張奇 張瑞巖 胡健 楊震坤 丁風(fēng)華 朱政斌 杜潤(rùn) 朱天奇 張建盛 沈衛(wèi)峰
藥物洗脫支架(drug-eluting stent,DES)置入后充分?jǐn)U張是預(yù)防再狹窄、靶病變?cè)俅窝\(yùn)重建及支架內(nèi)血栓形成的重要因素[1-3]。因此,支架置入后球囊后擴(kuò)張(post-stenting balloon dilation,PSBD)在臨床實(shí)踐中被廣泛推薦應(yīng)用[4-5]。但由于球囊后擴(kuò)張等操作可能增加術(shù)后遠(yuǎn)端栓塞及冠狀動(dòng)脈慢血流、無(wú)復(fù)流的發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn),在急性心肌梗死患者接受直接經(jīng)皮冠狀動(dòng)脈介入治療(percutaneous coronary intervention,PCI)支架置入后,應(yīng)用球囊后擴(kuò)張等過(guò)多的機(jī)械性干預(yù)仍有爭(zhēng)議[6-7]。支架置入前血栓抽吸有望降低冠狀動(dòng)脈內(nèi)血栓負(fù)荷,改善血流,已被歐美心肌梗死指南[8-9]作為Ⅱa 類推薦,并廣泛應(yīng)用于急診PCI[10-12]。本研究旨在探討血栓抽吸對(duì)急診PCI 支架置入并應(yīng)用球囊后擴(kuò)張后冠狀動(dòng)脈血流的作用。
回顧性分析2006 年12 月至2014 年6 月在上海交通大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬瑞金醫(yī)院接受直接PCI 的ST 段抬高急性心肌梗死患者的數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)資料,包括基線臨床特征、冠狀動(dòng)脈造影和介入治療以及臨床隨訪結(jié)果[13]。ST 段抬高心肌梗死定義為缺血性胸痛,同時(shí)存在多個(gè)心電圖導(dǎo)聯(lián)ST 段抬高(V1~V3至少抬高0.2 mV,其余導(dǎo)聯(lián)至少抬高0.1 mV)、血清肌酸激酶同工酶(creatine kinase-MB,CK-MB)增高至少大于3 倍正常上限值[14]。排除急診造影罪犯血管血流TIMI Ⅲ級(jí)且在急診時(shí)未接受介入治療的患者,對(duì)814 例患者進(jìn)行篩選,最終入選接受PSBD的患者146 例,根據(jù)支架置入前是否進(jìn)行血栓抽吸操作分為抽吸組(57 例)和對(duì)照組(89 例)。
主要終點(diǎn)為術(shù)后即刻冠狀動(dòng)脈罪犯血管血流TIMI 分級(jí)及心肌灌注分級(jí)(myocardial blush grade,MBG)[15]。次 要 終 點(diǎn) 為 術(shù) 后90 min 心 電圖ST 段回落程度(ST-segment resolution,STR)、30 d 臨床隨訪主要不良心臟事件(MACE,包括死亡、再發(fā)心肌梗死及靶病變?cè)俅窝\(yùn)重建)的發(fā)生率。STR 分為完全回落(≥70%),部分回落(30% ~69%)及無(wú)回落(<30%)[15]。死亡包括心原性死亡、操作相關(guān)死亡及未知原因死亡。再發(fā)心肌梗死定義為新發(fā)的缺血癥狀(持續(xù)至少20 min),同時(shí)伴有新的或再發(fā)的心電圖連續(xù)導(dǎo)聯(lián)的ST 段抬高,并有血清心肌酶譜在原有基礎(chǔ)上再次升高>20%[16]。靶病變?cè)俅窝\(yùn)重建定義為任何針對(duì)靶病變進(jìn)行的介入治療或外科手術(shù)。支架內(nèi)血栓事件定義參照美國(guó)學(xué)術(shù)研究協(xié)會(huì)(academic research consortium,ARC)共識(shí)[17]。術(shù)后30 d 臨床隨訪結(jié)果由門診或電話聯(lián)系獲得。
明確心肌梗死診斷后,所有患者即刻給予負(fù)荷劑量阿司匹林300 mg、氯吡格雷300 ~600 mg,術(shù)中應(yīng)用普通肝素70 ~100 U/kg,維持活化凝血酶原時(shí)間(activation of prothrombin time,APTT)大于正常值2 ~3 倍,但替羅非班的應(yīng)用由手術(shù)醫(yī)師決定[18]。所有患者均置入DES。原則上,球囊后擴(kuò)張僅限于支架釋放后殘余狹窄>20%。操作成功定義為最終造影支架內(nèi)殘余狹窄<20%、冠狀動(dòng)脈血流TIMI Ⅲ級(jí)、無(wú)死亡和緊急外科旁路手術(shù)及致殘性腦血管不良事件[19]。術(shù)后患者接受氯吡格雷75 mg/d 至少12 個(gè)月,阿司匹林100 mg/d 終身維持應(yīng)用。心肌梗死二級(jí)預(yù)防藥物應(yīng)用遵從《急性ST 段抬高型心肌梗死診斷和治療指南》[20]。
