唐玉玲,張春江,馬 莉,賈 林,楊 銳,楊曉萍
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1,25(OH)2D3對(duì)人系膜細(xì)胞增殖及PI3K/Akt信號(hào)通路的影響
唐玉玲,張春江,馬 莉,賈 林,楊 銳,楊曉萍
【摘要】目的觀察1,25-二羥維生素D3〔1,25(OH)2D3〕對(duì)人系膜細(xì)胞(HMC)增殖及Akt、mTOR表達(dá)的影響,探討PI3K/Akt信號(hào)通路在1,25(OH)2D3對(duì)HMC增殖調(diào)控中的作用。方法體外培養(yǎng)HMC,取傳代培養(yǎng)至第3~7代細(xì)胞分為4組:正常對(duì)照組(N組)、1,25(OH)2D3組(10-8mol/L,VD組)、PI3K抑制劑干預(yù)組(LY294002 2 μg/ml,LY組),LY294002(2 μg/ml)聯(lián)合1,25(OH)2D3組(10-8mol/L)組(LY+VD組),干預(yù)48 h,倒置相差顯微鏡觀察各組細(xì)胞生長,CCK-8法檢測各組細(xì)胞增殖,流式細(xì)胞術(shù)檢測各組細(xì)胞周期時(shí)相分布,Western blotting檢測各組Akt、p-Akt、mTOR、p-mTOR表達(dá)的情況。結(jié)果各實(shí)驗(yàn)組吸光度值(A值)比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(F=281.641,P<0.01),其中VD組、LY組和LY+VD組A值均低于N組,LY+VD組A值均分別低于VD組和LY組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.01)。各實(shí)驗(yàn)組G2/M期比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。各實(shí)驗(yàn)組G1期、S期和PI比較,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);其中VD組、LY組和LY+VD組G1期均高于N組,S期和PI均低于N組,LY+VD組G1期均高于VD組,S期和PI均低于VD組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。各實(shí)驗(yàn)組Akt/β-actin、mTOR/β-actin灰度值比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。各實(shí)驗(yàn)組p-Akt/Akt、p-mTOR/mTOR灰度值比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);其中VD組、LY組和LY+VD組p-Akt/Akt、p-nmTOR/mTOR灰度值均低于N組,LY+VD組p-Akt/Akt、p-nmTOR/mTOR灰度值均低于VD組和LY組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。結(jié)論1,25-(OH)2D3可通過PI3K/Akt信號(hào)通路抑制體外培養(yǎng)HMC的增殖。
系膜細(xì)胞(mesangial cell,MC)進(jìn)行性異常增生將發(fā)展為腎小球硬化,最終導(dǎo)致腎衰竭,而早期抑制MC增殖、促進(jìn)其凋亡對(duì)改善和延緩病情至關(guān)重要。1,25-二羥維生素D3〔1,25(OH)2D3〕是維生素D3在體內(nèi)的活性形式,其能對(duì)多種類型細(xì)胞的增殖及凋亡起調(diào)節(jié)作用[1]。本課題組前期研究已證實(shí),1,25(OH)2D3能抑制體外培養(yǎng)的正常人MC(HMC)增殖,誘導(dǎo)其凋亡[2-3]。本實(shí)驗(yàn)使用磷脂酰肌醇-3激酶(PI3K)抑制劑LY294002作用于體外培養(yǎng)的HMC,旨在初步探討1,25(OH)2D3影響HMC增殖的具體機(jī)制,為其臨床應(yīng)用提供理論依據(jù)。
1材料與方法
1.1材料與試劑
1.1.1細(xì)胞株HMC株購自湘雅醫(yī)學(xué)院中心實(shí)驗(yàn)室。
1.1.2主要試劑1,25-(OH)2D3(10 μg)、LY294002、CCK-8試劑盒、碘化丙啶(PI)(購自美國Sigma公司),0.25% 胰蛋白酶(美國Gibco公司),小鼠抗人β-actin單克隆抗體、兔抗人Akt單克隆抗體、兔抗人p-nAkt單克隆抗體(Cell Signaling公司);山羊抗兔IgG二抗、山羊抗小鼠IgG二抗(北京中杉金橋生物技術(shù)有限公司)。
