李遠(yuǎn)軍 徐先榮
空軍總醫(yī)院航空航天眩暈診療研究中心(北京 100142)
·眩暈專輯·
前庭神經(jīng)炎的研究進(jìn)展
李遠(yuǎn)軍 徐先榮
空軍總醫(yī)院航空航天眩暈診療研究中心(北京 100142)
前庭神經(jīng)炎是引起急性眩暈發(fā)作的常見原因之一,可導(dǎo)致單側(cè)前庭功能障礙。其發(fā)病原因可能是潛伏于前庭神經(jīng)節(jié)中的單純皰疹病毒被激活。大多單側(cè)發(fā)病,且多累及前庭上神經(jīng),而極少單獨(dú)累及前庭下神經(jīng),可能與其解剖結(jié)構(gòu)有關(guān)。病史和查體、頭脈沖試驗(yàn)、溫度試驗(yàn)、前庭肌源性誘發(fā)電位檢測能實(shí)現(xiàn)分型診斷。對癥支持藥物只用于急性期緩解眩暈、惡心、嘔吐等癥狀,類固醇激素(糖皮質(zhì)激素)等藥物治療的效果還存在爭議,但可以減輕水腫,改善眩暈癥狀和促進(jìn)前庭功能康復(fù)。而早期積極的前庭康復(fù)治療是使各類患病人群回歸正常生活、回歸社會(huì)不同崗位(包括飛行人員重返藍(lán)天)的最有效方法。本文就前庭神經(jīng)炎在流行病學(xué)、臨床特征、病因?qū)W、相關(guān)檢查、診斷、鑒別診斷、病程、治療、醫(yī)學(xué)鑒定等方面的研究進(jìn)展進(jìn)行綜述。
前庭神經(jīng)炎;病因?qū)W;前庭康復(fù);醫(yī)學(xué)鑒定
Foundation:“Twelfth Five-Year”National Science and Technology Support Program(No:2012BAI12B02),General Program of PLA Logistics Department(No:CKJ14J013),Major Program of PLA Logistics Department(No:BKJ15J004),Standards-setting Program of PLALogistics Department(No:BKJ15B013).
Declaration of interest:The authors report no conflicts of interest.
前庭神經(jīng)炎(vestibular neuritis,VN)又稱前庭神經(jīng)元炎、病毒性迷路神經(jīng)炎、急性單側(cè)前庭功能減退、急性單側(cè)周圍前庭神經(jīng)病等,是單側(cè)前庭神經(jīng)炎性病變而導(dǎo)致的疾病,典型表現(xiàn)是急性眩暈發(fā)作[1],其臨床特征包括:眩暈、惡心、嘔吐、振動(dòng)幻視以及身體不穩(wěn)感等[2];體征有朝向健側(cè)的水平扭轉(zhuǎn)性眼震;實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢查顯示頭脈沖試驗(yàn)(head impulse test,HIT)異常、冷熱試驗(yàn)異常、前庭肌源性誘發(fā)電位(vestibu?lar-evoked myogenic potentials,VEMPs)消失或幅度降低等[3]。本文就VN在流行病學(xué)、臨床特征、病因?qū)W、相關(guān)檢查、診斷、鑒別診斷、病程、治療、醫(yī)學(xué)鑒定等方面的研究進(jìn)展進(jìn)行綜述。
VN在人群中的發(fā)病率國內(nèi)還未見報(bào)道,來自日本和歐洲的數(shù)據(jù)顯示VN的發(fā)病率為3.5-15.5/100, 000[4,5]。眩暈或神經(jīng)內(nèi)科門診中,VN患者占0.5%-9%[6-8]。一般來說,前庭上神經(jīng)炎(superior ves?tibular neuritis)最常見(55-100%),同時(shí)累及前庭上、下神經(jīng)少見(15-30%),僅累及前庭下神經(jīng)更少見(3.7-15%)[9,10]。2-11%的VN患者復(fù)發(fā)[11,12],10-15%的VN患者繼發(fā)良性陣發(fā)性位置性眩暈(BPPV)[13]。
VN患者大多表現(xiàn)為急性或亞急性的眩暈發(fā)作,伴惡心、嘔吐及不穩(wěn)感。這些不適癥狀可突然出現(xiàn),也可在數(shù)小時(shí)內(nèi)逐漸發(fā)展而來。前驅(qū)出現(xiàn)的頭暈不適感可見于8.6-24%的患者[14,15]。VN發(fā)病前期或發(fā)病期間可能會(huì)伴有病毒感染疾病,如病毒性感冒、腹瀉等。其眩暈癥狀可在數(shù)小時(shí)內(nèi)逐漸加重,并于發(fā)病24小時(shí)左右達(dá)最高峰[1]?;颊哳^部晃動(dòng)可導(dǎo)致眩暈等不適感加重,發(fā)病后一般會(huì)選擇健側(cè)朝下閉眼側(cè)躺于床上休息。
