第二軍醫(yī)大學(xué)附屬長(zhǎng)海醫(yī)院放射科(上海 200433)
李 晶 馬 超 劉 莉 王 莉 李延軍 潘春樹 陳士躍 陸建平
磁共振DWI表觀擴(kuò)散系數(shù)與胰腺導(dǎo)管腺癌分化關(guān)系的研究*
第二軍醫(yī)大學(xué)附屬長(zhǎng)海醫(yī)院放射科(上海 200433)
李 晶 馬 超 劉 莉 王 莉 李延軍 潘春樹 陳士躍 陸建平
目的探究磁共振擴(kuò)散加權(quán)成像(DWI)表觀擴(kuò)散系數(shù)(ADC)與胰腺導(dǎo)管腺癌分化程度之間的關(guān)系。方法回顧性分析術(shù)后病理證實(shí)的75名胰腺導(dǎo)管腺癌患者(男性39名,女性36名,年齡36-76歲;中分化55名,低分化20名)及胰腺正常志愿者49名(男性29名,女性20名,年齡21-62歲)DWI(b值為0,600s/mm2),計(jì)算及測(cè)量正常胰腺頭、體及尾部ADC和胰腺癌實(shí)性組織ADC。采用獨(dú)立樣本非參數(shù)Mann-Whitney U檢驗(yàn)比較胰腺癌組與正常胰腺組ADC、胰腺癌中分化與低分化組ADC差異。ROC分析ADC診斷胰腺癌效能。結(jié)果胰腺癌平均ADC(1.36±0.14)×10-3m m2/s,與正常胰腺頭、體及尾部ADC(分別為1.66±0.34、1.77±0.36、1.62±0.38×10-3mm2/s)差異皆具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P值皆=0.000)。胰腺癌中分化組與低分化組ADC(分別為1.36±0.14和1.35±0.13×10-3mm2/s)差異不具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.657)。以正常胰腺平均ADC為參考,ROC分析胰腺癌ADC曲線下面積為0.863,95%可信區(qū)間為79.5%-93.1%,ADC≤1.492×10-3mm2/s作為診斷胰腺癌的臨界值,敏感度和特異度分別為75.5%和85.3%。結(jié)論DWI對(duì)胰腺導(dǎo)管腺癌有較好的診斷價(jià)值;ADC值不能用于預(yù)測(cè)胰腺導(dǎo)管腺癌分化程度。
胰腺癌;擴(kuò)散加權(quán)成像;表觀擴(kuò)散系數(shù);分化;病理
擴(kuò)散加權(quán)成像(Diffusion-weighted imaging, DWI)是唯一、在體觀測(cè)水分子熱運(yùn)動(dòng)方法,無(wú)對(duì)比劑的情況下,能夠反映組織微觀結(jié)構(gòu)并提供定性(DWI圖像)及定量的信息(表觀擴(kuò)散系數(shù),Apparent diffusion coefficient,ADC)。有研究表明:惡性腫瘤組織ADC值低于良性病灶,而惡性程度高的腫瘤組織ADC值更顯著偏低[1-3]。在胰腺癌相關(guān)研究中,至少15項(xiàng)研究表明胰腺癌ADC顯著低于正常胰腺組織ADC[4-18]。至今為止,僅有三項(xiàng)研究探究了ADC與胰腺癌分化程度關(guān)系,然而報(bào)道的結(jié)果卻不一致[15,19-20],另外,該三項(xiàng)研究樣本量較小限制了研究結(jié)論的一般性。因此,本研究主要目的是基于較大樣本量回顧性探究ADC與胰腺導(dǎo)管腺癌分化程度之間的關(guān)系。
1.1 一般資料研究對(duì)象:2011年11月至2014年6月,回顧性分析術(shù)后病理證實(shí)的75例胰腺導(dǎo)管腺癌患者(男性39名,女性36名;年齡36~76歲,平均59.3歲);其中,中分化導(dǎo)管腺癌患者55名,低分化導(dǎo)管腺癌患者20名;胰頭癌44名,胰體或尾癌31名。術(shù)前行MRI檢查時(shí)間與手術(shù)后獲得病理結(jié)果時(shí)間間隔小于2周;病理結(jié)果于術(shù)后7天內(nèi)得到。同時(shí)間段內(nèi)完成MRI檢查的健康志愿者49名(男性29名,女性20名;年齡21~62歲,平均40.2歲),無(wú)任何疾病及長(zhǎng)期服藥史。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)懷疑胰腺疾病而經(jīng)過(guò)一定方法治療;(2)合并其他腫瘤疾病而有手術(shù)或放化療史;(3)有全身代謝性、免疫性疾病而長(zhǎng)期服藥治療者,如糖尿病、痛風(fēng)等;(4)體重指數(shù)>25kg/m2。
1.2 掃描方法MRI檢查在3.0T超導(dǎo)磁共振儀(Signa HDxt, GE Healthcare, Milwaukee, USA)上完成,嵌入式體部線圈用于信號(hào)激發(fā),8通道體部相控陣線圈用于信號(hào)接收。掃描序列包括脂肪抑制快速自旋回波T2WI(TR/TE,6316/72ms,采集矩陣320×192,F(xiàn)OV 36cm~42cm,層數(shù)20,層厚5mm,層間距1mm,采集次數(shù)2);呼吸觸發(fā)單次激發(fā)平面回波DWI(single-shot echoplanar DWI,ssEPI-DWI),b值0,600s/mm2,TR/TE=6000/58.6ms,采集矩陣130×96,F(xiàn)OV 36cm~42 cm,層數(shù)20,層厚5mm,層間距1mm,采集次數(shù)8,加速因子2,帶寬250kHz?;诟闻K快速容積成像(Liver Acquisition with Volume Acceleration,LAVA),TR/TE,2.6/1.2ms,帶寬125KHz,反轉(zhuǎn)角11°,采集矩陣256×180,層厚5mm,層間距0 mm,F(xiàn)OV 41cm~44cm。胰腺癌患者最后行LAVA動(dòng)態(tài)增強(qiáng)掃描。
