摘要:目的 比較標(biāo)準(zhǔn)外傷大骨瓣改良術(shù)式(緩慢減壓)和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)外傷大骨瓣傳統(tǒng)術(shù)式(驟然降壓)對老年人重型顱腦損傷的治療效果。方法 選擇在我院2012年2月~2014年10月間就診的50例老年人重型顱腦順上患者,隨機將他們分為兩組,各25例,對照組選用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)外傷大骨瓣傳統(tǒng)術(shù)式治療,實驗組選用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)外傷大骨瓣改良術(shù)式治療,治療后比較兩組患者手術(shù)前后顱內(nèi)壓變化和術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生情況。結(jié)果 對照組和實驗組手術(shù)前后顱內(nèi)壓無明顯變化,而且實驗組并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率明顯低于對照組。結(jié)論 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)外傷大骨瓣改良術(shù)式治療老年人重型顱腦損傷效果明顯優(yōu)于傳統(tǒng)術(shù)式,具有臨床推廣意義。
關(guān)鍵詞:標(biāo)準(zhǔn)外傷大骨瓣;傳統(tǒng)術(shù)式;改良術(shù)式;老年人重型顱腦損傷
目前,顱腦病中高發(fā)病率和高致死率的重型顱腦損傷的危害正不斷加劇,由于老年人重型顱腦損傷患者特有的年老,基礎(chǔ)疾病多,血管脆性增加等生理特性,患者手術(shù)后愈合效果和恢復(fù)效果不明顯,同時患者的并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率居高不下,死亡率不斷增加。雖然傳統(tǒng)術(shù)式可以基本滿足患者的治療效果,但是患者術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率較高,愈合緩慢,有較高的致死率。因此本文獻重在探究標(biāo)準(zhǔn)外傷大骨瓣改良術(shù)式和傳統(tǒng)術(shù)式對老年人重型顱腦損傷的治療效果,為治療老年人重型顱腦損傷尋找更好的治療方法[1]。
1資料與方法
1.1一般資料 選擇選擇在我院2012年2月~2014年10月間就診的50例老年人重型顱腦損傷患者,隨機將他們分為兩組,各25例,對照組男性13例,女性12例,平均年齡(67.4±4.6)歲,車禍11例,摔傷9例,其余傷5例;實驗組男性10例,女性15例,平均年齡(69.1±3.2)歲,車禍7例,摔傷14例,其余傷4例。兩組患者之間,性別,年齡和致傷緣由差異較小,無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05),具有可比性。
1.2治療方法 對照組和實驗組患者在術(shù)前統(tǒng)一接受相同的換氣,利尿和脫水治療,以達到降低顱內(nèi)壓的目的。對照組采取標(biāo)準(zhǔn)外傷大骨瓣傳統(tǒng)術(shù)式治療:在顱骨上切一大小合適的頭皮切口,形成肌皮瓣,同時下翻至額顳處,暴露頂區(qū),形成較大的可移動骨瓣,在硬腦膜上放射狀切口,去除壞死組織和淤血,并進行止血,最后去骨瓣后縫合傷口。實驗組采取標(biāo)準(zhǔn)外傷大骨瓣改良術(shù)式治療:從中線附近發(fā)際線處,向后至頂結(jié)節(jié)處,再到顳部,止于顴弓終點開一大小合適的口去除位于顴突后方的額骨和一部分蝶骨,暴露前顱凹底,清除硬膜及顱內(nèi)血腫塊和壞死組織,縫合傷口[2]。手術(shù)后向兩組患者統(tǒng)一給予相同的抗感染和促進愈合的治療。記錄兩組患者術(shù)前顱內(nèi)壓和術(shù)后顱內(nèi)壓,同時統(tǒng)計術(shù)后患者的并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率及并發(fā)癥種類。
1.3統(tǒng)計學(xué)方法 統(tǒng)計手術(shù)前顱內(nèi)壓和術(shù)后顱內(nèi)壓,同時記錄并發(fā)癥種類及發(fā)生率。
2結(jié)果
2.1患者手術(shù)前和手術(shù)后顱內(nèi)壓 兩組患者手術(shù)前和手術(shù)后顱內(nèi)壓變化結(jié)果,見表1。
對照組和實驗組在進行手術(shù)前及手術(shù)后的3~15d所測得的顱內(nèi)壓都無較大差距,術(shù)前和術(shù)后第1~3d的顱內(nèi)壓有明顯差異(P<0.05),有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。
2.2兩組患者術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率及種類 手術(shù)后對照組患者發(fā)生腦脊液滲漏,外傷性腦梗死,傷口感染的發(fā)生率為17.85%,38,32%,10.72%;實驗組患者腦脊液滲漏,外傷性腦梗死,傷口感染發(fā)生率為0,7.97%,1.12%,(P<0.05)有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。因此,可知實驗組術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率比對照組有較大下降,治療效果明顯。
3討論
目前,通過臨床反饋可知重型顱腦損傷是外傷中發(fā)生率,致死率較高的一類疾病。此外老年人顱內(nèi)損傷的并發(fā)癥種類繁雜,發(fā)生率也是常年居高不下,老年人還獨有的血管脆性增加,愈合能力下降,手術(shù)中突發(fā)情況易產(chǎn)生等生理特點使該疾病治療效果不明顯[3-5]。老年人顱內(nèi)損傷治療要求早發(fā)現(xiàn)。早診斷,早治療。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)外傷大骨瓣傳統(tǒng)術(shù)式(驟然降壓)治療老年人顱腦損傷的方法雖然能達到基本治療要求,但其患者術(shù)后通常伴有多種并發(fā)癥,而且愈合速度較慢。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)外傷大骨瓣改良術(shù)式(緩慢降壓)可以在患者受傷一側(cè)或兩側(cè)提供更為合適的手術(shù)入口,降低患者受創(chuàng)面積;可以暴露額,顳,頂葉等多處位置,為徹底清除顱內(nèi)壞死組織和血塊提供了足夠的術(shù)野空間,止血更加充分和完全,顱內(nèi)減壓效果更明顯,防止再次手術(shù)和殘留清除不清,提高了手術(shù)成功率,降低了患者痛苦程度及愈合時間長短[5]。改良術(shù)式(緩慢降壓)治療患者后,患者手術(shù)突發(fā)情況發(fā)生率降低,同時術(shù)后并發(fā)癥如發(fā)熱,腦脊液漏,外傷性腦梗死和傷口感染等發(fā)生率也有明顯降低,有效縮短患者術(shù)后愈合時程。此外針對老年人顱內(nèi)損傷患者平均年齡較大,基礎(chǔ)疾病如糖尿病,冠心病和肺氣腫等疾病發(fā)生率大,機體免疫力下降,容易誘發(fā)多種次生疾病的臨床基礎(chǔ),改良術(shù)式明顯降低手術(shù)對患者的創(chuàng)傷,有效提升患者術(shù)后的愈合和恢復(fù)[6-8]。