半規(guī)管壺腹嵴受刺激可引起半規(guī)管對應(yīng)平面的眼震,所以可根據(jù)VN患者的自發(fā)眼震方向來判斷受累的半規(guī)管[16]。如果3個(gè)半規(guī)管都受累,眼震混合呈水平扭轉(zhuǎn)性,其快相朝向健側(cè)。值得注意的是,VN的混合眼震一般都會(huì)包含垂直向上的成分,因?yàn)榍鞍胍?guī)管較后半規(guī)管更易受累。凝視眼震方向(即凝視健側(cè)),眼震幅度增大;而凝視患側(cè),眼震幅度減小,但眼震方向不會(huì)變。眼震也會(huì)因水平方向搖頭、乳突或前額部的震動(dòng)或過度通氣而加重[17]。眼震會(huì)引起周圍事物晃動(dòng)的幻覺(即振動(dòng)幻視)。眼震的慢相會(huì)產(chǎn)生轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)錯(cuò)覺,也就是說左側(cè)VN患者的自發(fā)眼震方向?yàn)橛蚁颍瑫?huì)產(chǎn)生周圍事物向左側(cè)轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)的錯(cuò)覺?;颊唠p腳并攏站立或行走時(shí)會(huì)有向患側(cè)傾倒的趨勢,但大腦會(huì)通過視覺及本體覺系統(tǒng)來調(diào)節(jié)這種不平衡感[18]。
前期或同期出現(xiàn)的病毒感染作為VN的誘因被廣大學(xué)者接受[15]。然而患者血清病毒抗體檢測結(jié)果、癥狀或體征局限,并不支持病毒系統(tǒng)感染這一假說[15]。有研究指出潛伏于前庭神經(jīng)節(jié)中1型皰疹病毒(HSV-1)的再激活,可能是VN的主要發(fā)病原因[19]。VN患者尸檢資料表明,2/3的患者前庭神經(jīng)節(jié)細(xì)胞中可檢測到HSV-1 DNA的表達(dá),伴隨CD8+T淋巴細(xì)胞、細(xì)胞因子和炎癥趨化因子的聚集,表明這些患者前庭神經(jīng)節(jié)中存在HSV-1的潛伏感染[20]。更有研究指出,小鼠前庭神經(jīng)節(jié)細(xì)胞接種HSV-1后會(huì)引起前庭功能障礙[21]。其他可能的發(fā)病機(jī)制包括自身免疫學(xué)說和前庭微循環(huán)障礙學(xué)說[7]。
前庭上神經(jīng)炎多發(fā),即VN更易累及前半規(guī)管、水平半規(guī)管以及橢圓囊[22],這可能歸因于前庭上神經(jīng)和前庭下神經(jīng)的解剖學(xué)差異[23]。前庭上神經(jīng)走行的骨性通道長度是前庭神經(jīng)總干長度的7倍之多,且其伴行血管走行空間較干支和前庭下神經(jīng)相對狹窄,所以前庭上神經(jīng)更易出現(xiàn)受損水腫和伴行血管堵塞缺血[23]。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),前庭上神經(jīng)炎和前庭下神經(jīng)炎發(fā)病率的差異并不因HSV-1感染部位的改變而有所變化,從而證實(shí)解剖學(xué)差異是兩者發(fā)病率不同的根本原因[24]。
肉眼可見的眼震見于VN急性期。眼震描記圖可以記錄并定量分析眼震強(qiáng)度。三維影像眼震描記已在臨床應(yīng)用,可記錄眼震方向及速度。HIT可以顯示各個(gè)不同半規(guī)管的功能狀態(tài),該試驗(yàn)簡單易行,其診斷準(zhǔn)確度也被臨床廣泛接受[25]。但HIT也有假陰性,特別是當(dāng)病變局限于神經(jīng)側(cè)支[26],或已被眼球補(bǔ)償性掃視掩蓋時(shí)[27]。有研究指出,HIT結(jié)果可作為VN痊愈過程的預(yù)測指標(biāo),大約80%持續(xù)存在眩暈癥狀的患者,其HIT結(jié)果為陽性;而無眩暈癥狀的患者,其HIT結(jié)果為陽性者僅占10%[28]。