1.3 數(shù)據(jù)處理利用工作站自帶軟件(Function 6.3.13,GE adw 4.4,USA)及DWI數(shù)據(jù)重建ADC圖。ADC值測(cè)量是由一位臨床研究經(jīng)驗(yàn)豐富的放射科醫(yī)生和一位胰腺疾病研究人員討論一致情況下完成,正常胰腺ADC測(cè)量時(shí)參考T2及LAVA圖像,避開主胰管、動(dòng)脈血管及偽影,采用圓形或橢圓形ROI對(duì)每個(gè)患者胰腺?gòu)念^至尾部測(cè)量3個(gè)ADC值[21];胰腺癌ADC測(cè)量時(shí),避開偽影、腫塊邊緣及腫塊內(nèi)囊變壞死出血區(qū),并注意觀察下層圖像避免ROI過(guò)大造成部分容積效應(yīng)影響帶來(lái)的測(cè)量誤差。ROI平均大小70.7mm2(范圍33mm2~163mm2)。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析利用SPSS 16.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析。使用獨(dú)立樣本非參數(shù)Mann-Whitney U檢驗(yàn)比較胰腺癌與正常胰腺組織(頭、體及尾部)ADC差異,比較胰腺癌組與正常胰腺組ADC、胰腺癌中分化與低分化組ADC及腫瘤位于胰頭部與胰體尾部ADC。并用ROC曲線分析胰腺平均ADC對(duì)胰腺導(dǎo)管腺癌的診斷效能。以P<0.05認(rèn)為差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
健康志愿者上腹部MRI圖像未顯示胰腺異常信號(hào),DWI圖像未見明顯偽影,胰腺邊界清晰,ADC圖像清晰顯示胰腺頭、體及尾部形態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)。中、低分化胰腺癌在DWI圖像上都顯示出明顯的高信號(hào)(圖1-12)。Mann-Whitney U檢驗(yàn)表明胰腺癌組ADC(1.36±0.14×10-3mm2/s)值低于正常胰腺頭、體或尾部ADC(分別為1.66±0.34、1.77±0.36、1.62±0.38×10-3mm2/s),差異皆具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.000);胰腺癌中分化組與低分化組ADC(分別為1.34±0.13和1.38±0.15×10-3mm2/s)差異不具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.657);胰頭癌與胰體尾癌組ADC差異不具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.161)。
ROC結(jié)果:以正常胰腺平均ADC(1.68±0.28×10-3mm2/ s)為參考,診斷胰腺癌組曲線下面積0.863,95%可信區(qū)間為79.5%~93.1%,以ADC≤1.492×10-3mm2/s作為診斷胰腺癌的臨界值,敏感度和特異度分別為75.5%和85.3%,假陽(yáng)性率為24.5%,假陰性率為14.7%,陽(yáng)性預(yù)測(cè)值為88.7%,陰性預(yù)測(cè)值為69.5%。
本研究回顧性分析了胰腺癌ADC值與分化程度之間的關(guān)系。我們得到胰腺癌ADC顯著低于正常胰腺ADC,其與大量文獻(xiàn)中報(bào)道的結(jié)果是一致的[4-18],盡管一些研究表明:腫瘤組織ADC值低于良性組織,而惡性程度高的腫瘤組織ADC值更顯著偏低,而我們并未發(fā)現(xiàn)胰腺癌ADC與分化程度存在顯著的關(guān)系,這與Rosenkrantz A.B.[15]和Hayano H[20]報(bào)道結(jié)果是一致的;另外,我們也發(fā)現(xiàn)不同部位胰腺癌ADC之間差異也不具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,這與Rosenkrantz A.B.報(bào)道結(jié)果是一致的。盡管Wang等[19]報(bào)道了低分化胰腺導(dǎo)管腺癌ADC(1.46±0.17×10-3mm2/ s)顯著低于中、高分化組(2.10 ±0.42×10-3mm2/s),然而,與本研究及以往大量研究結(jié)果相比,Wang等卻未發(fā)現(xiàn)胰腺癌ADC顯著低于正常胰腺組織,另外其研究結(jié)果中、高分化組胰腺導(dǎo)管腺癌ADC高于正常胰腺組織,這與大量的文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道也不一致[4-18],也許是因?yàn)椴±奶厥庑约安±龜?shù)目較少造成了該研究與其他研究不一致的結(jié)果。
