值。
9 小鼠附睪尾及輸精管精子參數(shù)的檢測
取出附睪及輸精管,剪碎附睪尾,細(xì)針挑破輸精管,放入37°C、5%CO2培養(yǎng)箱孵育10 min。取10μl培養(yǎng)懸液滴片,光鏡下觀察100個精子,計數(shù)精子密度、活動率。0.15%伊紅活體染色法檢測精子存活率,龍膽紫酒精染色法觀察精子形態(tài)和計數(shù)[4]。
10 統(tǒng)計學(xué)處理
采用SPSS 20.0統(tǒng)計學(xué)軟件進(jìn)行單因素方差統(tǒng)計學(xué)(One-Way ANOVA)分析,計量資料以均值±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差表示,以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。
1 衰老小鼠血清睪酮水平降低
皮下注射D-gal 42d后,取小鼠內(nèi)眥靜脈血測定血清睪酮濃度顯示,D-gal誘導(dǎo)的衰老模型組小鼠血清睪酮水平顯著下降 (圖1)。
圖1 D-半乳糖對小鼠血清睪酮水平的影響。*,與正常對照組比較,P<0.01Fig.1 The effect of D-gal on the serum testosterone level in the aging mice.*,P<0.01,compared with the normal control group
2 衰老小鼠生精小管萎縮和生精細(xì)胞排列紊亂
衰老模型組小鼠睪丸臟器指數(shù)為0.0060± 0.00081,對照組為0.0064±0.00048,無統(tǒng)計學(xué)差異。對睪丸切片進(jìn)行HE染色,觀察顯示,對照組睪丸組織結(jié)構(gòu)正常,生精上皮完整,生精細(xì)胞排列有序 (圖2A);衰老模型組可見部分生精小管萎縮,生精細(xì)胞排列紊亂 (圖2B)。與對照組比較,支持細(xì)胞計數(shù)和精原細(xì)胞與支持細(xì)胞比值無明顯變化,但初級精母細(xì)胞、球形精子細(xì)胞和延長精子細(xì)胞與支持細(xì)胞比例均明顯下降 (表1)。
圖2 D-半乳糖誘導(dǎo)衰老小鼠睪丸組織學(xué)形態(tài)(HE染色)。A,正常對照組;B,D-半乳糖組;箭頭,A,正常生精小管;B,萎縮生精小管;比例尺,150μmFig.2 The testis structure of the aging mouse induced by D-gal(HE staining).A,normal control group;B,D-gal group;arrows indicate normal(A)and atrophic(B)seminiferous tubules;scale bar,150μm
表1 衰老小鼠睪丸生精小管各級生精細(xì)胞與支持細(xì)胞的比例Tab.1 Ratio of sperm atogenic cells to supporting cells in the sem iniferous tubule of aging m ice induced by D-galactose
3 衰老小鼠睪丸生精細(xì)胞凋亡指數(shù)增加
TUNEL法染色顯示,對照組睪丸生精小管中僅見少量TUNEL染色呈弱陽性的凋亡細(xì)胞(圖3A1),衰老組中TUNEL染色陽性的凋亡細(xì)胞明顯增加,其陽性強(qiáng)度較對照組明顯增大 (圖3A2),凋亡指數(shù)顯著高于對照組,是對照組的575.5%(圖3B)。
圖3 D-半乳糖誘導(dǎo)衰老小鼠與正常對照小鼠睪丸內(nèi)生精細(xì)胞凋亡比較。A,凋亡細(xì)胞的TUNEL法檢測;A1,正常對照組;A2,D-半乳糖組;比例尺,150μm;B,凋亡指數(shù)的統(tǒng)計學(xué)分析;*,與正常對照組比較,P<0.01(n=20)Fig.3 Comparison of the apoptosis of spermatogenic cells in the D-gal and the control groups.A,detection of the apoptotic cells by TUNELmethod;A1,normal control group;A2,D-gal group;scale bar,150μm;B,statistical analysis of the apoptotic index;*,P<0.01,compared with the control group(n=20)
4 衰老小鼠生精細(xì)胞β-半乳糖苷酶活性增加
SA-β-Gal染色睪丸組織中,胞質(zhì)呈藍(lán)色為SA-β-Gal陽性細(xì)胞,著色深淺與著色面積同睪丸衰老程度成正相關(guān)。SA-β-Gal染色顯示,正常組睪丸組織細(xì)胞SA-β-Gal陽性細(xì)胞著色淺,吸光度較低(圖4A1);D-gal誘導(dǎo)衰老小鼠睪丸組織中β-半乳糖苷酶活性增強(qiáng),表現(xiàn)為SA-β-Gal陽性細(xì)胞著色深,染色顆粒較粗大 (圖4A2),吸光度較對照組明顯增加,是對照組的309.4%(圖4B)。