冷熱試驗(yàn)異常常作為VN的診斷依據(jù),但是冷熱試驗(yàn)僅能評價(jià)水平半規(guī)管的低頻功能狀態(tài)(約0.003Hz)[1],在不累及水平半規(guī)管的前庭上神經(jīng)元炎患者中,其冷熱試驗(yàn)結(jié)果可無異常[29]。Lee等分析了893名VN患者資料,排除14個(gè)單純的前庭上神經(jīng)元炎及14個(gè)缺乏后續(xù)檢查資料的患者,發(fā)現(xiàn)4名VN患者發(fā)病初期(2天內(nèi))冷熱試驗(yàn)是正常的,3-6天后復(fù)查冷熱試驗(yàn)才表現(xiàn)出單側(cè)前庭功能減弱。提示我們對于懷疑為VN的患者,其急性期正常的冷熱試驗(yàn)結(jié)果也許并不可信,需要結(jié)合臨床和其他前庭功能檢查結(jié)果確定診斷[30]。
雖然前庭頸部肌源性誘發(fā)電位(cVEMP)和眼部肌源性誘發(fā)電位(oVEMP)的參考常值仍存在爭議[31],但VEMPs已成為評價(jià)前庭耳石器功能的重要指標(biāo)[32],cVEMP和oVEMP可以分別評估球囊和橢圓囊的功能狀態(tài),從而對VN進(jìn)行更加精確地分型診斷。cVEMP和oVEMP的異常分離值可以為確定患側(cè)提供重要的參考依據(jù),即前庭上神經(jīng)元炎表現(xiàn)為oVEMP異常而cVEMP正常,可據(jù)此對VN做出分型診斷[33]。VN患者的前庭眼反射(VOR)不對稱,在轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)過程中,患側(cè)VOR增益降低,正常側(cè)不變[34]。
釓造影核磁顯像直接觀察前庭神經(jīng)病變也是可以考慮選擇的檢查方法[35]。
VN患者臨床表現(xiàn)不盡相同,但其標(biāo)志性癥狀一般包括:突發(fā)性持續(xù)性眩暈,伴惡心、嘔吐,站立時(shí)有倒向患側(cè)的趨勢、朝向健側(cè)的水平扭轉(zhuǎn)性眼震,檢查顯示冷熱試驗(yàn)異常,主觀垂直視覺異常,患側(cè)VEMPs下降或缺失等。隨著各種前庭功能檢查技術(shù)的發(fā)展,現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)能夠準(zhǔn)確地評估三個(gè)半規(guī)管、橢圓囊和球囊的功能,并對VN進(jìn)行亞型劃分。
前庭上神經(jīng)炎是最常見的類型[22]。其自發(fā)眼震一般為水平扭轉(zhuǎn)性或上升性,眼震的軸線沿水平半規(guī)管方向或介于前半規(guī)管與水平半規(guī)管之間。前庭功能檢查示:視覺扭轉(zhuǎn)、主觀垂直視覺異常;HIT異常;冷熱試驗(yàn)異常;oVEMP異常,但cVEMP和聽力正常[1,36]。
前庭下神經(jīng)炎很少見[37]。特征表現(xiàn)不典型,診斷比較困難,往往易被誤診為中樞病變[38]。其自發(fā)眼震是旋轉(zhuǎn)性、下降性的,其眼震軸線與受累的后半規(guī)管方向平行[29]。前庭功能檢查表現(xiàn)為cVEMP異常,而前半規(guī)管和水平半規(guī)管方向上的HIT無異常,同時(shí)冷熱試驗(yàn)、主觀垂直視覺,及oVEMP大多在正常范圍內(nèi)[37]。
前庭神經(jīng)的外周缺血病變可引起類似的急性期癥狀[39],但現(xiàn)今的影像診斷技術(shù)尚不能明確診斷單發(fā)的前庭神經(jīng)供血血管的梗死[40]。一般情況下,引起急性前庭紊亂癥狀的梗死灶位于小腦前下動(dòng)脈[41]。單純的前庭神經(jīng)供血血管梗死非常少見,通常伴隨耳蝸血管支病變,導(dǎo)致聽力變化。對于48小時(shí)內(nèi)發(fā)生的腦干或小腦的微小梗死灶,即便是彌散加權(quán)MRI也存在12-20%的假陰性,因此一系列的鑒別檢查顯得尤為重要[42]。對于中樞性血管梗塞產(chǎn)生的眼震和眩暈癥狀,僅依靠床旁檢查不容易與VN進(jìn)行鑒別。但是中樞性眩暈的眼震方向會(huì)發(fā)生變化,可作為簡單的鑒別依據(jù)[43]。多發(fā)硬化癥或腔隙腦梗累及第八對腦神經(jīng),會(huì)引起類似于VN的癥狀[44]。同時(shí),還需要考慮到前庭膜迷路病變的可能,其臨床表現(xiàn)和一些檢查結(jié)果易與VN混淆,鼓室內(nèi)注射激素治療有效可作為鑒別依據(jù)[45]。VN復(fù)發(fā)的情況很少見,對于多次出現(xiàn)的疑似VN癥狀,需要考慮其他疾病[46]。