ADC值大小除了受組織本身特性的不同影響外,DWI掃描技術(shù)、b值選擇等都會(huì)對(duì)ADC造成影響。腹部DWI臨床應(yīng)用中,最常用技術(shù)有屏氣、自由呼吸和呼吸觸發(fā),屏氣掃描有效減少檢查時(shí)間及運(yùn)動(dòng)偽影,但圖像信噪比低;自由呼吸雖然能夠在較短掃描時(shí)間獲得高信噪比,但腹部呼吸運(yùn)動(dòng)及磁化率偽影大大降低圖像質(zhì)量;呼吸觸發(fā)利用呼吸門控技術(shù),保障較高圖像質(zhì)量的同時(shí)大大提高信噪比[22]。Kartalis N等從DWI圖像質(zhì)量、信號(hào)強(qiáng)度及胰腺癌ADC值等方面評(píng)估三種技術(shù)在胰腺成像中優(yōu)劣,得到呼吸觸發(fā)是胰腺癌成像的最優(yōu)技術(shù)[23]。Wang等在DWI實(shí)驗(yàn)中采用自由呼吸技術(shù),不可避免會(huì)因呼吸運(yùn)動(dòng)偽影等造成圖像質(zhì)量的下降及ADC值測(cè)量的可靠性降低,其也許是報(bào)道結(jié)果與本研究不一致的重要因素。Koc Z等研究腹部病變DWI優(yōu)化b值時(shí)得到:DWI實(shí)驗(yàn)中設(shè)置b值為600s/ mm2及以上在鑒別診斷腹部器官良惡性結(jié)節(jié)是最為推薦的參數(shù)[10]。Rosenkrantz A.B.在DWI實(shí)驗(yàn)中使用的b值為500s/mm2,盡管其低于本研究使用的b值,但許多臨床研究也都使用了這一參數(shù),其結(jié)果和本研究報(bào)道的結(jié)果的一致是探究ADC與胰腺癌分化程度關(guān)系的一個(gè)重要補(bǔ)充。更值得一提的是,Hayano H等在DWI實(shí)驗(yàn)中使用的b值為800s/mm2,其研究結(jié)果和本研究報(bào)道的結(jié)果的一致更增加了我們對(duì)本研究結(jié)論的信心。
以正常胰腺平均ADC值為參考,ROC分析表明診斷胰腺癌組曲線下面積0.863,同時(shí)具有較高的敏感度和特異性。研究中我們發(fā)現(xiàn)胰腺頭及尾部ADC低于胰體部,這與我們之前的研究結(jié)果是一致的[21]。其可能原因是胰頭內(nèi)大量的小體積的腺泡、較多纖維組織和外分泌細(xì)胞及胰尾部含有高密度的胰島細(xì)胞限制了水分子的自由運(yùn)動(dòng),造成了胰頭及尾部ADC值的降低。有研究表明:與正常胰腺組織相比,胰腺炎性病變會(huì)造成ADC降低或者升高,其反映出胰腺炎性特征及程度[9,24]。因此,當(dāng)進(jìn)行胰腺DWI研究中,在對(duì)照組的選擇時(shí),考慮到不同解剖位置ADC的差異也是有必要的。
綜上所述,基于呼吸觸發(fā)DWI獲得的胰腺癌ADC值與分化程度和腫瘤部位無(wú)顯著相關(guān)性。因此,在利用DWI及ADC研究胰腺導(dǎo)管腺癌時(shí),可以忽略分化程度及部位因素的影響。
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圖1-3 43歲男性胰腺頭部中分化導(dǎo)管腺癌患者橫斷位DWI及相應(yīng)ADC圖。圖1-3分別為b=0,600s/mm2時(shí)胰腺腫瘤部DWI圖像及相應(yīng)的ADC圖;橢圓1代表胰腺癌的實(shí)性組織ADC測(cè)量感興趣區(qū),感興趣區(qū)平均ADC值自動(dòng)計(jì)算出來(lái),胰腺癌ADC為1.37 ×10-3mm2/s。胰腺中分化導(dǎo)管腺癌在b=600s/mm2DWI圖像上表現(xiàn)典型的擴(kuò)散受限(高信號(hào))。圖4-6 63歲男性胰腺體部中分化導(dǎo)管腺癌患者橫斷位DWI及相應(yīng)ADC圖。圖4-6分別為b=0,600s/mm2時(shí)胰腺腫瘤部DWI圖像及相應(yīng)的ADC圖;橢圓1代表胰腺癌的實(shí)性組織ADC測(cè)量感興趣區(qū),感興趣區(qū)平均ADC值自動(dòng)計(jì)算出來(lái),胰腺癌ADC為1.29 ×10-3mm2/s。胰腺中分化導(dǎo)管腺癌在b=600s/mm2DWI圖像上表現(xiàn)典型的擴(kuò)散受限(高信號(hào))。圖7-9 75歲男性胰腺頭部低分化導(dǎo)管腺癌患者橫斷位DWI及相應(yīng)ADC圖。圖7-9分別為b=0,600s/mm2時(shí)胰腺腫瘤部DWI圖像及相應(yīng)的ADC圖;橢圓1代表胰腺癌的實(shí)性組織ADC測(cè)量感興趣區(qū),感興趣區(qū)平均ADC值自動(dòng)計(jì)算出來(lái),胰腺癌ADC為1.37 ×10-3mm2/s。胰腺低分化導(dǎo)管腺癌在b=600s/mm2DWI圖像上表現(xiàn)典型的擴(kuò)散受限(高信號(hào))。圖10-12 49歲女性胰腺體尾部低分化導(dǎo)管腺癌患者橫斷位DWI及相應(yīng)ADC圖。圖10-12分別為b=0,600s/mm2時(shí)胰腺腫瘤部DWI圖像及相應(yīng)的ADC圖;橢圓1代表胰腺癌的實(shí)性組織ADC測(cè)量感興趣區(qū),感興趣區(qū)平均ADC值自動(dòng)計(jì)算出來(lái),胰腺癌ADC為1.39×10-3mm2/s。胰腺低分化導(dǎo)管腺癌在b=600s/mm2DWI圖像上表現(xiàn)典型的擴(kuò)散受限(高信號(hào))。
(本文編輯: 汪兵)
Evaluation of Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma using Diffusion Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Correlation with Tumor Differentiation*
LI Jing, MA Chao, LIU Li,et al., Department of Radiology, Changhai hospital of Shanghai, Secondary Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
