that和what用法小議

齊菊花

That和what引導從句的用法是高中生的頭疼大事，然而幾乎每年高考都會考查that和what的用法。本文試從區(qū)分、巧用和拓展三個角度探究它們的用法，以供廣大考生參考。

一、區(qū)分that和what

That有雙重身份，既可以作關(guān)系代詞，又可以作從屬連詞。作為關(guān)系代詞的that，可以引導定語從句，它的先行詞既可以是人又可以是物，that本身在定語從句中作主語、賓語或表語，充當賓語時，that可以省略。如：Mrs Smith （that） you met yesterday is a friend of mine.作為從屬連詞的that，用來引導名詞性從句，在從句中不作任何成分，只起連接作用，且無詞義。其中，當that 引導單個賓語從句時，可以省略，如：They realize （that） it is of great value to keep their original language.但出現(xiàn)以下情況時，一般不能省略：

He knew what happened and that she was worried.（引導第二個賓語從句或之后從句的that）

The reason lies in that she works harder than the others do.（介詞后的that）

The school made it clear that the students would have three days off.（前有it作形式賓語）

That the earth turns around the sun is known to all.（主語從句）

My suggestion is that we should have a discussion about the matter immediately.（表語從句）

I didn’t receive the news that the meeting had been put off.（同位語從句）

What不引導定語從句，它是名詞性從句的重要連詞，在從句中充當主語、賓語或表語，它的基本含義為“……的內(nèi)容”。例如：

What he said is not true.（主語從句，what作said的賓語）

He was deeply displeased by what had occurred that day.（賓語從句，what作從句的主語）

She is no longer what she was 5 years ago.（表語從句，what作從句的表語）

You can have no idea what he said.（同位語從句，what作said的賓語）

掌握了that和what的區(qū)別，還要了解what=all that，例如：

She never has enough time for all that she wants to do.

what

二、巧用that和what

靈活地運用that和what，可以從分析從句的類型及空缺處在從句中的成分兩方面入手。若從句是定語從句，首選that作引導詞；若是名詞性從句，且空缺處作從句的主語、賓語或表語，則what該填補那個空缺；若從句成分不缺或意思完整，應(yīng)選無詞義的只起連接作用的that。現(xiàn)以近五年的高考題為例。

[考例]I want to be liked and loved for？搖？搖？搖 ？搖 I am inside.（2010 北京）

A. who B. where C. what D. how

[解析]選C，后半句為賓語從句，what 在從句中作表語。

[考例]When the news came？搖？搖？搖 ？搖 the war broke out，he decided to serve the army.（2011 遼寧）

A. since B. which C. that D. because

[解析]選C，橫線部分為同位語從句，且從句中成分完整、意思完整，選that來連接。

[考例]It is by no means clear？搖 ？搖？搖？搖 the president can do to end the strike.（2012 全國I）

A. how B. which C. that D. what

[解析]選D，后半句為主語從句，what作從句的賓語。

[考例]It’s good to know？搖 ？搖？搖？搖 the dogs will be well cared for while we’re away.（2013山東）

A. what B. whose C. which D. that

[解析]選D，橫線之后是主語從句，且從句中成分完整、意思完整，選that來連接。

[考例]Please send us all the information？搖？搖 ？搖？搖 you have about the candidate for the position.

（2014 陜西） A. that B. which C. as D. what

[解析]選A，后半句是定語從句，先行詞是物，且被all修飾，選that引導，that作賓語。

三、拓展that和what

1.that

在名詞性從句中，若從句不缺成分，是否一定得選that呢？請看下面兩題：

？搖？搖？搖 ？搖 he will succeed is unknown. /？搖？搖 ？搖？搖 he will succeed is certain.

A. That B. What C. Whether D. Which

[解析]顯然這兩題的答案是不一樣的，分別是C和A。原因何在？因為前句表達的是一個否定的概念，不選whether意思不完整，后句表達的是一個肯定的概念。

我們在選擇從句的引導詞時，應(yīng)考慮主句和從句的聯(lián)系。一般來說，若主句表達的是一個肯定的意義，首選that，反之，則選whether。

[考例]The limits of a person’s intelligence，generally speaking，are fixed at birth，but？搖？搖？搖 ？搖 he reaches these limits will depend on his environment.（2012 安徽）

A. where B. whether C. that D. why

[解析]選B，主句表達的是一個疑問的意義，whether符合該語境。

[考例]It remains to be seen？搖？搖 ？搖？搖 the newly formed committee’s policy can be put into practice.（2013陜西）

A. that B. which C. what D. whether

[解析]選D，主句表達的是一件不太確定的的事情，whether符合該語境。

此外，還應(yīng)記住一些固定結(jié)構(gòu)：

It’s believed/considered/ordered/reported/required/said/suggested/supposed/thought/well-known that...

It must be admitted/pointed out that...

It’s obvious/certain/clear/possible/probable/strange/a pity that...

A story goes that.../There’s no doubt that...

同時注意此類結(jié)構(gòu)和as引導的定語從句，以及 what引導的名詞性從句的區(qū)別，如：

It’s reported in the newspaper that talks between the two countries are making progress.（主語從句）

As is reported in the newspaper，talks between the two countries are making progress.（定語從句）

What’s reported in the newspaper is that talks between the two countries are making progress.（主語從句）

2.what

What可以引申為“……的人/地點/時間/速度/話語”等，如：

He is no longer what he used to be. （what=the person that）

The soldiers soon reached what was once an old temple which the villagers used as a school .（what=the place that）

After what seemed a long time，he managed to work out the math problem. （what= the time that）

The other day，my brother drove his car down the street at what I thought was a dangerous speed .（what=the speed that）

Do you remember what the headmaster said at the parents’ meeting？（what=the words that）

What surprised me most was that he was chosen monitor. （what=the thing that）

Our income is now double what it was ten years ago. （what=the amount that）

3.that和what的整合

這兩個詞的整合通常表現(xiàn)在what和that引導的名詞性從句中，如：

What made the school proud was that more than 90% of the students had been admitted to key universities.

What is troubling me is that I don’t know what is to be done with the machine.

這兩個詞的整合還表現(xiàn)在what引導的名詞性從句和that引導的定語從句中，如：

You can only be sure of what you have at present；you cannot be sure of something that you might get in the future.

根據(jù)語境邏輯分析，可以整合what和其他詞，如：

What they are most interested in is how they can produce more and better cars.

What surprises me is that she doesn’t even know where the difference between the two lies.

What they are most interested in is how they can produce more and better cars.

What she couldn’t understand was why fewer and fewer students showed interest in her lessons.