對于大多數(shù)VN患者,眩暈不適感和靜態(tài)異常表現(xiàn)會(huì)在發(fā)病幾天后顯著改善,并在接下來的數(shù)周內(nèi)逐漸恢復(fù)正常[1]。起初,急性期表現(xiàn)消失可能是中樞代償?shù)慕Y(jié)果,并不是患側(cè)功能恢復(fù)。自發(fā)性眼震消失是中樞代償?shù)囊粋€(gè)標(biāo)志,該過程大約需要3周[47]。動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),中樞代償有賴于患側(cè)前庭神經(jīng)核發(fā)放神經(jīng)沖動(dòng),使左右兩側(cè)前庭神經(jīng)沖動(dòng)傳導(dǎo)達(dá)到再平衡[3]。之后,損傷側(cè)前庭功能得到一定儲備,其眼震可能會(huì)改變方向(即朝向患側(cè))[48]。盡管VN患者一些靜態(tài)異常表現(xiàn)會(huì)很快代償消失,其動(dòng)態(tài)(運(yùn)動(dòng)狀態(tài)或前庭刺激下)平衡障礙可能會(huì)持續(xù)很長一段時(shí)間或一直存在[36]。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),靜態(tài)前庭功能異常(自發(fā)眼震、垂直視覺異?;蛐币暎┐蠖紩?huì)在發(fā)病后3個(gè)月內(nèi)消失,而一些動(dòng)態(tài)前庭功能障礙(HIT異常、搖頭眼震、振動(dòng)眼震以及冷熱試驗(yàn)代償不良)在發(fā)病1年后仍可見于30%的VN患者[36]。兒童,特別是青少年罹患VN,其后遺異常持續(xù)時(shí)間可能會(huì)更長[49]。
VN復(fù)發(fā)可見于2-11%的患者[12],同時(shí)10-15%的VN患者可于病愈幾周內(nèi)繼發(fā)BPPV[13],提示耳石可能因前庭迷路炎癥而變松動(dòng)。也有一些VN患者會(huì)持續(xù)存在頭暈不適、不平衡感及要跌倒的錯(cuò)覺等后遺癥狀,但其前庭功能檢查結(jié)果可能已恢復(fù)正常。
VN的臨床處理措施包括:眩暈和惡心、嘔吐等對癥治療;病因?qū)W治療;前庭康復(fù)治療。
VN患者急性期惡心、嘔吐和眩暈癥狀持續(xù)不緩解,可短暫應(yīng)用前庭抑制劑,但不可長期使用,因該類藥物延遲中樞代償?shù)慕50]。
根據(jù)VN病毒感染學(xué)說,臨床上應(yīng)用抗病毒和甾體類藥物。但是,甾體類藥物的療效存在爭論。一項(xiàng)循證醫(yī)學(xué)綜述認(rèn)為:尚無充分的證據(jù)支持VN急性期應(yīng)用激素。其中4項(xiàng)臨床試驗(yàn)對比分析了口服激素與安慰劑的療效,結(jié)果顯示口服激素對VN患者發(fā)病1個(gè)月后的溫度試驗(yàn)結(jié)果有影響,但對12個(gè)月后溫度試驗(yàn)結(jié)果,24小時(shí)眩暈改善情況,以及1、3、6、12個(gè)月眩暈障礙量表評分無影響[51]。最近一項(xiàng)隨機(jī)對照研究發(fā)現(xiàn),地塞米松靜脈滴注可顯著改善VN患者3度眼震及眩暈障礙量表評分結(jié)果[52]。但同時(shí)也有研究指出,地塞米松靜脈滴注并不能改善VN患者的惡心等不適癥狀[53]。
具有針對性的前庭康復(fù)治療可顯著提高前庭中樞代償能力[47]。搖頭固視、交替固視、分離固視和反向固視等外周康復(fù)治療可改善受損的凝視功能。頭動(dòng)訓(xùn)練、平衡協(xié)調(diào)訓(xùn)練、靶向移動(dòng)訓(xùn)練和行走訓(xùn)練可重新建立前庭反射,提高前庭位置覺和視覺反應(yīng)能力?;颊呙刻煨枰毩?xí)3次,每次訓(xùn)練至少持續(xù)30分鐘[54]。
前庭功能與航空航天飛行的關(guān)系極為密切[55],飛行人員患前庭神經(jīng)炎并非少見[56,57],治療結(jié)束后還應(yīng)對其進(jìn)行職業(yè)勝任能力的評價(jià),即職業(yè)航空醫(yī)學(xué)鑒定,簡稱醫(yī)學(xué)鑒定[58,59]。在周圍性眩暈中,前庭神經(jīng)炎復(fù)發(fā)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)最小,患前庭神經(jīng)炎的飛行員在治愈后恢復(fù)飛行的可能性也較大,在美國空軍特許飛行標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中,對于FC1和FC2類(相當(dāng)于飛行學(xué)員及現(xiàn)役飛行人員)申請?zhí)卦S者,可以飛行合格,前提條件是癥狀消失,前庭功能正常[60]。我軍對患前庭神經(jīng)炎飛行人員的醫(yī)學(xué)鑒定原則是:①單次發(fā)作型,經(jīng)3~6個(gè)月地面觀察,如前庭功能正常則飛行合格;單側(cè)前庭功能減弱但代償良好,雙座機(jī)飛行人員個(gè)別評定。飛行學(xué)員從嚴(yán)掌握。②多次發(fā)作型,按發(fā)作性眩暈結(jié)論為飛行不合格[57]。