應(yīng)用SPSS 軟件進(jìn)行所有統(tǒng)計(jì)分析。連續(xù)性變量以 珋x±s 表示,應(yīng)用Student's t 檢驗(yàn)分析正態(tài)分布資料,Wilcoxon sum rank 檢驗(yàn)分析非正態(tài)分布資料。分類變量以比例表示,應(yīng)用卡方檢驗(yàn)分析;多分類變量采用行乘列表的檢驗(yàn)方法;等級(jí)變量采用趨勢(shì)卡方檢驗(yàn)或秩和檢驗(yàn)。術(shù)后30 d 臨床隨訪結(jié)果應(yīng)用Kaplan-Meier 生存分析及Log-rank 檢驗(yàn)。以P <0.05 為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
兩組患者年齡、性別、合并癥、既往史、入院時(shí)Killip 分級(jí)、罪犯血管分布等基線資料及冠狀動(dòng)脈造影結(jié)果比較,差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P >0.05,表1)。
表1 兩組基線資料和造影結(jié)果比較
兩組患者置入支架的平均直徑和長(zhǎng)度、釋放壓力及住院期間用藥情況比較,差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P >0.05)。抽吸組術(shù)后即刻TIMI 血流Ⅲ級(jí)(73.7%比60.7%)和MBG 分級(jí)Ⅲ級(jí)(49.1% 比47.2%)獲得率高于對(duì)照組,但差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.11、P =0.82)。術(shù)后90 min 兩組STR 完全回落獲得率比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(47.4% 比41.6%,P=0.49,表2)。
表2 兩組介入治療及住院期間用藥情況比較
所有患者接受術(shù)后30 d 臨床隨訪,兩組住院期間(5.3%比9.0%,P =0.41)及術(shù)后30 d(7.0%比10.1%,P=0.52)MACE 發(fā)生率比較,差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。兩組住院期間(1.8% 比4.5%,P =0.37)及術(shù)后30 d(3.5%比4.5%,P=0.41)支架內(nèi)血栓(明確或可能的支架內(nèi)血栓)發(fā)生率比較,差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P >0.05,表3)。Kaplan-Meier生存曲線顯示,術(shù)后30 d 兩組無(wú)MACE 生存率比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(93.0%比89.9%,P =0.51,圖1)。
圖1 兩組患者術(shù)后30 d Kaplan-Meier 生存曲線
表3 兩組住院期間和術(shù)后30 d隨訪結(jié)果比較[例(%)]
本研究結(jié)果提示,對(duì)于急性心肌梗死接受直接PCI 且進(jìn)行PSBD 的患者,支架置入前進(jìn)行血栓抽吸并未改善術(shù)后即刻的冠狀動(dòng)脈血流、心肌灌注及術(shù)后30 d 的主要不良心臟事件發(fā)生率。
有研究顯示,支架置入后額外的球囊后擴(kuò)張有助于更好的支架膨脹和貼壁,降低支架再狹窄、靶病變?cè)俅窝\(yùn)重建及支架內(nèi)血栓形成發(fā)生率[1,3-4]。因此,這一操作在當(dāng)前DES 年代已被廣泛應(yīng)用。但是,對(duì)于急性心肌梗死接受直接PCI 的患者,支架置入后是否該進(jìn)行球囊后擴(kuò)張仍有爭(zhēng)議。心肌梗死急性期患者,其冠狀動(dòng)脈處于高炎癥和血栓狀態(tài),球囊后擴(kuò)張可能會(huì)增加即刻遠(yuǎn)端栓塞及無(wú)復(fù)流的發(fā)生率[21],后者是導(dǎo)致患者預(yù)后不良的獨(dú)立預(yù)測(cè)因素[22-24]。有研究表明,急性心肌梗死患者PSBD 可增加患者死亡和心肌梗死的發(fā)生率(HR 1.78,P =0.01),而非急性心肌梗死患者則無(wú)此不良效應(yīng)(HR 1.08,P=0.67)[25]。一項(xiàng)血管內(nèi)超聲(intravascular unltrasound,IVUS)研究結(jié)果提示,盡管有遠(yuǎn)期靶病變?cè)俅窝\(yùn)重建率降低的趨勢(shì),但急性心肌梗死患者支架過(guò)分?jǐn)U張與無(wú)復(fù)流發(fā)生率增高相關(guān),在富含脂質(zhì)核心的冠狀動(dòng)脈血管中尤為顯著[26]。
