淺談中考閱讀理解（下）

顏世江供稿

淺談中考閱讀理解（下）

顏世江供稿

閱讀理解之解題技巧一點(diǎn)通

1. 細(xì)節(jié)理解題

細(xì)節(jié)理解題是針對(duì)文章的某個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)而提出的，命題信息一般來(lái)自文章的某一處。細(xì)節(jié)理解題是閱讀理解試題中最容易的試題，可以在原文中直接找到答案。問題包括詢問人（who）、物（what）、時(shí)間（when）、地點(diǎn)（where）、原因（why）、結(jié)果（result），以及文中的相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)（data）等。

2. 推理判斷題

推理判斷題屬于主觀題，是層次較高的題目。它包括判斷題和推理題。這兩類題常?；ハ嘁来妗评硎菫榱俗龀稣_的判斷，正確的判斷又依賴于合乎邏輯的推理。此類題要求同學(xué)們?cè)诶斫馕淖直砻嬉馑嫉幕A(chǔ)上，進(jìn)一步做出判斷和推論，從而得到文章的隱含意義和深層意義，也就是通過文章中的文字信息、上下文的邏輯關(guān)系，以及事物的發(fā)展變化等已知信息，推斷出作者沒有直接表達(dá)出來(lái)的態(tài)度和觀點(diǎn)。常見的推理判斷題的設(shè)題方式如下：

1) 推測(cè)作者寫作目的或意圖的設(shè)題形式：

①The purpose in writing this text is to ________.

②The author writes this passage to ________.

2) 推測(cè)文章的觀點(diǎn)或結(jié)論的設(shè)題形式：

①It can be inferred from the passage that ________.

②What conclusion can be drawn from the passage?

③From the passage, we can conclude that ________.

3) 推斷文章出處的設(shè)題形式：

①The passage is most likely to be taken from ________.

②Where can we read this passage?

推理判斷題不僅要求考生讀懂文章中每句話的意思，還要求考生學(xué)會(huì)推理它們之間的關(guān)系，理解文章的言外之意，從而揭示文章的深層含義。推理判斷題的答案不可能在文章中直接找到，因此推理時(shí)我們務(wù)必忠于原文，在文章中尋找并確定可推論的依據(jù)，即：從已知部分（推理的前提）推測(cè)出未知部分（推理的結(jié)論）。切忌妄加評(píng)論，把自己的觀點(diǎn)當(dāng)成作者的觀點(diǎn)。

3. 詞義猜測(cè)題

詞義猜測(cè)題是指在閱讀過程中根據(jù)對(duì)語(yǔ)篇的信息、邏輯、背景知識(shí)及語(yǔ)言結(jié)構(gòu)等的綜合理解去猜測(cè)或推斷某一生詞、關(guān)鍵詞或短語(yǔ)的意義。近幾年的閱讀理解題中至少會(huì)出現(xiàn)一道詞義猜測(cè)題，題中詞語(yǔ)常常是理解文章的關(guān)鍵，學(xué)習(xí)并掌握一些猜詞技巧對(duì)于提高閱讀能力可以起到事半功倍的效果。一般常見的設(shè)題形式有以下幾種：

1) What does the word “_______” mean?

2) The word “…” means _______.

3) Which of the following is closest in meaning to “_______”?

4) What does the underlined word “_______” mean in Chinese?

5) The underlined word in the…paragraph probably means ________ in Chinese.

6) The word “_______” in the…paragraph can be replaced by “_______”.