需要指出的是,前庭神經(jīng)炎醫(yī)學(xué)鑒定的難點(diǎn)在于,單座殲(強(qiáng))擊機(jī)飛行員單側(cè)前庭功能減弱未恢復(fù)正常而對其代償狀況的評價(jià)。來自以色列空軍的資料顯示,對18名前庭神經(jīng)元炎的飛行員進(jìn)行11-48個(gè)月的隨訪,沒有一人有任何癥狀,但經(jīng)過全面的床邊檢查和實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢查發(fā)現(xiàn),其中60%仍有前庭功能不全的表現(xiàn)[56]。我軍14例患前庭神經(jīng)炎的飛行人員,均在1-3個(gè)月內(nèi)癥狀消失或改善,但在患病1年后復(fù)查前庭功能,有4例仍存在前庭功能減弱[57]。因此,對患前庭神經(jīng)炎的飛行人員,恢復(fù)飛行之前必須進(jìn)行全面的前庭功能評價(jià),特別是代償狀況的準(zhǔn)確評價(jià)。此外,由于少部分前庭神經(jīng)炎繼發(fā)BPPV,對于該類飛行人員的醫(yī)學(xué)鑒定還應(yīng)結(jié)合BP? PV的鑒定原則綜合評定[59,60]。
盡管VN的研究取得了長足的進(jìn)步,包括病因?qū)W的認(rèn)識、HIT和VEMPs等檢測技術(shù)的發(fā)展為診斷分型提供了可能、影像學(xué)檢查在診斷和鑒別診斷中的價(jià)值、激素和鎮(zhèn)靜劑在治療中的新認(rèn)識等,但仍有許多內(nèi)容,特別是前庭康復(fù)基線評估(眩暈問卷量表的合理設(shè)計(jì),溫度試驗(yàn)、HIT、前庭自旋轉(zhuǎn)試驗(yàn)、VEMPs、主觀視覺垂直線檢查、動(dòng)態(tài)平衡儀檢測、影像學(xué)檢查等的合理應(yīng)用)、康復(fù)方案設(shè)計(jì)及選擇策略、前庭代償狀況的精確評估等還需深入探討,課題組正在開展此方面的研究,目的是使前庭神經(jīng)炎患者達(dá)到前庭功能代償?shù)牧己脿顟B(tài),使不同人群回歸到正常生活和不同的社會(huì)崗位(老年人回歸完全自理的生活狀態(tài)、中青年回歸到良好的工作和學(xué)習(xí)狀態(tài)、飛行人員能夠重返藍(lán)天)。
1 Baloh R,Honrubia V,Baloh R,et al.Clinical Neuropsychology of the Vestibular System[J].Acta Oto-laryngologica,1982,1(1):3-7.
2 Strupp M,Brandt T.Vestibular neuritis[J].Semin Neurol,2009,29(5): 509-519.
3 Halmagyi GM,Weber KP,Curthoys IS.Vestibular function after acute vestibular neuritis[J].Restor Neurol Neurosci,2010,28(1): 37-46.
4 Sekitani T,Imate Y,Noguchi T,et al.Vestibular neuronitis:epidemi?ological survey by questionnaire in Japan[J].Acta oto-laryngologica. Supplementum,2009,503(503):9-12.
5 Adamec I,Skori? MK,Hand?i? J,et al.Incidence,seasonality and comorbidity in vestibular neuritis[J].Neurological Sciences Official Journal of the Italian Neurological Society&of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology,2015,36(1):91-95.
6 Kroenke K,Hoffman RM,Einstadter D.How common are various causes of dizziness?A critical review[J].Southern Medical Journal, 2000,93(2):160-168.