ObjectiveTo evaluate the clinical usefulness of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWI) in patients with pancreatic cancer by comparing the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) value with tumor differentiation.Methods75 patients (39 Males, 26 Females; age range 36-76 years) with histologically confirmed pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (55 with moderately differentiated tumors and 20 with poorly differentiated tumors) and 49 healthy volunteers (29 Males, 20 Females; age range 21-62 years) underwent respiratory triggered DWI at 3.0 T before surgery. Apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values of normal pancreas head, body and tail as well as ADC values of the pancreatic adenocarcinomas were calculated and measured. The ADC values of normal pancreas and tumors were statistically analyzed and compared using Mann-Whitney U test. Comparison of two data sets of the tumor differentiation was also performed using Mann-Whitney U test. ROC curve was used to analyze the diagnostic power of ADC value.ResultsMann-Whitney U tests showed ADC values differed significantly between pancreatic adenocarcinoma group [(1.36±0.14)×10-3mm2/s] and normal pancreas head, body or tail groups[(1.66±0.34), (1.77±0.36), (1.62±0.38)×10-3mm2/ s, respectively] (all of the P=0.000). However, no association between ADC values of pancreatic adenocarcinoma and tumor differentiation was observed. With the global ADC values of normal pancreas as a reference, the area under the curve and the 95% confidence interval of ROC analysis were 0.863 and 79.5%-93.1%, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity were 75.5% and 85.3%, when ADC≤1.815×10-3mm2/s was used as the cutoff value for the differential diagnosis of pancreatic adenocarcinoma from normal pancreas.ConclusionDWI had a better diagnostic accuracy in the diagnosis of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Although ADC values are significantly different between benign pancreas and pancreatic adenocarcinoma, no associations between ADC values and tumor differentiation were observed.
Pancreas; Diffusion Weighted Imaging; Apparent Diffusion Coefficient; Differentiation; Pathology
10.3969/j.issn.1672-5131.2015.07.018
R735.9
A
長(zhǎng)海醫(yī)院“1255”學(xué)科建設(shè)計(jì)劃(CH125520800,CH1255 101102);長(zhǎng)海醫(yī)院青年科研啟動(dòng)基金(2013002);上海市自然科學(xué)基金(14ZR14 08300);國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金(81070371)。
2015-06-12
陸建平