1.2儀器與設(shè)備普通光學(xué)顯微鏡(日本Olympus公司),倒置相差顯微鏡(日本Olympus公司),ELX-800酶標(biāo)儀(美國Biokit公司),流式細(xì)胞儀(德國Partec公司),Gel DocTMXR+凝膠成像系統(tǒng)(美國BIO RAD公司)。
1.3實(shí)驗(yàn)方法
1.3.1細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)采用L-DMEM完全培養(yǎng)基(10%FBS,100 μg/ml青霉素,100 μg/ml鏈霉素)復(fù)蘇細(xì)胞株,置于5% CO2、37 ℃、飽和濕度的培養(yǎng)箱中培養(yǎng),當(dāng)細(xì)胞生長至70%~80%融合時(shí),用0.25%胰蛋白酶消化,傳代繼續(xù)培養(yǎng),第3~7代用于實(shí)驗(yàn)。
1.3.2實(shí)驗(yàn)分組收集生長良好的對(duì)數(shù)期HMC,計(jì)數(shù)后接種于培養(yǎng)瓶中,待細(xì)胞完全貼壁后棄完全培養(yǎng)基,加入L-DMEM同步化24 h,將細(xì)胞分為4組:(1)N組:對(duì)照(L-DMEM培養(yǎng)基,5%FBS),(2)VD組:1,25(OH)2D3(10-8mol/L),(3)LY組:LY294002(2 μg/ml),(4)LY+VD組:LY294002(終濃度為2 μg/ml)聯(lián)合1,25(OH)2D3(終濃度為10-8mol/L)。
1.3.3CCK-8法檢測各組HMC增殖參照文獻(xiàn)[4]及CCK-8試劑盒使用說明書操作。取對(duì)數(shù)期HMC,調(diào)整濃度為1×104/ml,200 μl/孔接種于96孔板內(nèi);按照實(shí)驗(yàn)分組干預(yù)48 h,干預(yù)結(jié)束后磷酸鹽緩沖液(PBS)沖洗1次,加入100 μl L-DMEM及10 μl CCK-8溶液,培養(yǎng)4 h后振蕩15 min,酶標(biāo)儀檢測各孔在450 nm波長處的吸光度值(A值)。實(shí)驗(yàn)重復(fù)3次,并計(jì)算抑制率(inhibition rate,IR),IR=A對(duì)照組-A實(shí)驗(yàn)組/ A對(duì)照組×100%。
1.3.4流式細(xì)胞儀(PI染色)檢測各組HMC周期時(shí)相分析取對(duì)數(shù)期HMC,調(diào)整濃度為2×105/ml,接種于培養(yǎng)瓶內(nèi);按照實(shí)驗(yàn)分組干預(yù)48 h,干預(yù)結(jié)束后收集細(xì)胞,4 ℃預(yù)冷的70%乙醇重懸,4 ℃固定過夜;上機(jī)前以800 r/min離心5 min,PBS洗滌1次,1×Buffer液重懸細(xì)胞,加入RNA酶(終濃度為10 μg/μl),37 ℃孵育30 min,加入PI染液(終濃度為50 μg/ml),4 ℃避光反應(yīng)30 min,移入流氏管中,再加入PBS至2 ml,上機(jī)檢測。實(shí)驗(yàn)重復(fù)3次,計(jì)算細(xì)胞增殖指數(shù)(proliferation index,PI),PI=(S期細(xì)胞比例+G2期細(xì)胞比例)/(G1期細(xì)胞比例+S期細(xì)胞比例+G2期細(xì)胞比例)。
1.3.5Western blotting法檢測Akt、p-nAkt、mTOR、p-nmTOR表達(dá)取對(duì)數(shù)期HMC,用無血清DMEM培養(yǎng)基培養(yǎng)24 h,同步化于G0期,按實(shí)驗(yàn)分組干預(yù)48 h,300 μl細(xì)胞裂解液提取蛋白,BCA法測蛋白濃度并配平,取10 μl上樣電泳3 h,PVDF轉(zhuǎn)膜50 min,5%奶粉/BSA封閉1 h,分別用兔抗人Akt單抗(1∶1 000)、兔抗人p-nAkt單抗(1∶1 000)、小鼠抗人β-actin單抗(1∶2 000)4 ℃孵育過夜,山羊抗兔、抗鼠IgG(1∶20 000)室溫1 h,ECL顯色成像。相同實(shí)驗(yàn)條件重復(fù)3次。Gelpro軟件比較目的條帶相對(duì)灰度值。
2結(jié)果
