王翠寧,王治江
(河北聯(lián)合大學(xué) 研究生學(xué)院,河北 唐山 063009)
隨著信息時(shí)代的到來(lái),報(bào)刊新聞在社會(huì)生活中扮演著越來(lái)越重要的角色。報(bào)刊新聞媒體在人們信息交流過(guò)程中發(fā)揮著重要作用,縮短了人與人之間和世界各國(guó)之間的距離。英語(yǔ)災(zāi)難新聞作為新聞報(bào)道的重要組成部分,有其自身的語(yǔ)篇特征。英語(yǔ)災(zāi)難新聞?dòng)袃蓚€(gè)組成部分:英語(yǔ)自然災(zāi)害新聞和英語(yǔ)事故新聞。文章只涉及英語(yǔ)自然災(zāi)害新聞的研究,運(yùn)用韓禮德(Halliday)系統(tǒng)功能語(yǔ)言學(xué)及物性系統(tǒng)相關(guān)理論分析英語(yǔ)災(zāi)難新聞?wù)Z篇,研究災(zāi)難新聞的漢譯策略。黃媛主要闡述了當(dāng)代報(bào)刊新聞?dòng)⒄Z(yǔ)的語(yǔ)言特色從而分析出當(dāng)代報(bào)刊新聞?dòng)⒄Z(yǔ)翻譯的有效途徑(黃媛,2011);卜瑩應(yīng)用系統(tǒng)功能語(yǔ)法概念功能方面的及物性分析、人際功能方面的情態(tài)分析和語(yǔ)篇功能方面的銜接分析對(duì)中西災(zāi)難新聞?wù)Z篇進(jìn)行了分析從而證明了系統(tǒng)功能語(yǔ)法的三大元語(yǔ)言功能在新聞?wù)Z篇分析中的可行性(卜瑩,2012);熊輝用系統(tǒng)功能語(yǔ)法理論探析了新聞?wù)Z篇的深層特征,檢驗(yàn)了系統(tǒng)功能語(yǔ)法在新聞?dòng)h對(duì)照研究及英漢翻譯中的適用性(熊輝,2009);吳曉燕將J.House翻譯評(píng)估模式應(yīng)用在新聞?dòng)⒄Z(yǔ)的漢譯中以傳統(tǒng)的翻譯批評(píng)方法結(jié)合案例分析方法闡述了該翻譯模式的不足之處,拓寬了該模式的應(yīng)用范圍,同時(shí)也改變了傳統(tǒng)的新聞翻譯的分析方法,為新聞?dòng)⒄Z(yǔ)漢譯的質(zhì)量評(píng)估提供了新的思路(吳曉燕,2013)。前輩們或從新聞學(xué)的角度出發(fā)分析新聞?wù)Z言的特點(diǎn)以探索翻譯方法;或從系統(tǒng)功能語(yǔ)言學(xué)語(yǔ)篇分析的角度歸納新聞?dòng)⒄Z(yǔ)語(yǔ)篇的漢譯策略或質(zhì)量評(píng)估模式。而運(yùn)用系統(tǒng)功能語(yǔ)法研究英語(yǔ)災(zāi)難新聞?wù)Z篇翻譯策略的學(xué)術(shù)作品尚沒(méi)出現(xiàn)。
系統(tǒng)功能語(yǔ)言學(xué)派的理論是近30年來(lái)在語(yǔ)篇分析領(lǐng)域影響較大的語(yǔ)言學(xué)理論成為重要的語(yǔ)篇分析學(xué)派之一。自20 世紀(jì)70年代被介紹到中國(guó)以來(lái),越來(lái)越受到國(guó)內(nèi)語(yǔ)言學(xué)界的關(guān)注并被用于語(yǔ)篇分析、翻譯研究和教學(xué)應(yīng)用等領(lǐng)域。及物性分析作為系統(tǒng)功能語(yǔ)言學(xué)純理功能中概念功能的重要組成部分,把人們?cè)诂F(xiàn)實(shí)世界中的見(jiàn)聞和作為分成若干過(guò)程,包括物質(zhì)過(guò)程(Material Process)、心理過(guò)程(Mental Process)、關(guān)系過(guò)程(Relational Process)、行為過(guò)程(Behavioural process)、言語(yǔ)過(guò)程(Verbal Process)和存在過(guò)程(Existential Process)六種。每個(gè)過(guò)程又包括三種成分:參與者(Participant)、過(guò)程(Process)和環(huán)境(Circumstances)。每種過(guò)程中參與者的位置都可以通過(guò)語(yǔ)態(tài)來(lái)表現(xiàn)。物質(zhì)過(guò)程是表示做某事的過(guò)程(aprocess of doing something)如:
動(dòng)作者(Actor)物質(zhì)過(guò)程(Material Process)目標(biāo)(Goal)My sister boug ht a new dress目標(biāo)(Goal)物質(zhì)過(guò)程(Material Process)環(huán)境(Circumstance)The lights was closed one byone
心理過(guò)程是一種感知過(guò)程,反映人們的內(nèi)心世界。表示“感覺(jué)”(perception)、“反應(yīng)”(reaction)和“認(rèn)知”(recognition)等心理。表示感覺(jué)的有see,hear,look 等;表示反映的有l(wèi)ike,hate,please等;表示認(rèn)知的有believe,understand,know 等。如:
感知者(Sensor)心理過(guò)程(Mental Process)現(xiàn)象(Phenomenon)She can understand the q uestion I like dumplings He feels very ha ppy
關(guān)系過(guò)程指的是反映事物之間處于何種關(guān)系的過(guò)程各自又被進(jìn)一步分為“內(nèi)包式”(intensive)、“環(huán)過(guò)程(aprocess of relation being),分為“歸屬”(at-境式”(circumstantial)和“所有式”(possessive)。tributive)和“識(shí)別”(identifying)兩類。這兩種關(guān)系如:
載體(Carrier)/被識(shí)別者(Identified)關(guān)系過(guò)程(Relational Process)屬性(Attitude)/識(shí)別者(Identifier)Jackson is a sing er The basketball is under the desk The pencil case is owned by Mar y
行為過(guò)程是指諸如呼吸、咳嗽、嘆息、做夢(mèng)、哭笑等生理活動(dòng)過(guò)程(aprocess of behaving)。常用的動(dòng)詞有breathe,cough,sigh,dream,laugh,cry,watch,listen等。行為過(guò)程有一個(gè)或兩個(gè)參與者即“行為者”(Behaver),且行為者通常是人。如:
行為者(Behaver)行為過(guò)程(Behavioural process)環(huán)境(Circumstance)She coughed up blood this morning John kissed Lucyon the square
言語(yǔ)過(guò)程是指人們通過(guò)講話交流傳遞信息的過(guò)程。主要涉及“講話人”(Sayer)、“受話人”(Receiver)和“講話內(nèi)容”(Verbiage)三部分。講話者不一定是人。“講話內(nèi)容”(Verbiage)可以是告訴受話者某信息也可以是要求受話者做某事。如:
講話人(Sayer)言語(yǔ)過(guò)程(Verbal Process)受話者(Receptor)講話內(nèi)容(Verbiage)I have told him the truth She asked me a q uestion
存在過(guò)程是表示有某物存在的過(guò)程(aprocess of existing)。常帶有虛主語(yǔ)“There”和系動(dòng)詞“be”,此外,物質(zhì)過(guò)程的動(dòng)詞還可以用exist,arise,happen等。在每個(gè)存在過(guò)程中,都必須有一個(gè)“存在物”(existent)。如:
存在過(guò)程((Existential Process))存在物(existent)環(huán)境(Circumstance)There is a book on the desk
語(yǔ)料一及物性分析如下圖所示:
(1)Train service of Guangzhou Railway Station,a rail hub in South China,has been suspended after landslides blocked a railway artery linking Guangzhou and Beijing,Guangzhou Railway Corporation said on Sunday.(言語(yǔ)過(guò)程,主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)+被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))
(1)據(jù)廣州鐵路公司消息,因暴雨滑坡,京廣線粵北段部分被阻斷,逾八萬(wàn)人滯留廣州火車站。(物質(zhì)過(guò)程,被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)+主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))
(2)The company could not confirm when the train service could resume.(言語(yǔ)過(guò)程,主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))
(2)該公司暫時(shí)無(wú)法確定鐵路線何時(shí)能恢復(fù)。(言語(yǔ)過(guò)程,主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))
(3)More than 80,000passengers would not be able to board their trains,according to the company's estimates.(行為過(guò)程,主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))
(3)據(jù)該公司估計(jì),超過(guò)八萬(wàn)名鐵路旅客無(wú)法上車啟程。(行為過(guò)程,主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))
(4)Landslides cut off the Guangdong section of Beijing-Guangzhou Railway as downpours have been drenching northern part of Guangdong province for days,the railway company said.(言語(yǔ)過(guò)程,主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))
(4)鐵路公司說(shuō)道,由于連日暴雨導(dǎo)致山體滑坡,京廣鐵路粵北段被阻塞。(言語(yǔ)過(guò)程,主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))
(5)Passengers were told not to come to the railway station as there would be no train to board.(言語(yǔ)過(guò)程,被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))
(5)鐵路旅客已被告知不要前往火車站,因?yàn)楝F(xiàn)在不提供登車服務(wù)。(言語(yǔ)過(guò)程,被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))
語(yǔ)料二及物性分析如下圖所示:
(1)Serious rainstorms have left 16people dead and 19 missing since Sunday in China,said the Ministry of Civil Affairs here on Wednesday.(言語(yǔ)過(guò)程,主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))
(1)本周三民政部最新消息:自上周日起,中國(guó)大部分地區(qū)的暴雨天氣已造成16人死亡,19 人受傷。(言語(yǔ)過(guò)程,主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))
(2)The disasters have affected 1.67 million people in 15provincial divisions in China as of 9am on Wednesday,according to a ministry statement.(物質(zhì)過(guò)程,主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))
