李丹丹,孫婷怡,楊姝,孫海梅,薛紅,周德山,季鳳清
(首都醫(yī)科大學基礎(chǔ)醫(yī)學院組織胚胎學教研室,北京 100069)
論 著
小鼠小腸Cajal間質(zhì)細胞和氮能與膽堿能神經(jīng)元的數(shù)量和形態(tài)生后發(fā)育特征
李丹丹,孫婷怡,楊姝,孫海梅,薛紅,周德山,季鳳清*
(首都醫(yī)科大學基礎(chǔ)醫(yī)學院組織胚胎學教研室,北京 100069)
目的觀察出生后至成年小鼠小腸Cajal間質(zhì)細胞(interstitial cells of Cajal,ICC)、氮能神經(jīng)元、膽堿能神經(jīng)元的發(fā)育情況。方法取出生后7d、28d和60d小鼠小腸制作全層鋪片,利用(免疫)組織化學等技術(shù)分別顯示ICC、氮能神經(jīng)元、膽堿能神經(jīng)元的數(shù)量和形態(tài)。結(jié)果小鼠生后小腸ICC的數(shù)量明顯增多,但單位面積細胞數(shù)量隨小腸長度和面積的增加而降低,在生后28d達到成體水平。而氮能神經(jīng)元和膽堿能神經(jīng)元的數(shù)量生后即達成體水平,隨年齡增加僅見神經(jīng)突起增長、神經(jīng)纖維增粗以及神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的密度變疏等改變。結(jié)論小鼠小腸ICC和胃腸壁內(nèi)的腸神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)(enteric nervous system,ENS)神經(jīng)元的發(fā)育并非同步,ICC的發(fā)育成熟明顯晚于ENS,提示出生后早期局部微環(huán)境更易影響ICC的發(fā)育與成熟,可能與部分嬰幼兒胃腸運動功能障礙疾病的發(fā)生發(fā)展有關(guān)。
Cajal間質(zhì)細胞;氮能神經(jīng)元;膽堿能神經(jīng)元;胃腸運動調(diào)控;發(fā)育
胃腸壁內(nèi)的腸神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)(enteric nervous system,ENS)由神經(jīng)元及彼此連接的神經(jīng)纖維組成,其中,運動神經(jīng)元分別通過釋放興奮性神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)和抑制性神經(jīng)遞質(zhì),調(diào)控平滑肌的收縮或舒張[1]。在此過程中,Cajal間質(zhì)細胞(interstitial cells of Cajal,ICC)亦發(fā)揮重要作用,ICC不僅作為胃腸自主節(jié)律性運動的起搏細胞,自發(fā)產(chǎn)生并傳導慢波至相鄰ICC及平滑肌細胞,引起平滑肌的自主節(jié)律性運動,還可介導ENS的興奮或抑制傳遞[2]。由此可見,ENS、ICC和平滑肌三者的協(xié)調(diào)共同發(fā)揮調(diào)控胃腸運動功能的作用[3]。以往研究表明,小鼠腸壁內(nèi)ICC和ENS在胚胎中期已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)[4,5],至生后逐漸發(fā)育完善,但生后至成年有關(guān)ICC和ENS的發(fā)育尚不完全清楚。因此,本研究從形態(tài)學角度,觀察小鼠生后至成年小腸壁內(nèi)ICC和ENS的發(fā)育變化,為進一步研究胃腸運動功能調(diào)控及相關(guān)胃腸運動功能障礙性疾病的發(fā)病機制提供新的形態(tài)學依據(jù)。
1 動物與主要試劑
實驗選用C57BL/6J小鼠(首都醫(yī)科大學動物部提供),雌雄不限,小鼠出生當日計為生后(postnatal,P)0天(P0),選取P7、P28、P60的小鼠各10只。
主要試劑:大鼠抗小鼠c-kit抗體ACK2(14-1172,eBioscience,1:200)、羊多克隆膽堿乙?;福–hAT)抗體(NBP1-30052,Novus,1:100)、Cy3標記羊抗大鼠二抗(A10522,Life Technologies,1:300)、Alexa Fluor 488標記驢抗羊二抗(A10521,Life Technologies,1:100)、β-NADPH(N7505,Sigma-Aldrich,1mg/mL)、NBT(N6876,Sigma-Aldrich,0.5mg/mL)。
2 小腸周長及長度測量
小鼠斷頸處死,取小腸,用直尺和游標卡尺測量小腸的長度和周長,計算總面積。
3 小腸組織鋪片制作
小腸經(jīng)100%丙酮(用于c-kit和NADPH-d染色)或4%多聚甲醛(用于ChAT染色)固定12h,于解剖顯微鏡下沿腸系膜緣剪開腸管,去除黏膜和黏膜下層,分離縱肌層,獲得ENS和ICC附著的鋪片,置于PBS中備用。