2.1各實(shí)驗(yàn)組HMC生長情況各實(shí)驗(yàn)組分別干預(yù)HMC 48 h后,N組HMC:胞體呈長梭形、不規(guī)則星形或樹枝狀,胞核居中,圓形或卵圓形,較清晰,見圖1A(本文圖1、圖2的彩圖見本刊官網(wǎng)www.chinagp.net電子期刊相應(yīng)文章附件)。VD組HMC:少數(shù)胞體皺縮,體積變小,核濃縮成點(diǎn)狀,胞質(zhì)濃縮甚至出現(xiàn)空泡,部分細(xì)胞漂浮(見圖1B)。LY組和LY+VD組:與N組相比,細(xì)胞核數(shù)目明顯減少,胞體呈長梭形突出或消失(見圖1C、1D)。
注:A=N組,B=VD組,C=LY組,D=LY+VD組
圖1各實(shí)驗(yàn)組HMC生長情況(×200)
Figure 1Proliferation of human mesangial cells by the intervention of each group
2.2各實(shí)驗(yàn)組HMC增殖情況各實(shí)驗(yàn)組A值比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(F=281.641,P<0.01),其中VD組、LY組和LY+VD組A值均低于N組,LY+VD組A值均分別低于VD組和LY組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.01,見表1)。
表1各實(shí)驗(yàn)組HMC增殖情況比較
Table 1Comparison of proliferation of human mesangial cells by the intervention of each group
組別A值IR(%)N組0.8028±0.02340 VD組0.5432±0.0380a32.34LY組0.3946±0.0395a50.85LY+VD組0.3608±0.0186abc55.06
注:與N組比較,aP<0.01;與VD組比較,bP<0.01;與LY組比較,cP<0.01
2.3各實(shí)驗(yàn)組HMC周期時(shí)相分布各實(shí)驗(yàn)組G2/M期比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。各實(shí)驗(yàn)組G1期、S期和PI比較,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);其中VD組、LY組和LY+VD組G1期均高于N組,S期和PI均低于N組,LY+VD組G1期均高于VD組,S期和PI均低于VD組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05,見表2、圖2)。
Table 2Comparison of cycle phase distribution of human mesangial cells by the intervention of each group
組別細(xì)胞周期時(shí)相分布G1期 S期 G2/M期PIN組54.94±0.5633.05±1.9712.01±1.4945.06±3.46VD組62.06±1.93a22.80±1.47a15.14±2.8337.94±4.30aLY組68.19±1.33a20.11±1.18a11.76±0.5632.86±5.05aLY+VD組67.14±1.55ab19.01±2.46ab13.85±2.5931.81±1.74abF值409.06815.60191.659123.263P值<0.05<0.05>0.05<0.05
注:與N組比較,aP<0.05;與VD組比較,bP<0.05;PI=細(xì)胞增殖指數(shù)
注:A=N組,B=VD組,C=LY組,D=LY+VD組
圖2各實(shí)驗(yàn)組HMC周期時(shí)相分布
Figure 2Cycle phase distribution of human mesangial cells by the intervention of each group
2.4各實(shí)驗(yàn)組Akt、p-nAkt、mTOR、p-nmTOR表達(dá)情況各實(shí)驗(yàn)組Akt/β-actin、mTOR/β-actin灰度值比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。各實(shí)驗(yàn)組p-Akt/Akt、p-nmTOR/mTOR灰度值比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);其中VD組、LY組和LY+VD組p-Akt/Akt、p-nmTOR/mTOR灰度值均低于N組,LY+VD組p-Akt/Akt、p-nmTOR/mTOR灰度值均低于VD組和LY組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05,見表3、圖3)。