7) The underlined word “…” in the passage refers to ________.（注：此處的劃線詞一般為指示代詞。）

同學(xué)們可以根據(jù)生詞本身的特點(diǎn)推測(cè)詞義；也可以通過上下文，運(yùn)用有關(guān)線索，如同義詞、反義詞、舉例、重述或定義等推測(cè)詞義；還可以運(yùn)用邏輯推理和其他知識(shí)進(jìn)行推測(cè)。

4. 主旨大意題

主旨大意題主要考查學(xué)生對(duì)文章或段落中心思想的理解?？疾橹髦即笠獾念}型主要有：選擇最佳標(biāo)題、找出中心話題、概括段落大意、推測(cè)作者觀點(diǎn)、總結(jié)人物特點(diǎn)、指明寫作目的等。一般而言，文章和段落的開頭或結(jié)尾會(huì)有主題句，其他內(nèi)容都是圍繞主題句而展開。做主旨大意題的關(guān)鍵，是要找到主題句并進(jìn)行高度概括。其主要設(shè)題形式有：

1) What is the best title of the passage?

2) What is this passage about?

3) In this passage, the writer tries to tell us ________.

4) The passage tells us that ________.

5) The passage/paragraph mainly talks about ________.

閱讀時(shí)要注意文章各段的首尾句，這樣易于找出主題句；在不能直接找出主題句的情況下，文章中敘述或強(qiáng)調(diào)較多的某一事物或觀點(diǎn)往往就是文章的中心；如果對(duì)個(gè)別選項(xiàng)仍存有疑問，就采用排除法，排除表述片面或錯(cuò)誤的選項(xiàng)，從而找出最能概括文章中心的選項(xiàng)。

實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練

How much attention do you pay to what you put in your body, in other words, food? As we get older, we start to think about this more and more. Maybe you have started making more of your own eating choices or even preparing your own meals. Maybe you have just become extraaware of how food affects you inside and out. You are not alone!

Brian, 11, told us, “I just wish I would eat healthier food. I’m not exactly on the thin side.”

Jessica, 12, says, “If I had another chance, I would choose to eat less junk food and eat more healthy foods. I would also treat myself to candies only once a week.”

Melissa, 11, writes that she would like to change how much she eats for dinner. “I always eat 2 or 3 servings for dinner,” she says.

Allie, 11, says, “I would make myself like more foods.”

It is not much fun denying ourselves something we want to eat. On the other hand, eating lots of junk food and sweets can make us feel a little unpleasant and maybe guilty, because we have not been good to our bodies.

Remember: This is not a guide to losing weight! If you feel you are overweight, talk to a parent, doctor or school nurse about whether you really need to lose some pounds and fnd a safe way to do it.

(1). What is the best title for the reading?

A. We Are Fatter and Fatter B. A Guide to Losing Weight

C. Food Smarts: What’s in You? D. Let’s Start to Lose Weight

(2). Who is the oldest one of all the people mentioned above?

A. Brian. B. Jessica. C. Melissa. D. Allie.

(3). What does the underlined word “this” refer to?

A. What you put in your body. B. How much attention you pay.

C. Which food is healthy. D. Food lists.

(4) 4. What should you do if you feel you are overweight?

A. Talk to a parent, doctor or school nurse and fnd a safe way to do it.

B. Stay at home.

C. Eat some pills to lose weight.

D. Don’t eat any food in the morning.

(5). You can read the passage in a magazine about _____________.

A. fashion B. schooling C. health D. sports

閱讀分析

這道閱讀理解題需要在理解短文意思的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行分析、判斷，方能得出正確的答案。本文主要講述的是飲食選擇問題，并進(jìn)行了舉例說(shuō)明。同學(xué)們應(yīng)在掌握了全文大意后，仔細(xì)閱讀文章后的問題，然后帶著問題再次回到原文尋找有關(guān)信息。逐題分析如下：

1. 這是一道主旨大意題。文章主要講述了飲食的選擇問題，故本題答案為C。

2. 這是一道數(shù)據(jù)推算題。根據(jù)文章中提供的信息“Brian, 11；Jessica, 12；Melissa, 11；Allie, 11”，可選出答案B。

3. 這是一道推理判斷題。結(jié)合上文的“How much attention do you pay to what you put in your body, in other words, food?”，可選出答案A。

4. 這是一道事實(shí)詢問題。結(jié)合文章中的最后一段，可選出答案A。

5. 這是一道推理判斷題。依據(jù)文章中的表面文字信息，可判斷C選項(xiàng)是正確的。