4 免疫熒光染色
鋪片依次經(jīng)0.01mol/L PBS漂洗5min×3次,5%羊血清室溫孵育1h,一抗4℃孵育24h,PBS漂洗5min×3次,二抗室溫避光孵育1h,PBS漂洗5min×3次,DAPI封片,熒光顯微鏡(Nikon 90i,Japan)觀察并照相。每個小腸標本隨機選取5張鋪片,每張鋪片選取4個視野,用Image-Pro Plus 6.0軟件進行分析,測量視野面積、計數(shù)細胞數(shù)目。
5 NADPH-d酶組織化學染色
鋪片依次經(jīng)0.01mol/L PBS漂洗5min×3次,孵育液(2 mL 0.3%Triton X-100 PB溶液、1 mg NBT、2 mgβ-NADPH)37℃避光孵育1h,漂洗5min×3次,終止反應(yīng),中性樹脂封片,光學顯微鏡(Leica Microsystems,Bannockburn,IL,USA)觀察并照相,圖像分析同前述。
6 統(tǒng)計學分析
實驗數(shù)據(jù)采用SPSS 21.0統(tǒng)計軟件進行分析,數(shù)據(jù)用均數(shù)±標準差表示;各組間比較,P<0.05為差異具有統(tǒng)計學意義。
1 小腸肌間神經(jīng)叢周圍ICC的數(shù)量從生后至成年明顯增加
免疫熒光染色顯示,小腸肌間神經(jīng)叢周圍c-kit陽性的ICC呈梭形或星形,胞體較小,有2~5個突起,彼此連接成網(wǎng)。P7小鼠ICC形成的網(wǎng)絡(luò)較致密,單位面積的ICC數(shù)量較多,初級突起較粗,但相對較短,次級突起較少(圖1A);P28小鼠小腸ICC可見多個次級突起(圖1B),與P7相比,ICC網(wǎng)絡(luò)明顯變疏;而P60小鼠小腸ICC不僅初級和次級突起增長,三級突起亦顯著增多 (圖1C)。ICC總數(shù)從出生至成年逐漸增加 (圖1D),但其密度在P7時最高,隨后降低,成年時與P28相似,維持相對穩(wěn)定(圖1E)。
2 小腸肌間神經(jīng)叢氮能神經(jīng)元和膽堿能神經(jīng)元生后變化
應(yīng)用NADPH-d酶組化染色可見氮能神經(jīng)元廣泛存在于小腸肌間神經(jīng)叢,神經(jīng)元成簇分布在神經(jīng)節(jié)中,部分位于節(jié)間束內(nèi);胞體呈卵圓形、輪廓清晰,胞漿藍染,胞核不著色(圖2A-圖2D)。每個神經(jīng)節(jié)內(nèi)含NADPH-d陽性神經(jīng)元從數(shù)個至十余個不等,氮能神經(jīng)元總數(shù)從生后到成年基本相近(圖 2E),但其密度隨年齡增加而呈下降趨勢(圖F)。
應(yīng)用ChAT抗體的免疫熒光染色顯示,膽堿能神經(jīng)元主要存在于小腸肌間神經(jīng)叢神經(jīng)節(jié)內(nèi),胞體為卵圓形,胞體和神經(jīng)纖維均可見ChAT強陽性(圖3A-圖3C),出生后7d至60d,膽堿能神經(jīng)元的變化趨勢與氮能神經(jīng)元相似 (圖3D)。
圖1 小鼠生后小腸肌間神經(jīng)叢周圍ICC數(shù)量變化。A-C,ICC的c-kit免疫熒光染色(A,P7;B,P28;C,P60);D,c-kit陽性ICC數(shù)量變化的統(tǒng)計學分析;E,c-kit陽性的ICC密度的統(tǒng)計學分析;***,P<0.001;比例尺,50μmFig.1 The change in the number of ICC in the small intestinalmyenteric plexus ofmice during postnatal development.A to C,c-kit immunofluorescent staining of ICC(A,P7;B,P28;C,P60);D,statistical analysis of the change in the number of c-kit positive ICC;E,statistical analysis of the density of c-kit positive ICC;***,P<0.001;scale bar,50μm
圖2 小鼠生后小腸ENS內(nèi)氮能神經(jīng)元的變化。A-D,氮能神經(jīng)元的NADPH-d酶組織化學染色(A,P7;B,P28;C,P60;D,P60氮能神經(jīng)元高倍像);E,氮能神經(jīng)元數(shù)量變化的統(tǒng)計學分析;F,氮能神經(jīng)元密度的統(tǒng)計學分析;***,P<0.001;比例尺:A-C,200μm;D,25μmFig.2 The change in mouse nitrergic neurons during postnatal development.NADPH-d enzyme histochemical staining of nitrergic neurons(A,P7;B,P28;C,P60;D,P60,high-magnification image);E,statistical analysis of the change in the number of nitrergic neurons;F,statistical analysis of the density of nitrergic neurons;***,P<0.001;scale bar,200μm in A to C,25μm in D