Table 3Comparison of the expression of Akt,p-nAkt,mTOR and p-nmTOR among the four groups
組別Akt/β-actinp-Akt/AktmTOR/β-actinp-nmTOR/mTORN組1.82±0.391.16±0.481.27±0.221.01±0.16VD組1.87±0.290.79±0.14a1.25±0.290.30±0.16aLY組1.85±0.530.65±0.26a1.25±0.200.43±0.35aLY+VD組1.84±0.390.38±0.15abc1.25±0.220.11±0.10abcF值0.54485.3610.95183.252P值>0.05<0.05>0.05<0.05
注:與N組比較,aP<0.05;與VD組比較,bP<0.05;與LY組比較,cP<0.05
圖3 各實(shí)驗(yàn)組Akt、p-nAkt、mTOR、p-nmTOR的表達(dá)
Figure 3Expression of Akt,p-nAkt,mTOR and p-nmTOR among the four groups
3討論
1,25(OH)2D3是維生素D3在人體內(nèi)的活性形式,屬于類固醇激素,也是人體必需的一種營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)。研究證明:1,25(OH)2D3具有廣泛的生物學(xué)效應(yīng),包括調(diào)節(jié)鈣磷平衡,調(diào)節(jié)免疫系統(tǒng)、神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)、腎素血管緊張素、胰島素的分泌,以及細(xì)胞的分化、增殖、凋亡等[1]。1,25(OH)2D3可以抑制體外培養(yǎng)的小鼠系膜細(xì)胞的增殖[5]。Weinreich等[6]檢測到HMC含有維生素D受體(VDR),1,25(OH)2D3可抑制HMC DNA的合成與細(xì)胞增殖。本研究通過CCK-8法、流氏細(xì)胞術(shù)檢測1,25(OH)2D3對(duì)體外培養(yǎng)的正常HMC的影響,與正常對(duì)照組相比,1,25(OH)2D3組抑制率顯著降低、G1期細(xì)胞顯著增多、S期細(xì)胞顯著減少,進(jìn)一步證實(shí)了活性維生素D3能阻滯HMC細(xì)胞周期的進(jìn)程,對(duì)HMC的增殖有明顯的抑制作用。
MC異常增殖的本質(zhì)是促進(jìn)與抑制增生的失衡,主要是DNA復(fù)制和蛋白質(zhì)的合成加速,G1/S期(DNA合成前期/DNA合成期)和G2/M期(DNA合成后期/有絲分裂期)是細(xì)胞周期調(diào)控的兩個(gè)關(guān)鍵時(shí)期,主要受細(xì)胞周期蛋白(cyclin)、細(xì)胞周期蛋白依賴性激酶(CDK)及CDK抑制因子(CDKI)的相互調(diào)控。Huang等[7]證實(shí)PI3K、Akt、mTOR信號(hào)通路與MC的生長、增殖密切相關(guān):PI3K活化后激活A(yù)kt,進(jìn)一步磷酸化mTOR,將有絲分裂信號(hào)傳遞給核糖體蛋白S6激酶(p70S6K),使細(xì)胞周期蛋白(cyclin C、D、E)翻譯上調(diào),從而縮短細(xì)胞周期、促進(jìn)增殖。PI3K/Akt信號(hào)通路主要與細(xì)胞有絲分裂有關(guān),其促進(jìn)有絲分裂的靶點(diǎn)主要是Akt活化后產(chǎn)生的下游分子,包括糖原合成激酶3β(GSK-3β)、mTOR、p70S6K、真核啟動(dòng)因子4E結(jié)合蛋白(4EBPS)等,同時(shí)通過磷酸化CDKI(p21Cip1與p27Kip1),正調(diào)控cyclin/CDK[8-9]。阻斷該信號(hào)通路的活化,將抑制細(xì)胞增殖,PI3K催化亞基p110的靶向抑制劑LY294002可以阻斷3-磷脂肌醇的產(chǎn)生[10],進(jìn)而阻斷此通路的活化。本研究結(jié)果顯示,與正常對(duì)照組比較,LY294002能顯著抑制HMC增殖,且LY294002組HMC G1期細(xì)胞顯著增加,S期細(xì)胞顯著減少,提示PI3K/Akt信號(hào)通路存在于系膜細(xì)胞中,且被激活,給予PI3K抑制劑LY294002將HMC阻滯于G1期,從而抑制其生長,也驗(yàn)證PI3K/Akt信號(hào)通路在HMC的增殖過程中起重要的調(diào)控作用。