7 Brandt T,Dieterich M,Strupp M.Vertigo and dizziness:common complaints[M].Springer Ebooks,2013.
8 王維治,楊丹,楊寧.綜合醫(yī)院神經(jīng)科200例眩暈患者的病因分析[J].中華神經(jīng)科雜志,2007,40(09):592-594. Weizhi Wang,Dan Yang,Ning Yang.Vertigo:an etiological analysis of 200 patients in departments of neurology of polyclinic[J].Chinese Journal of Neurology,2007,40(09):592-594.
9 Bartolomeo M,Biboulet R,Pierre G,et al.Value of the video head impulse test in assessing vestibular deficits following vestibular neu?ritis[J].Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology,2013,271(4):681-688.
10 Walther LE,Bl?dow A.Ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potential to air conducted sound stimulation and video head impulse test in acute vestibular neuritis[J].Otology&neurotology:official publica?tion of the American Otological Society,American Neurotology Soci?ety[and]European Academy of Otology and Neurotology,2013,34(6): 1084-1089.
11 Huppert D,Strupp M,Theil D,et al.Low recurrence rate of vestibu?larneuritis:along-term follow-up[J].Neurology,2006,67(10): 1870-1871.
12 Kim Y H,Kim K S,Kim K J,et al.Recurrence of vertigo in patients with vestibular neuritis[J].Acta oto-laryngologica,2011,131(11): 1172-1177.
13 Mandala M,Santoro GJ,Nuti D.Vestibular neuritis:recurrence and incidence of secondary benign paroxysmal positional vertigo[J].Acta oto-laryngologica,2009,130(5):565-567.
14 Lee Hkim B K,Park H J.Prodromal dizziness in vestibular neuritis: frequency and clinical implication[J].Journal of Neurology Neuro?surgery&Psychiatry,2009,80(3):355-356.
15 Silvoniemi P.Vestibular Neuronitis:An Otoneurological Evaluation [J].Acta oto-laryngologica.Supplementum,2009,453(453):1-72.
16 Leigh R J,Zee D S.The Neurology of Eye Movements,2nd Edn[J]. Optometry&Vision Science,1984,61(2):139-140.
17 Choi KD,Kim JS,Kim HJ,et al.Hyperventilation-induced nystag?mus in peripheral vestibulopathy and cerebellopontine angle tumor [J].Neurology,2007,69(10):1050-1059.
18 Brandt T,Dieterich M.Vestibular falls[J].J Vestib Res,1993,3(1): 314.
19 Arbusow V,Schulz P,Strupp M,et al.Distribution of herpes sim?plex virus type 1 in human geniculate and vestibular ganglia:Impli?cations for vestibular neuritis[J].Annals of Neurology,1999,46(3): 416-419.
20 Arbusow V,Derfuss T,Held K,et al.Latency of herpes simplex vi?rus type-1 in human geniculate and vestibular ganglia is associated with infiltration of CD8+T cells[J].Journal of Medical Virology, 2010,82(11):1917-1920.
21 Esaki S,Goshima F,Kimura H,et al.Auditory and vestibular de?fects induced by experimental labyrinthitis following herpes simplex virus in mice[J].Acta oto-laryngologica,2011,131(7):684-691.
22 Fetter M,Dichgans J.Vestibular neuritis spares the inferior division of the vestibular nerve[J].Brain,1996,119(3):755-763.
23 Gianoli G,Goebel J,Mowry S,et al.Anatomic differences in the lat?eral vestibular nerve channels and their implications in vestibular neuritis[J].Otology&Neurotology,2005,26(3):489-494.
24 Nayak S,He L,Roehm PC.Superior Versus Inferior Vestibular Neu?ritis:Are There Intrinsic Differences in Infection,Reactivation,or Production of Infectious Particles Between the Vestibular Ganglia? [J].Otology&neurotology:official publication of the American Oto?logical Society,American Neurotology Society[and]European Acad?emy of Otology and Neurotology,2015,36(7):1266-1274.
25 Perez N,Ramalopez J.Head-impulse and caloric tests in patients with dizziness[J].Ontology&Neurotology,2003,24(6):913-917.
26 Perez N,Ramalopez J.Head-impulse and caloric tests in patients with dizziness[J].Ontology&Neurotology,2003,24(6):913-917.
27 Weber KP,Aw ST,Todd MJ,et al.Head impulse test in unilateral vestibular loss:vestibulo-ocular reflex and catch-up saccades[J]. Neurology,2008,70(6):454-463.
28 Kim H A,Hong J H,Lee H,et al.Otolith dysfunction in vestibular neuritis:recovery pattern and a predictor of symptom recovery[J]. Neurology,2008,70(6):449-453.