圖4 D-半乳糖誘導(dǎo)衰老小鼠與正常對照小鼠睪丸組織中β-半乳糖苷酶活性比較。A,β-半乳糖苷酶活性染色法檢測;A1,正常對照組;A2,D-半乳糖組;比例尺,150μm;B,β-半乳糖苷酶活性的統(tǒng)計學(xué)分析;*,與正常對照組比較,0.01<P<0.05Fig.4 Comparison ofβ-galactosidase activity in the spermatogenic cells of the D-gal and the control groups.A,detection ofβ-galactosidase activity by SA-β-Gal staining;A1,normal control group;A2,D-gal group;scale bar,150μm;B,statistical analysis ofβ-galactosidase activity;*,0.01<P<0.05,compared with the control group
5 衰老小鼠睪丸組織抗氧化能力降低
D-gal誘導(dǎo)衰老模型組睪丸組織勻漿中SOD活性和TAC均較正常對照小鼠顯著降低,分別為正常小鼠的58%和44%;而MDA含量則較正常對照小鼠顯著升高,為正常小鼠的163%(表2)。
表2 D-半乳糖誘導(dǎo)衰老與正常小鼠睪丸中SOD、TAC和MDA水平比較Tab.2 Comparison of the levels of SOD,TAC and MDA in the testes of the D-gal and the control groups
6 衰老小鼠睪丸組織勻漿中TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6含量變化
ELISA檢測顯示,D-gal誘導(dǎo)衰老組小鼠睪丸組織勻漿中TNF-α和IL-1β、IL-6含量較正常對照小鼠明顯增加 (表3),分別為對照小鼠的208.3%、122.9和183.4%。
表3 D-半乳糖誘導(dǎo)衰老與正常小鼠睪丸中TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-6含量比較Tab.3 Comparison of the levels of TNF-α,IL-1βand IL-6 in the testes of the D-gal and the control groups
7 衰老小鼠睪丸內(nèi)p21和p53蛋白上調(diào)
Western blot檢測顯示,正常小鼠睪丸組織有少量p53和p21表達(dá),D-gal誘導(dǎo)衰老小鼠睪丸組織中p53和p21水平較正常小鼠明顯升高(圖5),分別為正常小鼠的206.1%和158.8%。
圖5 D-半乳糖組衰老小鼠與正常對照組睪丸內(nèi)p53和p21蛋白水平。A,p53和p21的Western blot檢測;B,蛋白表達(dá)水平的統(tǒng)計學(xué)分析;*,與正常對照組比較,0.01<P<0.05Fig.5 Comparison of the level of p53 and p21 in D-galactose-induced agingmice and controlmice.A,the protein of the testes in each group was collected,and protein quantification was processed by Western Blot;B,statistical analysis of protein level;*,0.01<P<0.05,compared with control group
8 衰老小鼠附睪及輸精管精子密度、正常形態(tài)率和精子活動率降低
附睪及輸精管內(nèi)精子參數(shù)檢測發(fā)現(xiàn),D-gal誘導(dǎo)衰老小鼠精子密度、正常形態(tài)率、精子活動率均較正常對照顯著降低 (表4),分別是正常小鼠的57.7%、69.3%、94.0%和67.5%。
表4 D-半乳糖誘導(dǎo)衰老和正常小鼠附睪尾及輸精管內(nèi)精子參數(shù)比較 (s,n=14)Tab.4 Parameters of sperm s in the epididym idis and vas deferens of the D-gal and the control groups
表4 D-半乳糖誘導(dǎo)衰老和正常小鼠附睪尾及輸精管內(nèi)精子參數(shù)比較 (s,n=14)Tab.4 Parameters of sperm s in the epididym idis and vas deferens of the D-gal and the control groups