(2)民政部在聲明中稱,截止至本周三上午九點(diǎn)為止,中國(guó)有15個(gè)省市自治區(qū)受到洪災(zāi)影響,受災(zāi)人數(shù)已達(dá)167萬(wàn)人。(言語(yǔ)過(guò)程,主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))
(3)Heavy rainfall accompanied by thunderstorms and hail has triggered serious floods and landslides in these areas,the statement said.(言語(yǔ)過(guò)程,主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))
(3)聲明中還說(shuō),在這些區(qū)域,強(qiáng)降雨天氣伴隨雷電和冰雹,觸發(fā)了嚴(yán)重洪水和泥石流等自然災(zāi)害。(言語(yǔ)過(guò)程,主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))
(4)The central government has sent out expert teams to supervise rescue and relief work in the worst-h(huán)it provinces such as Southwest China's Sichuan while relief material has been rushed to the affected areas.(物質(zhì)過(guò)程,主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)+被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))
(4)中央政府已派專家小組前往西南部四川省等受災(zāi)嚴(yán)重地區(qū),監(jiān)督指導(dǎo)搶險(xiǎn)救災(zāi)工作;并迅速向?yàn)?zāi)區(qū)發(fā)放救援物資。(物質(zhì)過(guò)程,主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)+主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))
語(yǔ)料三及物性分析如下圖所示:
(1)Search and rescue work continued Sunday as more than 200people were confirmed dead or missing from Saturday's devastating earthquake in southwest China's Sichuan Province.(存在過(guò)程,主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)+被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))
(1)周六,中國(guó)西南部四川省發(fā)生破壞性地震,造成200余人遇難失蹤,周日,搜救工作仍在繼續(xù)。(存在過(guò)程,主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)+主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))
(2)At least 6,700were injured,including 494 in serious condition.(關(guān)系過(guò)程,被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))
(2)地震造成至少6700人受傷,其中494人傷勢(shì)嚴(yán)重。(物質(zhì)過(guò)程,主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))
(3)More than 800officers and soldiers from Sichuan and Chongqing's fire departments reached all nine townships in Baoxing,a county which was isolated by the 7.0-magnitude quake.(物質(zhì)過(guò)程+關(guān)系過(guò)程,主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)+被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))
(3)寶興縣在經(jīng)歷7.0 級(jí)大地震之后成為“孤島”,目前四川和重慶消防部門的800余名官兵已抵達(dá)寶興縣的9個(gè)鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)。(關(guān)系過(guò)程+物質(zhì)過(guò)程,主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)+主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))
(4)Rescue and relief supplies such as life detection equipment,tools,tents and raincoats have been transported to the isolated county by two military helicopters.(物質(zhì)過(guò)程,被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))
(4)生命探測(cè)設(shè)備、工具、帳篷以及雨衣等救援物資已由兩架軍用直升飛機(jī)運(yùn)往“孤島”寶興縣。(物質(zhì)過(guò)程,被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))
(5)Chinese authorities and companies have moved to ensure basic supplies to areas hit by a7.0-magnitude earthquake.(物質(zhì)過(guò)程,主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))