29 Kim JS,Kim HJ.Inferior vestibular neuritis[J].Journal of Neurolo?gy,2012,259(8):1553-1560.
30 Lee S U,Park SH,Kim HJ,et al.Normal Caloric Responses during Acute Phase of Vestibular Neuritis[J].Journal of Clinical Neurology, 2016,12(3):301-307.
31 Govender S,Colebatch JG,Govender S,et al.Ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potential(oVEMP)responses in acute vestibular neuritis[J].Clinical Neurophysiology Official Journal of the Interna? tional Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology,2012,123(5): 1054-1055.
32 吳子明,張素珍,周娜,等.前庭誘發(fā)的肌源性電位臨床應(yīng)用[J].中華耳科學(xué)雜志,2006,4(04):298-302. Wu Ziming,Zhang Suzhen,Zhou Na,et al.Clinical application of ves?tibular evoked myogenic potentials[J].Chinese Journal of Otology, 2006,4(04):298-302.
33 Lin CM,Young YH.Identifying the affected branches of vestibular nerve in vestibular neuritis[J].Acta oto-laryngologica,2011,131(9): 921-928.
34 Brantberg K,Magnusson M.The dynamics of the vestibulo-ocular reflex in patients with vestibular neuritis[J].American Journal of Otolaryngology,1990,11(5):345-351.
35 Karlberg M,Annertz M,Magnusson M.Acute vestibular neuritis vi?sualized by 3-T magnetic resonance imaging with high-dose gado?linium[J].Archives of otolaryngology-head&neck surgery,2004,130 (2):229-232.
36 Choi KD,Oh SY,Kim HJ,et al.Recovery of Vestibular Imbalances After Vestibular Neuritis[J].Laryngoscope,2007,117(7):1307-1312.
37 Halmagyi GM,Aw ST,Karlberg M,et al.Inferior vestibular neuritis [J].Journal of Neurology,2012,259(8):1553-1560.
38 Halmagyi GM,Colebatch JG.Vestibular evoked myogenic potentials in the sternomastoid muscle are not of lateral canal origin[J].Acta oto-laryngologica.Supplementum,2009,520(1):1-3.
39 Kim JS,Lee H.Inner ear dysfunction due to vertebrobasilar isch?emic stroke[J].Seminars in Neurology,2009,29(05):534-540.
40 Choi KD,Lee H,Kim JS.Vertigo in brainstem and cerebellar strokes [J].Current Opinion in Neurology,2013,26(1):90-95.
41 Ji SK,Cho KH,Lee H.Isolated labyrinthine infarction as a harbin?ger of anterior inferior cerebellar artery territory infarction with nor?mal diffusion-weighted brain MRI[J].Journal of the Neurological Sciences,2009,278(1-2):82-84.
42 Tarnutzer AA,Berkowitz AL,Robinson KA,et al.Does my dizzy pa?tient have a stroke?A systematic review of bedside diagnosis in acute vestibular syndrome[J].Canadian Medical Association Journal, 2011,183(9):1025-1032.
43 Kattah JC,Talkad AV,Wang DZ,et al.HINTS to diagnose stroke in the acute vestibular syndrome:three-step bedside oculomotor exami?nation more sensitive than early MRI diffusion-weighted imaging[J]. Stroke,2009,40(11):3504-3510.
44 Thomke F,Hopf HC.Pontine lesions mimicking acute peripheral vestibulopathy[J].Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery&Psychiatry, 1999,66(3):340-349.
45 Uffer DS,Hegemann SC.About the pathophysiology of acute unilater?al vestibular deficit-vestibular neuritis(VN)or peripheral vestibu?lopathy(PVP)?[J].J Vestib Res,2016,26(3):311-317.
46 Kerber KA.Vertigo and dizziness in the emergency department[J]. Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America,2009,27(1):39-50.
47 Strupp M,Arbusow V,Maag KP,et al.Vestibular exercises improve central vestibulospinal compensation after vestibular neuritis[J]. Neurology,1998,51(3):838-844.
48 Jacobson G P,Pearlstein R,Henderson J,et al.Recovery nystagmus revisited[J].Journal of the American Academy of Audiology,1998,9 (4):263-271.
49 Brodsky JR,Cusick BA,Zhou G.Vestibular neuritis in children and adolescents:Clinical features and recovery[J].International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology,2016,83:104-108.
50 Baloh RW.Clinical practice.Vestibular neuritis[J].New England Journal of Medicine,2003,348(11):1027-1032.
51 Fishman JM,Burgess C,Waddell A.Corticosteroids for the treat?ment of idiopathic acute vestibular dysfunction(vestibular neuritis) [J].Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews,2011,80(5):688-694.
