追本溯源，剖析虛擬語氣四大考點(diǎn)

黃連英

虛擬語氣是普通高中《英語課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)（實(shí)驗(yàn)）》在語法項(xiàng)目表中新增加的要求考生必須掌握的語法項(xiàng)目。在2015年的高考試題中，有八套試卷涉及虛擬語氣的考查。由此可見，虛擬語氣在高考中占據(jù)著重要地位。

分析2015年的高考試題，課本仍是高考知識(shí)的基本依托，很多高考題或源于課本或高于課本。因此，在理解的基礎(chǔ)上熟記課本重要語句，是打通高考解題思路的必要途徑。筆者在此把人教版必修Book1—Book 5和選修Book 6—Book 8中一些虛擬語氣的句子羅列出來，以方便考生理解識(shí)記。

It seemed as if the world was at an end?。˙ook Ⅰ， Unit 4）

But dont you think it would be better if you were a bit thinner？ （Book III，Unit 2）

What do you think would happen if tomorrow there was suddenly no rice to eat？ （Book IV，Unit 2）

It was a dilemma because the footballer could have demanded changes if we were wrong. （Book V，Unit 4）

If the rules of respective had been discovered， no one would have been able to paint such realistic pictures. （Book VI， Unit 1）

If I had a chance to say one thing to healthy children， it would be like this： having a disability doesnt mean your life isnt satisfying. （Book VII， Unit 1）

Could it be solved if corrections were made in their research procedure？ （Book VIII， Unit 2）

分析近兩年英語高考試題可知，虛擬語氣的考查主要體現(xiàn)在語篇運(yùn)用中，這與《考試大綱》對(duì)虛擬語氣的考查要求相符，具體體現(xiàn)在以下四大考查熱點(diǎn)：

【典型考例】

1.（2015北京卷）If I________ it with my own eyes， I wouldnt have believed it.

A. didnt see B. werent seeing

C. wouldnt see D. hadnt seen

2.（2014北京卷）We _______back in the hotel now if you didnt lose the map.

A. are B. were C. will be D. would be

【點(diǎn)撥】1.D 2. D 這兩個(gè)考題都是對(duì)條件狀語從句中的虛擬語氣進(jìn)行考查。第1題，根據(jù)后半句I wouldnt have believed it可以判斷，這是對(duì)過去的虛擬，因此從句中謂語用had done。第2題，根據(jù)從句中謂語動(dòng)詞用過去式可知，此處表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的虛擬，因此主句用would be。

【考點(diǎn)歸納】條件狀語從句中的虛擬語氣是虛擬語氣最基本的用法，也是高考涉及最多的考法。虛擬語氣在虛擬條件從句中的用法分為三類——對(duì)現(xiàn)在時(shí)間的虛擬，對(duì)過去時(shí)間的虛擬，對(duì)將來時(shí)間的虛擬。下面以表格的形式列出虛擬語氣在這三類條件狀語從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞的形式：

條件狀語從句 從句的謂語形式 主句的謂語形式

表現(xiàn)在情況 were/did should/would/could/might +do

表過去情況 had done should/would/could/might + have done

表將來情況 did/were

should + do

were to do should/would/could/might + do

【重點(diǎn)警示】

1.有時(shí)候條件和結(jié)果不是指同一個(gè)時(shí)間，這種虛擬語氣形式被稱為錯(cuò)綜虛擬語氣。多數(shù)情況下，從句和主句都有相關(guān)的時(shí)間狀語，這也是解題的關(guān)鍵所在。主從句的謂語形式一般是根據(jù)各自所表示的時(shí)間加以調(diào)整。例如：

If he had spent more time practising speaking English before，he would be able to speak it much better now.

2.如果條件句中含有were ，had 或 should，可將if省略，把were ， had 或 should提到主語前面。例如：

If I were you， I would not tell him that. =Were I you， I would not tell him that.

【典型考例】

3.（2015安徽卷）It is lucky we booked a room， or we______ nowhere to stay now.

A. had B. had had C. would have D. would have had

4.（2014浙江卷） They were abroad during the months when we were carrying out the investigation， or they _____ to our help.

A. would have come B. could come

C. have come D. had come

【點(diǎn)撥】3.C 4. A 第3題，or引導(dǎo)含蓄虛擬條件句，根據(jù)now可知，這是對(duì)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行虛擬，因此用would +動(dòng)詞原形。第4題，根據(jù)謂語動(dòng)詞were可知，事情發(fā)生在過去，or后面的句子是對(duì)過去的虛擬，所以應(yīng)用would have done。

【考點(diǎn)歸納】虛擬條件句中的條件從句有時(shí)不表達(dá)出來，而是隱含在上下文中，這種句子叫含蓄性條件句。常用的有三種情況：

1.用but for +名詞（如果沒有）、without +名詞（要不是）表虛擬條件，例如：

Without his war time experiences， Hemingway wouldnt have written his famous novel A Farewell to Arms.

