小議高考閱讀理解題型之推理判斷

曾有人云：?jiǎn)卧~為“王”、閱讀為“后”，筆者深有同感。對(duì)于高考考生來(lái)說(shuō)，詞匯的重要性自不必多言，閱讀理解能力的培養(yǎng)同樣顯得尤為重要！江蘇高考考綱關(guān)于閱讀理解題型的命題要求是：要求考生讀懂簡(jiǎn)易的英語(yǔ)文學(xué)作品、科普文章、公告、說(shuō)明、廣告以及書、報(bào)、雜志中關(guān)于一般性話題的簡(jiǎn)短文章并回答相關(guān)問題?？忌鷳?yīng)能：

（1） 理解主旨和要義;

（2） 理解文中具體信息;

（3） 根據(jù)上下文提供的線索推測(cè)生詞的詞義;

（4） 根據(jù)文中事實(shí)和線索作出簡(jiǎn)單的判斷和推理;

（5） 理解文章的基本結(jié)構(gòu)和文脈邏輯關(guān)系;

（6） 理解作者的觀點(diǎn)、意圖和態(tài)度;

（7） 根據(jù)所讀，用恰當(dāng)?shù)脑~語(yǔ)補(bǔ)全文章提綱、概括關(guān)鍵內(nèi)容或作關(guān)鍵詞詞語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)換。

其中（1）～（6）條是針對(duì)閱讀理解題型而言的，而第（7）條是針對(duì)任務(wù)型閱讀題型而言的?？梢钥闯觯洪喿x理解題的文章題材、體裁多樣，題材包括社會(huì)、歷史、語(yǔ)言、文化、文學(xué)、藝術(shù)、日常生活等諸多內(nèi)容，另外選文要求語(yǔ)言地道、內(nèi)容適宜、長(zhǎng)短適中、主題得當(dāng);體裁包括記敘文、說(shuō)明文、應(yīng)用文、議論文、新聞報(bào)道等。考查功能內(nèi)容多樣，主要指三理解（理解主旨要義、理解事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)、理解篇章結(jié)構(gòu)）和兩推測(cè)（推測(cè)寫作意圖、推測(cè)生詞含義）。在高考試題中閱讀理解題型是以細(xì)節(jié)理解題與推理判斷題為主的。請(qǐng)看2010～2014年高考英語(yǔ)（江蘇卷）閱讀理解的考點(diǎn)分布圖：

年度細(xì)節(jié)理解題推理判斷題詞義猜測(cè)題主旨大意題

20108511

20118520

20128421

20138601

20143921

由此不難看出：近幾年高考閱讀理解題型中推理判斷題所占的比率一直很重，尤其是2014年更有加重的趨勢(shì)！所以，培養(yǎng)學(xué)生增強(qiáng)推理判斷的能力極其重要！筆者就推理判斷題談?wù)勛约旱目捶ā?/p>

實(shí)際上，推理判斷題是考查考生對(duì)文章詞語(yǔ)中隱含意思的分析、推理和判斷的能力。要求考生在閱讀中根據(jù)已知信息對(duì)文章情節(jié)的因果關(guān)系、人物的目的動(dòng)機(jī)以及作者的傾向和態(tài)度進(jìn)行合乎邏輯的推理和判斷，有時(shí)還要結(jié)合閱讀材料以外的常識(shí)去判斷。推理判斷題主要有四大分類（classification）：即推斷隱含意義、推斷作者觀點(diǎn)或態(tài)度、推斷寫作目的和推斷文章出處。那么，如何做此四類推理判斷題呢？

一、如何推斷隱含意義

首先看關(guān)鍵詞（key words），這類題干中通常含有infer， suggest， imply， conclude， indicate等標(biāo)志性詞語(yǔ)。請(qǐng)看例一：

Did you ever hear a strange sound coming from the wall？ Did it sound like a clock？ If so， it may have been made by a beetle. Long ago people thought the ticking meant that someone was about to die. Thus the beetle is called “the deathwatch beetle.”

It can be inferred from the text that the sound of this beetle " ".

