鹽酸右美托咪定是一種高選擇性α2受體激動(dòng)劑,自1999年12月27日獲FDA批準(zhǔn)上市以來(lái),因其具有鎮(zhèn)靜、鎮(zhèn)痛、催眠、抗焦慮、多器官保護(hù)等作用,且對(duì)呼吸、循環(huán)影響甚微,被廣泛應(yīng)用于臨床。關(guān)于右美鎮(zhèn)痛作用的應(yīng)用與研究越來(lái)越多,但其鎮(zhèn)痛機(jī)制仍不清楚,現(xiàn)就右美鎮(zhèn)痛作用綜述如下。
1鎮(zhèn)痛作用
1.1超前鎮(zhèn)痛 Del Angel García等[1]在對(duì)行腹股溝疝手術(shù)患者使用右美超前鎮(zhèn)痛的研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),麻醉前予以右美可以明顯降低疼痛的強(qiáng)度,減少術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛藥物的用量。Schmidt等[2]對(duì)60例兒童隨機(jī)分成三組術(shù)前分別使用咪達(dá)唑侖、可樂定、右美,評(píng)估三種術(shù)前用藥方案對(duì)兒童術(shù)后疼痛和焦慮的影響,結(jié)果表明右美能帶來(lái)明顯的超前鎮(zhèn)痛。He等[3] 發(fā)現(xiàn)丙泊酚注射前5min靜脈予以右美1μg/kg可以安全有效地降低丙泊酚注射痛的發(fā)生率及疼痛程度。
1.2術(shù)中鎮(zhèn)痛
1.2.1全麻中鎮(zhèn)痛 右美具有良好的輔助鎮(zhèn)痛作用,術(shù)中輔用右美能夠顯著減少麻醉藥的用量。Tufanogullari等[4]報(bào)道術(shù)中輔用右美0.2、0.4和0.8μg·kg-1·h-1可使手術(shù)患者呼氣末地氟烷濃度分別降低19、20和22%,減少?gòu)?fù)蘇室芬太尼及術(shù)后自控鎮(zhèn)痛的需求。Patel等[5]在比較右美與芬太尼對(duì)122例睡眠呼吸暫停綜合征患兒行扁桃體腺樣體切除術(shù)圍手術(shù)期阿片類藥物的使用量及術(shù)后躁動(dòng)發(fā)生率的影響研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),右美組維持術(shù)中循環(huán)穩(wěn)定的芬太尼需要量低于芬太尼組。Gopalakrishna等[6]對(duì)46例垂體瘤切除患者予以右美持續(xù)輸注,結(jié)果顯示右美組能夠顯著改善血流動(dòng)力學(xué)穩(wěn)定,術(shù)中芬太尼消耗量及呼氣末異氟烷濃度要求均明顯減少。
1.2.2椎管內(nèi)輔助鎮(zhèn)痛 低劑量右美(3μg)混合布比卡因用于經(jīng)尿道前列腺或膀胱腫瘤切除術(shù)患者蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔麻醉呈劑量依賴性地縮短運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)阻滯起效時(shí)間,延長(zhǎng)運(yùn)動(dòng)和感覺神經(jīng)復(fù)蘇時(shí)間[7、8]。Elhakim等[9]發(fā)現(xiàn)在硬膜外聯(lián)合全麻下行單肺通氣開胸手術(shù)過程中,硬膜外加用右美可以顯著減少麻醉藥的用量、預(yù)防術(shù)中知曉、改善術(shù)中氧合以及減輕術(shù)后疼痛。右美鞘內(nèi)或硬膜外腔給藥治療慢性疼痛效果是確切的,但是也有研究[10]表明右美硬膜外給藥可以引起兔的脊髓白質(zhì)脫髓鞘病變,這與一些研究[11、12、13]證實(shí)右美具有神經(jīng)保護(hù)作用的結(jié)論相悖。
1.2.3神經(jīng)阻滯輔助鎮(zhèn)痛 局麻藥中加右美可以縮短臂叢神經(jīng)阻滯的起效時(shí)間,延長(zhǎng)神經(jīng)阻滯時(shí)間及術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛時(shí)間[14、15]。Almarakbi等[16]用布比卡因輔以右美0.5μg/kg對(duì)50例腹式子宮切除術(shù)患者行腹橫肌平面阻滯,結(jié)果顯示右美加布比卡因組第一次鎮(zhèn)痛要求明顯晚于對(duì)照組,且術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛嗎啡總量及術(shù)后8h的疼痛評(píng)分(視覺模擬評(píng)分,VAS)均低于對(duì)照組,提示局麻藥伍用右美可以產(chǎn)生更好的鎮(zhèn)痛效果。
1.3術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛
1.3.1靜脈鎮(zhèn)痛 右美用于術(shù)后靜脈鎮(zhèn)痛可以減少鎮(zhèn)痛藥的用量及鎮(zhèn)痛藥引起的不良反應(yīng),提高患者舒適度[17、18]。Nie等[19]報(bào)道右美聯(lián)合舒芬太尼用于產(chǎn)婦術(shù)后患者自控靜脈鎮(zhèn)痛能夠減少舒芬的用量,提高產(chǎn)婦對(duì)術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛的滿意程度。
1.3.2關(guān)節(jié)腔內(nèi)鎮(zhèn)痛 右美可以提高羅哌卡因關(guān)節(jié)腔內(nèi)注射用于膝關(guān)節(jié)鏡檢術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛的鎮(zhèn)痛質(zhì)量[20]。Alipour等[21]報(bào)道膝關(guān)節(jié)鏡術(shù)后關(guān)節(jié)腔內(nèi)注射右美1μg/kg明顯減輕了患者術(shù)后疼痛程度。右美直接或輔助局麻藥用于關(guān)節(jié)腔內(nèi)鎮(zhèn)痛,不僅可以為患者提供良好的術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛減少止痛藥物的用量,而且其鎮(zhèn)痛效能甚至優(yōu)于靜脈鎮(zhèn)痛。
1.3.3外周神經(jīng)阻滯鎮(zhèn)痛 Bengisun等[22]在對(duì)48例肩關(guān)節(jié)鏡手術(shù)患者行臂叢神經(jīng)阻滯術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛發(fā)現(xiàn),左旋布比卡因聯(lián)合右美用于臂叢神經(jīng)阻滯術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛可以降低患者術(shù)后疼痛VAS評(píng)分,提高患者的滿意度。
1.4其它 Samantaray等[23]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)右美1μg/kg聯(lián)合局麻用于清醒患者中心靜脈置管可以提供完善的鎮(zhèn)痛及良好的舒適度。另外,研究[24]發(fā)現(xiàn)側(cè)腦室內(nèi)注射右美,同樣可以產(chǎn)生鎮(zhèn)痛作用,且無(wú)神經(jīng)毒性效應(yīng)。
2鎮(zhèn)痛機(jī)制
2.1外周水平 右美直接抑制外周神經(jīng)C纖維和Aα纖維從而發(fā)揮鎮(zhèn)痛作用[25]。研究[26、27]表明外周應(yīng)用右美可以產(chǎn)生一定的鎮(zhèn)痛作用。Brummett等[28]認(rèn)為可能與右美阻滯了超極化激活環(huán)核苷酸門控通道陽(yáng)離子電流有關(guān),Yang等[29]的研究結(jié)果進(jìn)一步證實(shí)了這一觀點(diǎn)。
2.2中樞水平 右美在中樞水平發(fā)揮鎮(zhèn)痛效應(yīng)主要是通過作用于中樞的α受體:①激動(dòng)脊髓突觸前、后膜上的α2受體,使細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生超極化,從而抑制疼痛信號(hào)向中樞傳遞[30]。Nazarian等[31]報(bào)道右美通過激動(dòng)脊髓α2受體在大鼠福爾馬林痛覺模型上產(chǎn)生鎮(zhèn)痛作用,結(jié)合α2受體各亞型(A、B和C)在動(dòng)物脊髓上的分布認(rèn)為,右美脊髓水平鎮(zhèn)痛作用主要由A型α2受體決定的。Li 等[32]在老鼠坐骨神經(jīng)慢性壓迫性損傷模型中研究發(fā)現(xiàn),右美在脊髓激活α2受體活化蛋白激酶B(PKB/Akt)從而產(chǎn)生鎮(zhèn)痛作用。②抑制藍(lán)斑核以及投射到脊髓的下行α2受體,減少P物質(zhì)及其他傷害性肽類的釋放,從而終止疼痛的信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)[33]。
3小結(jié)
右美可以多選擇(術(shù)前、術(shù)中、術(shù)后)、多途徑(滴鼻、局部、椎管內(nèi)、靜脈)、多方式(單用、伍用)用藥。圍術(shù)期應(yīng)用右美可以獲得良好的鎮(zhèn)靜鎮(zhèn)痛,減少應(yīng)激反應(yīng),維持循環(huán)穩(wěn)定,減少麻醉藥物用量,提高患者舒適度,且不良反應(yīng)少。值得注意的是,右美可以導(dǎo)致嚴(yán)重的心動(dòng)過緩,椎管內(nèi)用藥安全性也有待證實(shí)。相信隨著更進(jìn)一步的了解,右美在臨床中將扮演更多更重要的角色。
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