多項(xiàng)研究表明,PI3K/Akt信號(hào)通路參與多種癌細(xì)胞的生長、增殖、分化、凋亡和自噬過程[11-12]。Shemesh等[13]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),抑制PI3K/Akt信號(hào)通路,可抑制高糖所致MC增殖及細(xì)胞中Ⅰ型膠原蛋白累積,從而延緩高糖所致MC功能損害。Zhang等[14]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)1,25(OH)2D3能協(xié)同LY294002發(fā)揮阻滯HL-60細(xì)胞(人早幼粒白血病細(xì)胞)周期的作用,且與協(xié)同上調(diào)p27Kip1有關(guān)。本研究結(jié)果顯示:與LY294002組相比,1,25(OH)2D3與LY294002聯(lián)合仍能抑制HMC增殖,繼續(xù)將其阻滯于G1期,提示1,25(OH)2D3可能通過抑制PI3K的活化,阻滯MC增殖。本實(shí)驗(yàn)進(jìn)一步檢測Akt/p-nAkt、mTOR/p-nmTOR的表達(dá),結(jié)果顯示Akt/p-nAkt、mTOR/p-nmTOR在正常對(duì)照組中有表達(dá),且1,25(OH)2D3及LY294002組中p-nAkt、p-nmTOR表達(dá)量較正常對(duì)照組、1,25(OH)2D3組、LY294002組顯著降低,進(jìn)一步證實(shí)PI3K/Akt信號(hào)通路存在于HMC中,1,25(OH)2D3可單獨(dú)及聯(lián)合PI3K抑制劑抑制PI3K/Akt信號(hào)通路阻滯MC增殖。另有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),與張力蛋白同源在10號(hào)染色體有缺失的磷酸酶基因(PTEN)通過阻斷PIP2產(chǎn)生PIP3,抑制Akt的活化[15],但Axanova等[16]報(bào)道,1,25(OH)2D3與Akt抑制劑共同抑制前列腺癌細(xì)胞的生長,并不完全依賴于PTEN。Gao等[17]研究證實(shí),蛋白磷酸酶PHLPP可以使Akt去磷酸化,進(jìn)而抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞的生長,促進(jìn)其凋亡。因此,推斷1,25(OH)2D3可能是通過抑制PI3K的活化,或通過PTEN和/或PHLPP及其他機(jī)制抑制Akt活化,進(jìn)而抑制其下游蛋白mTOR磷酸化,發(fā)揮阻滯HMC增殖的作用。
綜上所述,PI3K/Akt信號(hào)通路在HMC的增殖過程中起重要的調(diào)控作用,并參與1,25(OH)2D3抑制HMC增殖的過程。1,25(OH)2D3、LY294002可抑制體外培養(yǎng)的HMC增殖,1,25(OH)2D3協(xié)同LY294002發(fā)揮阻滯HMC周期的作用,共同將細(xì)胞阻滯于G1期;1,25(OH)2D3可通過抑制Akt、mTOR磷酸化,從而抑制MC增殖,為1,25(OH)2D3抑制MC增殖相關(guān)機(jī)制提出了新思路及一定的實(shí)驗(yàn)基礎(chǔ),但具體作用機(jī)制仍需進(jìn)一步研究。
作者貢獻(xiàn):唐玉玲、楊曉萍進(jìn)行試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)與實(shí)施、資料收集整理、撰寫論文、成文并對(duì)文章負(fù)責(zé);張春江、馬莉、賈林、楊銳進(jìn)行實(shí)驗(yàn)實(shí)施、評(píng)估、資料收集;楊曉萍進(jìn)行質(zhì)量控制及審校。
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(本文編輯:賈萌萌)
·論著·
【關(guān)鍵詞】骨化三醇;磷酸肌醇3-激酶類;Akt;腎小球系膜細(xì)胞;細(xì)胞增殖
唐玉玲,張春江,馬莉,等.1,25(OH)2D3對(duì)人系膜細(xì)胞增殖及PI3K/Akt信號(hào)通路的影響[J].中國全科醫(yī)學(xué),2016,19(2):190-194.[www.chinagp.net]
Tang YL,Zhang CJ,Ma L,et al.Effects of 1,25(OH)2D3on the proliferation of human mesangial cells and the PI3K/Akt signal pathway[J].Chinese General Practice,2016,19(2):190-194.