*,與正常對照組比較,0.01<P<0.05*,0.01<P<0.05,compared with the control group
參數(shù)(Parameters) 正常對照組(Control) D-半乳糖組(Agingmodel )精子密度(Sperm density)(×106/ml) 16.40±0.85 9.46±0.19*存活率(Sperm vitality) 64.50±15.98 44.67±15.33正常形態(tài)率(Normalmorphology percentage) 91.33±1.53 85.83±1.53*活動率(Sperm activate rate) 76.36±0.13 51.58±0.57*
衰老生物學(xué)與老年性疾病是社會科學(xué)與醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)領(lǐng)域中熱門課題,其中生殖器官衰老與機(jī)制倍受關(guān)注。睪丸是男性精子發(fā)生和雄性激素分泌器官,研究證明正常男性40-50歲后開始出現(xiàn)生殖功能退化[6]。研究衰老機(jī)體睪丸結(jié)構(gòu)與功能變化對尋找延緩男性生殖功能衰退方法有重要理論價值與臨床應(yīng)用前景。
D-gal是目前公認(rèn)的致衰劑,用其復(fù)制的衰老動物模型與自然衰老相似,已經(jīng)廣泛用于衰老動物模型構(gòu)建和體外細(xì)胞衰老模型復(fù)制[2,7]。正常機(jī)體內(nèi)少量D-gal可轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)槠咸烟?,參與代謝,但大量的D-gal將導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞代謝紊亂,使組織細(xì)胞氧化酶的活性改變,繼而產(chǎn)生大量超氧陰離子和氧化產(chǎn)物,后者將導(dǎo)致生物大分子結(jié)構(gòu)與功能損傷,最終導(dǎo)致機(jī)體細(xì)胞衰老。本研究采用D-gal建立小鼠衰老模型,模型組小鼠血清睪酮含量顯著下降,生精小管與生精細(xì)胞排列紊亂,生精細(xì)胞與支持細(xì)胞比例降低,睪丸組織SA-β-Gal陽性細(xì)胞增加且吸光度較高,生精細(xì)胞凋亡指數(shù)提高,附睪與輸精管內(nèi)精子數(shù)量下降和精子存活率、活動率和正常精子率均明顯降低。結(jié)果提示,D-gal復(fù)制的動物衰老模型可使睪丸形態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)與功能出現(xiàn)衰老的生物學(xué)改變,可用于睪丸衰老相關(guān)生物學(xué)的研究[8,9]。
細(xì)胞衰老機(jī)制極為復(fù)雜,存在有多種學(xué)說,其中氧化應(yīng)激及自由基學(xué)說是衰老的主流學(xué)說。該學(xué)說認(rèn)為,衰老是氧化損傷的最終結(jié)果:線粒體內(nèi)的氧化應(yīng)激形成惡性循環(huán),損傷的線粒體產(chǎn)生更多量的活性氧,導(dǎo)致?lián)p傷逐漸增加,最終導(dǎo)致衰老[10]。正常情況下,機(jī)體內(nèi)的氧化與抗氧化處于動態(tài)平衡的狀態(tài),活性氧(ROS)作為細(xì)胞內(nèi)重要的氧化還原系統(tǒng),對維持氧化還原的平衡起著重要作用[11]。當(dāng)機(jī)體受到內(nèi)源性或外源性氧化損傷,導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞內(nèi)產(chǎn)生大量ROS,它會引起生物大分子的過氧化反應(yīng),造成細(xì)胞結(jié)構(gòu)與功能的破壞損傷[12]。MDA作為氧化還原系統(tǒng)成員,可以反映機(jī)體內(nèi)脂質(zhì)氧化的程度,其水平的高低可以反映機(jī)體內(nèi)脂質(zhì)氧化的程度,也是目前評價細(xì)胞氧化程度的重要指標(biāo)[13]。超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)是還原系統(tǒng)中的大分子抗氧化酶類,對細(xì)胞氧化還原的維持起著至關(guān)重要的作用,是細(xì)胞內(nèi)自由基-超氧自由基的天然清除劑[14]。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),D-gal模型組小鼠睪丸勻漿中SOD含量、總抗氧化能力均顯著降低,MDA含量顯著升高,提示D-gal可以導(dǎo)致睪丸內(nèi)氧化與抗氧化的平衡調(diào)節(jié)體系破裂,這正符合D-gal氧化損傷致衰老機(jī)制。機(jī)體的氧化應(yīng)激反應(yīng)可引起細(xì)胞釋放相關(guān)炎癥因子,導(dǎo)致機(jī)體出現(xiàn)慢性炎癥反應(yīng),這是炎性衰老理論的主要觀點(diǎn)[15]。其中細(xì)胞因子TNF-α,IL-1,IL-6等可作為炎性衰老的血清學(xué)標(biāo)志[16,17]。本研究證明衰老小鼠的睪丸組織勻漿中TNF-α和IL-1,IL-6含量明顯增加,說明D-gal復(fù)制的衰老小鼠睪丸處于炎癥反應(yīng)狀態(tài),這是氧化應(yīng)激損傷導(dǎo)致睪丸結(jié)構(gòu)與功能損傷佐證之一。