另一方面,血栓抽吸可有效移除血栓、防止遠(yuǎn)端栓塞及改善心肌灌注,因此該操作已被歐美心肌梗死治療指南[8-9]作為Ⅱa 類適應(yīng)證進(jìn)行推薦。有研究結(jié)果表明,血栓抽吸可改善術(shù)后心肌灌注,減少M(fèi)BG 0 ~Ⅰ級(jí)的患者比例(抽吸組17.1%比對(duì)照組26.3%,P=0.02)及術(shù)后12 個(gè)月患者的死亡率(抽吸組3.6%比對(duì)照組6.7%,P =0.02)[27-28]。同時(shí)有多項(xiàng)薈萃及臨床研究結(jié)果提示,直接PCI 時(shí)應(yīng)用血栓抽吸或聯(lián)合應(yīng)用血小板糖蛋白Ⅱb/Ⅲa 抑制劑可改善術(shù)后冠狀動(dòng)脈血流及患者預(yù)后[29-31]。支架置入前血栓抽吸能否抵消PSBD 對(duì)患者冠狀動(dòng)脈血流的不利影響,目前尚未見相關(guān)報(bào)道。
本研究隊(duì)列中接受PSBD 的總體比例為17.9%,低于以往報(bào)道[25],這也可能反映出在臨床實(shí)踐中對(duì)急性心肌梗死患者急診PSBD 操作的顧慮。盡管本研究為回顧性分析,但兩組患者在基線和冠狀動(dòng)脈造影結(jié)果方面的比較表現(xiàn)出了良好的匹配性,也可能與本研究患者的入選相關(guān)。本研究?jī)H入選了急診PSBD 患者,對(duì)這部分患者進(jìn)行球囊后擴(kuò)張的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為最初支架釋放后殘余狹窄>20%,這就決定了這些患者可能共有某些高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)特征,如病變長(zhǎng)度、鈣化程度等。在此基礎(chǔ)上,再將患者根據(jù)是否在支架置入前進(jìn)行血栓抽吸進(jìn)行分組。因此,兩組患者的基線和冠狀動(dòng)脈造影結(jié)果比較,差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。本研究結(jié)果顯示,術(shù)后即刻冠狀動(dòng)脈血流TIMI Ⅲ級(jí)、心肌灌注MBG Ⅲ級(jí)獲得率在抽吸組有升高趨勢(shì),但與對(duì)照組比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。術(shù)后90 min ST 段完全回落患者比例在抽吸組有所增加,但同樣差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。術(shù)后30 d 臨床隨訪結(jié)果提示,抽吸組無(wú)MACE 生存率93.0%,對(duì)照組89.9%(P =0.51)。研究結(jié)果提示,常規(guī)血栓抽吸對(duì)于PSBD 的急性心肌梗死患者冠狀動(dòng)脈血流并無(wú)改善或減輕惡化的作用。需要補(bǔ)充的是,在臨床實(shí)踐工作中,醫(yī)師無(wú)法預(yù)測(cè)哪些患者需要進(jìn)行PSBD。本研究結(jié)果初步表明,即使常規(guī)應(yīng)用了血栓抽吸,對(duì)于接受支架置入后還需要應(yīng)用球囊進(jìn)行后擴(kuò)張的急性心肌梗死患者,其術(shù)后即刻的冠狀動(dòng)脈血流、心肌灌注及術(shù)后30 d 臨床預(yù)后仍無(wú)改善作用。將來(lái)仍需尋求其他能改善或防止球囊后擴(kuò)張后冠狀動(dòng)脈血流進(jìn)一步惡化的方法。
本研究存在某些不足和局限性。首先,研究最終入選的是接受球囊后擴(kuò)張的患者,而這部分患者很難在支架置入時(shí)進(jìn)行預(yù)測(cè)。其次,急診PCI 時(shí)是否應(yīng)用球囊后擴(kuò)張取決于具體操作者的決策,目前尚無(wú)公認(rèn)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)判定哪些患者需要進(jìn)行球囊后擴(kuò)張,這可能導(dǎo)致研究結(jié)果的偏差。本研究中接受球囊后擴(kuò)張的患者均為支架術(shù)后即刻冠狀動(dòng)脈造影提示殘余狹窄>20%,后者可能導(dǎo)致患者遠(yuǎn)期預(yù)后不良。
綜上所述,常規(guī)血栓抽吸對(duì)于急診PSBD 患者冠狀動(dòng)脈血流并無(wú)改善作用。對(duì)于急性心肌梗死患者直接PCI 后應(yīng)用球囊后擴(kuò)張仍需謹(jǐn)慎,將來(lái)需要尋找其他方法以有效改善PSBD 后的冠狀動(dòng)脈血流。
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