Effects of 1,25(OH)2D3on the Proliferation of Human Mesangial Cells and the PI3K/Akt Signal PathwayTANGYu-ling,ZHANGChun-jiang,MALi,etal.MedicalCollegeofShiheziUniversity,Shihezi832003,China
【Abstract】ObjectiveTo investigate the effects of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3〔1,25(OH)2D3〕 on the proliferation of human mesangial cells and the expression of Akt and mTOR and to explore the role of signal pathway of PI3K/Akt in the regulation of the proliferation of human mesangial cells by 1,25(OH)2D3.MethodsHuman mesangial cells were cultured in vitro,and the subcultured cells of three to seven generations were divided into four groups:normal control group(group N),1,25(OH)2D3group(10-8mol/L,group VD),PI3K intervention control group(LY294002 2 μg/ml,group LY),LY294002(2 μg/ml)combined 1,25(OH)2D3group(10-8mol/L)(group LY+VD).Intervention was conducted for 48 hours.Inverted phase contrast microscope was used to observe the cell growth of each group,CCK-8 method was used to detect the cell proliferation of each group,flow cytometry was employed to detect the cycle phase distribution of each group,and western blotting method was adopted to detect the expressions of Akt,p-nAkt,mTOR and p-nmTOR.ResultsThe four groups were significantly different in A(F=281.641,P<0.01).Group VD,group LY and group LY+VD were lower than group N in A(P<0.01),and group LY+VD was lower than group VD and group LY in A(P<0.01).The four groups were not significantly different in G2/M phase(P>0.05).The four groups were not significantly different(P<0.05)in G1phrase,S phrase and PI;group VD,group LY and group LY+VD were higher in G1phrase and lower in S phrase and PI than group N;group LY+VD was higher in G1phrase and lower in S phrase and PI than group VD(P<0.05).The four groups were not significantly different(P>0.05)in the gray values of Akt/β-actin and mTOR/β-actin.The four groups were significantly different(P<0.05)in the gray values of p-Akt/Akt and p-nmTOR/mTOR;group VD,group LY and group LY+VD were lower in the gray value of p-nmTOR/mTOR than N group(P<0.05),and group LY+VD was lower than VD group and LY group in the gray values of p-Akt/Akt and p-nmTOR/mTOR(P<0.05).Conclusion1,25-(OH)2D3can inhibit the proliferation of human mesangial cells cultured in vitro through PI3K/Akt signal pathway.
【Key words】Calcitriol;Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases;Akt;Mesangial cells;Cell proliferation
收稿日期:(2015-07-06;修回日期:2015-09-10)
【中圖分類號(hào)】R 977.24
【文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼】A
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1007-9572.2016.02.014
通信作者:楊曉萍,832003新疆石河子市,石河子大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院;E-mail:sbkyxp@163.com
基金項(xiàng)目:作者單位:832003新疆石河子市,石河子大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院