氧化損傷也調(diào)控衰老相關(guān)的信號通路激活,促進(jìn)衰老相關(guān)蛋白p16、p53等的表達(dá)。p16可通過調(diào)節(jié)CDK4/6-pRB-E2F途徑,促進(jìn)磷酸化的Rb蛋白降解,從而抑制細(xì)胞增殖周期,增加p21的穩(wěn)定性。p53是一種應(yīng)激蛋白,其在細(xì)胞受到刺激時快速上調(diào),激活p21基因,從而抑制Rb蛋白磷酸化,阻止細(xì)胞周期的進(jìn)行,引發(fā)細(xì)胞衰老[18,19]。本文結(jié)果表明,衰老模型組小鼠睪丸勻漿上清中p53和p21含量增加,推測可能原因是D-gal通過氧化應(yīng)激使睪丸生精細(xì)胞DNA的損傷,進(jìn)而上調(diào)p53和p21表達(dá),啟動衰老通路的激活進(jìn)程。
[1]Seidman SN.Androgens and the agingmale.Psychopharmacol Bull,2007,40(4):205-218.
[2]Hu W,Jing P,Wang L,et al.The positive effects of Ginsenoside Rg1 upon the hematopoietic microenvironment in a D-galactose-induced aged ratmodel.BMC Complement Alterm Med,2015,15(1):1-8.
[3]Kimura M,Itoh N,Takagi S,et al.Balance of apoptosis and proliferation of germ cellsrelated to spermatogenesis in aged men.JAndrol,2003,24(2):185-191.
[4]谷翊群.世界衛(wèi)生組織人類精液檢查與處理實(shí)驗室手冊.北京:人民衛(wèi)生出版社,2011.
[5]Wang C,Hikim APS,Lue YH,et al.Reproductive aging in the brown norway rat is characterized by accelerated germ cell apoptosis and is not altered by luteinizing hormone replacement.JAndrol,1999,20(4):509-518.
[6]Hermann M,Untergasser G,Rumpold H,et al.Aging of themale reproductive system.Exp Gerontol,2000,35(9-10):1267-1279.
[7]彭彬,陳茂山,蒲瑩,等.人參皂苷Rg1延緩D-半乳糖大鼠腦衰老作用機(jī)制的初步研究.重慶醫(yī)科大學(xué)學(xué)報,2011,36(4):419-422.
[8]Hochreiter WW,Ackermann DK,Brütsch HP. Andropause.Ther Umsch,2005,62(12):821-826.
[9]Matsumoto AM,Marck BT,Gruenewald DA,et al.Aging and the neuroendocrine regulation of reproduction and body weight.Exp Gerontol,2000,35(9-10):1251-1265.
[10]Romano AD,Serviddio G,Matthaeis DA,et al. Oxidative stress and aging.JNephrol,2010,23(15):29-36.
[11]海春旭.自由基醫(yī)學(xué).西安:第四軍醫(yī)大學(xué)出版社,2006.
[12]Valko M,Leibfritz D,Moncol J,et al.Free radicals and antioxidants in normal physiological functions and human disease.Int J BiochemCell B,2007,39(1):44-84.