52 Adamec I,Barun B,Ljevak J,et al.Intravenous dexamethasone in acute management of vestibular neuritis:a randomized,placebo-con?trolled,single-blind trial[J].European Journal of Emergency Medi?cine,2015,11(2):105-116.
53 Kim J C,Cha W W,Chang D S,et al.The Effect of Intravenous Dexamethasone on the Nausea Accompanying Vestibular Neuritis:A Preliminary Study[J].Clinical Therapeutics,2015,37(11):2536-2542. 54 Herdman SJ.Vestibular rehabilitation[J].Current Opinion in Neurol?ogy,2012,26(1):96-101.
55 徐先榮,張揚(yáng),金占國.前庭功能與航空航天飛行[J].聽力學(xué)及言語疾病雜志,2008,16(1):29-31. Xianrong Xu,Yang Zhang,Zhanguo Jin.Vestibular function and aerospace flight[J].Journal of Audiology and Speech Pathology,2008, 16(1):29-31.
56 Shupak A,Nachum Z,Stern Y,et al.Vestibular Neuronitis in Pilots: Follow-up Results and Implications for Flight Safety[J].Laryngo?scope,2003,113(2):316-321.
57 熊巍,徐先榮,張揚(yáng),等.飛行人員前庭神經(jīng)元炎的特點(diǎn)及醫(yī)學(xué)鑒定[J].軍醫(yī)進(jìn)修學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào),2012,12(33):1209-1211. Wei Xiong,Xianrong Xu,Yang Zhang,et al.Characteristics and medical evaluation of the vestibular neurons in flight pilots[J].Jour?nal of Chinese PLA Postgraduate Medical School,2012,12(33): 1209-1211.
58 徐先榮,熊巍.飛行人員眩暈的航空醫(yī)學(xué)鑒定[J].軍醫(yī)進(jìn)修學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào),2011,32(9):879-882. Xianrong Xu,Wei Xiong.Aviation medical evaluation of the vertigo in flight pilots[J].Journal of Chinese PLA Postgraduate Medical School,2011,32(9):879-882.
59熊巍,徐先榮,鄭軍,等.飛行人員良性陣發(fā)性位置性眩暈的特點(diǎn)及航空醫(yī)學(xué)鑒定[J].解放軍醫(yī)學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào),2013,34(9):907-909. Wei Xiong,Xianrong Xu,Jun Zheng,et al.Characteristics and medi?cal evaluation of the benign paroxysmal positional vertigo in flight pi?lots[J].Journal of Chinese PLA Postgraduate Medical School,2013,34(9):907-909.
60 Department of the Air Force.Air Force waiver guide[S/OL].Washing?ton:USAF School of Aerospace Medicine,2015[2016-03-26].http: //www.wpafb.af.mil.shared.Media/doeument/AFD-130118-045.pd
Advances in diagnosis and treatment of vestibular neuritis
LI Yuanjun,XU Xianrong
Aerospace Vertigo Clinical Research Center,PLA Air Force General Hospital,Beijing,China(100142).
Vestibular neuritis is one of the most common causes of acute spontaneous vertigo.Vestibular neuritis is ascribed to acute unilateral loss of vestibular function,probably due to reactivation of herpes simplex virus in the vestibular ganglia.Vestibular neuritis preferentially involves the superior vestibular labyrinth and its afferents.Accordingly,the function of the posterior semicircular canal and saccule,which constitute the inferior vestibular labyrinth,is mostly spared in vestibular neuritis due to the anatomical difference.The clinical features,head impulse test,caloric paresis and cervical/ocular VEMPs can be used for sub-type diagnosis.Symptomatic medication is indicated only during the acute phase to relieve the vertigo and nausea/vomiting.The efficacy of topical and systemic steroids requires further validation.Vestibular rehabilitation is the most effective way for vestibular neuritis patients to return to their own normal life,especially for pilots.This review focuses on the epidemiology,clinical feature,etiology,evaluation,diagnosis,differential diagnosis,disease course, treatment and medical evaluation of vestibular neuritis.
Vestibular neuritis;Etiology;Vestibular rehabilitation;Medical evaluation
R764.41
A
1672-2922(2016)04-515-6
2016-7-30)
10.3969/j.issn.1672-2922.2016.04.017
“十二五”國家科技支撐計(jì)劃課題(2012BAI12B02)、全軍后勤面上項(xiàng)目(CKJ14J013)、全軍后勤重點(diǎn)項(xiàng)目(BKJ15J004)、全軍后勤標(biāo)準(zhǔn)制定項(xiàng)目(BKJ15B013)
李遠(yuǎn)軍,學(xué)士,住院醫(yī)師,研究方向:眩暈疾病。
徐先榮,Email:xuxianrongkz@sina.com