本文獻結(jié)果顯示,采用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)外傷大骨瓣改良術(shù)式(緩慢減壓)治療的實驗組與標(biāo)準(zhǔn)外傷大骨瓣傳統(tǒng)術(shù)式(驟然減壓)治療的對照組術(shù)后顱內(nèi)壓無較大差距,而且改良術(shù)式治療的患者術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率少,愈合時程明顯縮短。
綜上,標(biāo)準(zhǔn)外傷大骨瓣改良術(shù)式(緩慢降壓)治療老年人顱內(nèi)損傷有明顯療效,有臨床推廣意義。
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編輯/申磊
Research on Healthy City Index System
XU Yuan,DING Hui,WEI Ren-min
(Qiingdao University,Qingdao 266000,Shandong,China)
Abstract:\"Healthy City\"was introduced to China in 1990s,the nature of which is an organic integration of healthy people, healthy environment and healthy society. It is necessary to build a set of scientific and logical evaluation index sysem for the development of healthy city.
Key words:Healthy city;Index system WHO put forward a global strategy - Healthy City Project to improve the natural, social and economic environment that may affect urban residents' health and further improve the universal health through the power of society.
1 The Concept of Healthy City
According to the denefication given by WHO, A healthy city is continually creating and improving those physical and social environments and expanding those community resources which enable people to mutually support each other in performing all the functions of life and developing to their maximum potential .This concept explains the city from a new angle: the city first is a real space for human to survive, grow and live instead of just a new economic entity, thus the plan, construction and management of it should center on human health.
2 The Index of Healthy City
WHO set up a set of measurable indexes, including 12 clauses,338 items. There is no global index system; the indexes are made according to national conditions of each country. WHO amended and cut many indexes during the practice and finally kept 32 indexes, including 3 indexes about health,7 indexes about health service,14 indexes about environment and 8 indexes about society.
In 2011, Beijing Municipal Bureau of Health picked 35 indexes in terms of health level, health service and healthy environment.The index system of Guangzhou consists of 34 indexes, including 7 indexes about healthy people, 4 about health service, 9 about healthy environment, 8 about healthy society and 6 about citizen satisfaction.The index system of Suzhou consists of 3 parts: core indexes, basic indexes and development indexes. There are 95 indexes in all and among which 12 are core indexes and 81 are basic indexes.In2009, Patriotic Health Campaign Committee Office entrusted Hangzhou Bureau of Health and Health Office to draw up National Healthy City Index System and Evaluation System.
3 Conclusion
The construction of healthy cities can not be accomplished in an action, it's a long-term process; the index system is not constant but should be adjusted in the process of construction.In each stage of construction,we should collect relevant data, supervise the construction situation according to the index system, and adjust the action plan timely to perfect the index system.
References:
[1]WHO Regional office for Europe.The qualities of a healthy city[EB/OL].1996
[2]Beijing Municipal Bureau of Health. 12th Five-Year Development Plan of Healthy Beijing[Z].2011
[3]The people's Government of Guangzhou City. Planof Healthy City Construction of Guangzhou[Z].2011.
[4]Healthy City Index System of suzhou.[EB/OL][2011-11-01].
編輯/孫杰