(5)中國(guó)有關(guān)部門和企業(yè)目前致力于保障地震災(zāi)區(qū)的基本供應(yīng)。(物質(zhì)過(guò)程,主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))
(6)China's Ministry of Commerce (MOC)launched an emergency response to ensure the supply of daily necessities soon after the earthquake.(物質(zhì)過(guò)程,主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))
(6)中國(guó)商務(wù)部啟動(dòng)應(yīng)急預(yù)案,以保障地震災(zāi)區(qū)日常必需品的供應(yīng)。(物質(zhì)過(guò)程,主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))
(7)The ministry requires local authorities to keep up with the market supply situation in quake-h(huán)it regions of Ya'an City,according to a statement.(言語(yǔ)過(guò)程,主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))
(7)商務(wù)部發(fā)表聲明,要求當(dāng)?shù)卣U系卣馂?zāi)區(qū)雅安市的市場(chǎng)供應(yīng)。(言語(yǔ)過(guò)程,主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))
(8)It says local authorities should monitor the supplies and prices of necessities and make a daily report to the ministry.(言語(yǔ)過(guò)程,主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))
(8)聲明表示,當(dāng)?shù)卣O(jiān)測(cè)生活必需品市場(chǎng)供應(yīng)和價(jià)格變化情況,并每日進(jìn)行報(bào)告。(言語(yǔ)過(guò)程,主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))
(9)Provinces near Sichuan should mobilize major enterprises to provide necessary assistance in ensuring market supplies and disaster relief.(物質(zhì)過(guò)程,主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))
(9)四川省周邊地區(qū)要調(diào)控骨干企業(yè),根據(jù)需要協(xié)助災(zāi)區(qū)做好市場(chǎng)供應(yīng)和救災(zāi)工作。(物質(zhì)過(guò)程,主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))
災(zāi)難新聞屬于硬新聞的一種,與社會(huì)和國(guó)家機(jī)關(guān)聯(lián)系緊密,往往要在最短的時(shí)間內(nèi),高效地、準(zhǔn)確地、及時(shí)地將具體事實(shí)和應(yīng)對(duì)策略傳達(dá)給大眾并為大眾所接受。從語(yǔ)料分析過(guò)程可以看出:(1)無(wú)論是英語(yǔ)災(zāi)難新聞報(bào)道語(yǔ)篇還是漢語(yǔ)災(zāi)難新聞報(bào)道語(yǔ)篇都是用言語(yǔ)過(guò)程最多,已表明消息的來(lái)源和可靠性。其次便是行為過(guò)程和物質(zhì)過(guò)程。(2)語(yǔ)言具有可譯性,在英語(yǔ)災(zāi)難新聞漢譯過(guò)程中通常是直譯,即實(shí)現(xiàn)及物性過(guò)程的對(duì)等和語(yǔ)態(tài)的對(duì)等.(3)由于英語(yǔ)新聞注重結(jié)構(gòu)性,為避免頭重腳輕,通常用倒裝語(yǔ)序,而漢語(yǔ)講究重要信息在前,次要信息在后。正如語(yǔ)料一的第一句和預(yù)料二中的第二句都將言語(yǔ)過(guò)程譯為物質(zhì)過(guò)程。(4)英語(yǔ)多被動(dòng),漢語(yǔ)多主動(dòng),為了符合目標(biāo)語(yǔ)的表達(dá)習(xí)慣,漢譯時(shí)要做調(diào)整.如語(yǔ)料三中第二句有關(guān)系過(guò)程譯為物質(zhì)過(guò)程,語(yǔ)態(tài)也由被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)調(diào)整為主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。(5)由于英語(yǔ)是靜態(tài)語(yǔ)言,往往出現(xiàn)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),動(dòng)名詞,過(guò)去分詞和介詞短語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)呈樹(shù)狀;漢語(yǔ)是動(dòng)態(tài)語(yǔ)言,一句可能有很多動(dòng)詞,成竹子結(jié)構(gòu)。所以在漢譯過(guò)程中要適當(dāng)?shù)淖鲆恍┺D(zhuǎn)換,將被動(dòng)譯為主動(dòng),將介詞短語(yǔ)譯為漢語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞。如:語(yǔ)料二的第二句“…….a(chǎn)ccording to a ministry statement.”就要由物質(zhì)過(guò)程轉(zhuǎn)譯成“民政部在聲明中稱…”這個(gè)言語(yǔ)過(guò)程。
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