2.用副詞otherwise/or表虛擬條件，例如：

I was very busy yesterday， otherwise I would have helped you.

3.用連詞but連接的句子表隱含的虛擬條件，例如：

I would have attended the meeting last week， but I was very tired.

【典型考例】

5.（2014重慶卷）It was John who broke the window. Why are you talking to me as if I _______ it？

A. had done B. have done C. did D. am doing

【點(diǎn)撥】A 句意：John打壞了窗戶，為什么你跟我談話好像是我打壞了窗戶似的？題中broke表明“打壞窗戶”這一動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過去，as if / though后面的從句用had done表示對(duì)過去的虛擬。

【考點(diǎn)歸納】as if/though引導(dǎo)的狀語從句中，如果表示對(duì)過去的虛擬，從句謂語用had done；如果表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在的虛擬，從句的謂語用did/were； 如果表示對(duì)將來的虛擬，從句的謂語用would do。

【重點(diǎn)警示】as if/though引導(dǎo)的狀語從句中，如說話者認(rèn)為所屬的是事實(shí)或極可能發(fā)生的事實(shí)時(shí)，則用陳述語氣。例如：

It looks as if its going to rain.看起來像要下雨了。

【典型考例】

6.（2015天津卷）I wish I____ at my sisters wedding last Tuesday， but I was on a business trip in New York then.

A. will be B. would be C. have been D. had been

【點(diǎn)撥】D 本題考查wish引導(dǎo)的賓語從句，表示與過去事實(shí)相反的愿望，從句用had +過去分詞。根據(jù)句意可知選D。

【考點(diǎn)歸納】wish 后的賓語從句要用虛擬語氣，表示不能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望。表示現(xiàn)在不能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望，從句謂語動(dòng)詞用were/did；表示將來不能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望，從句謂語動(dòng)詞用could/would + do；表示過去不能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望，從句謂語動(dòng)詞用had + done。

天津爆炸事故已經(jīng)成為歷史教訓(xùn)，本期以時(shí)文閱讀的形式了解天津爆炸事件中的救援經(jīng)過。

Seventeen people were killed last night when a huge explosion hit an industrial area of China， injuring at least 300. The blast is believed to have come from a shipment of explosives inside a warehouse at about 11：30 pm local time yesterday （5：30 pm in Britain） in the north-eastern city of Tianjin.

Videos of the explosion showed flames lighting up the night sky， raising dust dozens of feet into the air， and residents in nearby districts said the blast had broken windows. Tianjin resident Zhang Siyu， who lives several miles from the blast site， said： “I thought it was an earthquake， so I rushed downstairs without my shoes on. Only once I was outside did I realize it was an explosion. There was the huge fireball in the sky with thick clouds. Everybody could see it.”

Post on Chinese social network Weibo showed a fireball shooting into the air and at least two separate explosions， while photos showed people in the street apparently covered in blood. Other images showed children being carried in blankets to safety.

It was claimed that the two explosions happened within 30 seconds of each other and about 100 fire trucks were sent to the scene， with most of the injuries caused by broken glass and stones. The firm running the warehouse was named by local media as Ruihai Logistics. The company says on its website that it was established in 2011. It says it handles one million tons of cargo annually.

The National Earthquake Bureau reported two major blasts before midnight local time-the first with an equivalent of 3 tons of TNT， and the second with the equivalent of 21 tons. Six thousand of firefighters brought the ensuing fire under control， although it was still burning. It was reported that the firefighters were combing the neighbourhood for possible the injured.

1. The underlined word “blast” in the first paragraph may mean _____.

A. injury B. destroy C. explosion D. safety

2. When did the fire broke out by the Beijing time？ （ ）

A. 11：30 pm. B.11：33 pm.

C. 5：30 pm D. 5：33 pm.

3. What did Zhang Siyu do first when hearing during explosion？ （ ）

A. He recorded videos of flames.

B. He post what he saw online.

C. He sent for the firefighters.

D. He ran downstairs quickly.

【答案】1. C 2. A 3. D

【生詞】

1. explosive [?k?spl??s?v]adj.爆炸的， 易爆炸的

例句： The explosive device was timed to go off at the rush hour.

爆炸裝置被設(shè)定在高峰時(shí)間引爆。

2. equivalent [??kw?v?l?nt] n.對(duì)等物， [化學(xué)]當(dāng)量

例句： The equivalent of two tablespoons of polyunsatu-rated oils is ample each day.

人類每天食用相當(dāng)于兩大湯匙多重不飽和油的量就足夠了。

【長(zhǎng)難句分析】

Seventeen people were killed last night when a huge explosion hit an industrial area of China， injuring at least 300.

昨天晚上發(fā)生在中國(guó)一工業(yè)城市的大爆炸造成17人死亡，至少300人受傷。

該句中的when引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句，injuring是動(dòng)詞的ing形式做結(jié)果狀語。