圖3 小鼠生后小腸ENS內(nèi)膽堿能神經(jīng)元的變化。A-C,膽堿能神經(jīng)元的ChAT免疫熒光染色(A,P7;B,P28;C,P60);D,神經(jīng)節(jié)和神經(jīng)纖維ChAT陽性面積百分比;***,P<0.001;比例尺,100μmFig.3 The change in mouse cholinergic neurons during postnatal development.A to C,ChAT immunofluorescent staining of cholinergic neurons(A,P7;B,P28;C,P60);D,percentage of ChAT-positive area of the ganglia and nerve fibers;***,P<0.001;scale bar,100μm
ICC特異性表達由原癌基因c-kit編碼的受體酪氨酸激酶,即c-kit蛋白,所以,c-kit蛋白常被用作標記ICC[6]。本研究結(jié)果表明,小鼠生后小腸的長度、腸管周長和表面積持續(xù)增加,至P60基本發(fā)育成熟。在P7小鼠小腸可見ICC已形成較致密的網(wǎng)絡(luò),隨年齡增加ICC數(shù)量持續(xù)增多,但伴隨小腸長度及周長的增加,ICC網(wǎng)絡(luò)密度明顯降低,同時可見ICC的初級突起變細、變長,次級和三級突起增多等改變,提示生后至成體ICC的結(jié)構(gòu)和功能仍在發(fā)育完善。由此可見,出生后早期局部微環(huán)境的改變更易影響ICC的發(fā)育與成熟,導致ICC的數(shù)量和結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)育異常,可能與部分嬰幼兒胃腸運動功能障礙疾病,如先天性巨結(jié)腸、新生兒假性腸梗阻的發(fā)生、發(fā)展有關(guān)。以往有關(guān)ICC的發(fā)育研究主要關(guān)注胚胎期至生后早期,例如Hepworth等[7]報道在E16可見大量ICC存在于胃平滑肌層,P1至P7繼續(xù)分化成熟;Gao等[8]認為生后至P24,小鼠小腸ICC數(shù)目增加、網(wǎng)絡(luò)增密;本實驗觀察了小鼠P7至成年(P60)ICC的發(fā)育情況,填補了該階段的實驗數(shù)據(jù)。
胃腸運動是正常生理功能的重要保障,ENS在此過程發(fā)揮重要調(diào)控作用。乙酰膽堿(acetylcholine,Ach)和一氧化氮(nitric oxide,NO)分別是ENS調(diào)控胃腸運動功能的興奮性和抑制性神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)[9]。膽堿乙酰轉(zhuǎn)移酶(choline acetyltransferase,ChAT)是合成Ach的限速酶,故常用ChAT作為膽堿能神經(jīng)元的標記物[10];而一氧化氮合酶(nitric oxide synthase,NOS)是NO合成過程中的關(guān)鍵限速酶,還原型輔酶II-黃遞酶(NADPH-d)常用作神經(jīng)型NOS(nNOS)的標志物研究氮能神經(jīng)[11]。已知ENS是由胚胎期神經(jīng)嵴細胞向胃腸道遷移分化而來[12],在腸壁發(fā)育、分化、成熟[13]。本研究結(jié)果表明:小鼠生后至成年,小腸ENS內(nèi)氮能和膽堿能神經(jīng)元數(shù)量未見明顯增加,即生后神經(jīng)元的數(shù)量已達成體水平,不再繼續(xù)增加,而伴隨腸管的生長發(fā)育,即長度和表面積的增加,其分布和神經(jīng)纖維網(wǎng)絡(luò)密度相對降低。值得關(guān)注的是生后至成年仍可見ENS內(nèi)神經(jīng)元胞體有所增大,神經(jīng)纖維增粗、分支增長等更加成熟的形態(tài)學變化,提示生后至成年小腸ENS結(jié)構(gòu)和功能仍需進行結(jié)構(gòu)和功能的完善。上述結(jié)果為解釋嬰幼兒胃腸運動功能調(diào)控不如成年精確提供了重要的形態(tài)學依據(jù)。