[13]林樺,王凱,嚴(yán)慶惠,等.老年2型糖尿病患者氧自由基代謝、血清NO、SOD、MDA及血脂、血流變指標(biāo)關(guān)系探討.老年醫(yī)學(xué)與保健,2000(2):96-98.
[14]Raamsdonk JMV,Hekimi S.Superoxide dismutase is dispensable for normal animal lifespan. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,2012,109(15):5785-5790.
[15]Gill R,Tsung AT.Linking oxidative stress to inflammation:Toll-like receptors.Free Radical Bio Med,2010,48(9):1121-1132.
[16]Bruunsgaard H,Andersen-Ranberg K,Hjelmborg JB,et al.Elevated levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha and mortality in centenarians.Am JMed,2003,115(4):278-283.
[17]Freund A,Orjalo AV,Desprez PY,et al.Inflammatory networks during cellular senescence:causes and consequences.Trends Mol Med,2010,16(5):238-246.
[18]Oda E,Ohki R,Murasawa H,et al.Noxa,a BH3-onlymember of the Bcl-2 family and candidate nediator of p53-induced apoptosis.Science,2000,288(5468):1053-1058.
[19]Chen X,Zhang W,Gao YF,et al.Senescencelike changes induced by expression of p21(Waf1/Cip1)in NIH3T3 cell line.Cell Res,2002,12(3):229-233.
Change in the testis structure and function of D-gal-induced aging m ice and the oxidative stress-related mechanism
Wang Ziling,Qiu Zhu,Chen Xiongbin,Chen Linbo,Hou Jiying,Yao Hui,Xiang Yue,Song Xiaoying,Xiong Lirong,Xia Jieyu,Wang Lu,Wang Yaping*
(Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering,Department of Histology and Embryology,Chongqing Medical University,Chongqing 400016,China)
ObjectiveTo establish D-galactose(D-gal)-induced agingmousemodels and explore the change in testis structure and function and the relativemechanism.M ethods28 male C57BL/6Jmice were randomly divided into two groups,14 mice in either group.The agingmodel group were subcutaneously injected with D-galactose(120mg/kg,qd×42d);the control group with saline of the same dose at the same time.The 2nd day after model establishment,peripheral blood was collected from the inner canthus vein and the content of serum testosterone wasmeasured;the testes were sampled and testicular index determined.Paraffin sections of the testes were prepared;the testis histomorphology was observed by HE staining;the aging of spermatogenic cellswas detected by SA-β-Gal staining;the apoptosis of spermatogenic cellswas identified by deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated d-UTP biotin nick end labeling(TUNEL)technique.The testicular tissue homogenate was prepared;the contents of tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α),IL-1βand IL-6 were evaluated by ELISA;the content of malondialdehyde(MDA)wasmeasured by thiobarbituric acid method;the activity of superoxide dismutase(SOD)was evaluated by enzymatic method;the total antioxidant capacity(TAC)was determined by ABTS;the expression of aging-relatedproteins P53 and P21 was detected by Western blotting.ResultsCompared with the control group,the serum testosterone level of the agingmodel group decreased significantly;the testis index showed no obvious change;structural distortion of the seminiferous tubulewas observed aswell as noticeable pathological injury of the spermatogenic cells;the percentage of SA-β-Gal positive cells and the apoptotic index were higher;the levels of TNF-α,IL-1β and IL-6 in the supernatant of the testicular tissue homogenate increased significantly,while SOD activity and TAC noticeably decreased;the content of MDA increased,and the expression of p53 and p21 were remarkably up-regulated.ConclusionD-gal-induced aging animalmodelsmanifest biological features of aging of the testis structure and function.Themechanism may involve oxidative stress damage and the activation of the p53/p21 signaling pathway.
D-galactose;aging;testis;apoptosis;p21;p53
R339.2
A
10.16705/j.cnki.1004-1850.2016.06.002
2016-07-19
2016-12-18
國家自然科學(xué)基金(81173398);重慶市科委基礎(chǔ)與前沿研究項目(cstc2014jcyjA10001)
汪子鈴,女(1993年),漢族,碩士研究生
*通訊作者(To whom correspondence should be addressed):ypwangcq@aliyun.com