綜上,小鼠生后小腸ICC仍繼續(xù)增殖和發(fā)育,數(shù)量增加,P28細胞網(wǎng)絡(luò)分布密度達成體水平,并保持相對穩(wěn)定,而腸ENS內(nèi)氮能和膽堿能神經(jīng)元的數(shù)量在出生后即達成體水平;由此可見,ENS神經(jīng)元和ICC的發(fā)育并非完全同步,ICC的發(fā)育成熟明顯較ENS晚,提示出生后早期局部微環(huán)境更易影響ICC的發(fā)育與成熟,可能與部分嬰幼兒胃腸運動功能障礙疾病的發(fā)生發(fā)展有關(guān);闡明其調(diào)控機制可能為相關(guān)疾病的靶向治療提供新的思路。
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Developmental features of the number and morphology of the interstitial cells of Cajal,nitrergic and cholinergic neurons in the small intestine of postnatalm ice
Li Dandan,Sun Tingyi,Yang Shu,Sun Haimei,Xue Hong,Zhou Deshan,Ji Fengqing*
(Department of Histology and Embryology,School of Basic Medical Sciences,Capital Medical University,Beijing 100069,China)
ObjectiveTo observe themorphological changes and number of the interstitial cells of Cajal(ICC),nitrergic and cholinergic neurons in the small intestine of postnatalmice.M ethodsImmunohistochemistry and histochemistry methods were used to detect the changes in themorphology and number of ICC,nitrergic and cholinergic neurons on thewholemount preparations of small intestine from mice(P7,P28 and P60).ResultsThe number of ICC increased continuously from P7 to P60,but their density obviously decreased with increased small bowel length and area,and reached the adult level at P28.By contrast,the total numbers of nitrergic and cholinergic neuronswere at the adult level atbirth.While the neurites grew longer and nerve fibers became thicker,the nerve density decreased with aging.ConclusionThe development of ICC and that of neurons of the enteric nervous system(ENS)in the small intestine ofmice are not synchronous.ICC mature later than the neurons,indicating that the development and maturation of ICC is more prone to be affected by themicroenvironmentearly after birth,whichmight contribute to the occurrence and developmentof some infantile gastrointestinalmotility disorders.
Interstitial cells of Cajal;nitrergic neurons;cholinergic neurons;regulation of gastrointestinalmotility;development
Q189
A
10.16705/j.cnki.1004-1850.2016.06.001
2016-10-21
2016-12-18
北京市科技委員會科技計劃項目(KM201610025002);北京市自然科學基金項目(7142025)〔作者簡介〕李丹丹,女(1990年),漢族,碩士研究生
*通訊作者(To whom correspondence should be addressed):jfq@ccmu.edu.cn