A. pleased people "B. surprised people

C. frightened "D. excited people

此題題干中就有infer一詞;其次注意查讀文章細(xì)節(jié)：文中有die和the deathwatch beetle等字眼;再次進(jìn)行分析評(píng)價(jià)：這些詞句跟選項(xiàng)中的frightened吻合;最后順理成章地進(jìn)行推理判斷，可得出答案C。

二、如何推斷作者觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度

首先看關(guān)鍵詞（key words），這類題干中通常含有attitude （towards...）; according to the author; think...等標(biāo)志性詞語(yǔ)。請(qǐng)看例二：

Itll be a winwin project. For other countries，the railway network will definitely create more opportunities for business，tourism and so on，not to mention the better communication among those countries.For China， such a project would not only connect it with the rest of Asia and bring some muchneeded resources，but would also help develop Chinas far west.We foresee that in the coming decades，millions of people will migrate to the western regions，where the land is empty and resources unused.

Which of the following words best describes the authors attitude towards Chinas highspeed railway plan？

A. Critical. " B. Reserved.

C. Doubtful. " D. Positive.

此題題干中就有attitude towards...;再次注意作者表達(dá)感情色彩的形容詞、副詞、動(dòng)詞及所舉的例子，推斷出作者的弦外之音。如文中的a winwin project，create more opportunities， not only connect it with... but would also help develop...等詞句，可以輕易地得出選項(xiàng)D——positive。表達(dá)作者觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度的形容詞除了positive以外，還有negative，indifferent，optimistic，cautious，pessimistic，surprise，objective，sympathize，subjective，support，admiring，doubt，critical，approve，reserved等。

三、如何推斷寫作目的

首先看關(guān)鍵詞（key words），這類題干中通常含有purpose， intention， aim， goal等標(biāo)志性詞語(yǔ)。請(qǐng)看例三：

The Tall Persons Club Great Britain（TPCGB），which was formed six months ago to campaign for the needs of the tall， has turned its attention to hotels and restaurants. Beds that are too small，shower heads that are too low， and restaurant tables with hardly any legroom all make life difficult for those of above average height， it says.

What is the purpose of the TPCGB campaign？

A. To provide better services.

B .To rebuild hotels and restaurants.

C. To draw public attention to the needs of the tall.

D. To attract more people to become its members.

此題題干中就有purpose一詞。從文中to campaign for the needs of the tall， has turned its attention to hotels and restaurants可以得出選項(xiàng)C——To draw public attention to the needs of the tall。此類的設(shè)題大致如下：

A. The writers purpose of writing this passage is to " ".

B. In writing the passage， the author intends to " " .

C. The writer uses the example of... to show that " " .

推斷寫作目的主要是為了to express opinions， to amuse readers， to promote， to call on等等。

四、如何推斷文章出處

首先看關(guān)鍵詞（key words），這類題干中通常含有be taken from， appear， a part of等標(biāo)志性詞語(yǔ)。請(qǐng)看例四：

Dont wander aimlessly through life. Get confused on your goals， start helping others in need， and live life to the fullest！ Life is too short to be anything but happy. Visit my blog and find what youve been missing. Sigh up for my newsletter and get seven free ebooks， too！ Read hundreds of articles while youre there in the article section， which is updated daily.

This text must be taken from " ".

A. a radio program "B. a website

C. a newspaper " D. a TV program

此題題干中就有be taken from。從文中的blog和ebooks可以輕松地聯(lián)想到website一詞，由此可以得出選項(xiàng)B。此類的設(shè)題大致如下：

A. The passage is most likely to be taken from " " .

B. Where would this passage most probably appear " " ？

C. The passage is most likely a part of " " ".

表達(dá)文章出處的詞除了website以外，還有newspaper，advertisement， magazine， blog， booklet， guide， textbook， geography book等等。

綜上所述，了解推理判斷題的分類、掌握推理判斷題的解題技巧可以增強(qiáng)做推理判斷題的信心。閱讀理解部分是高考試卷的重頭戲，因此，提高學(xué)生的閱讀理解能力尤其是推理判斷能力應(yīng)是教學(xué)中的重中之重。教師必須更新教學(xué)觀念，調(diào)整對(duì)策，改進(jìn)教法;教師要精心備好每一堂課，在課堂上教師應(yīng)設(shè)法加大師生雙邊活動(dòng)量，有的放矢地提高學(xué)生的閱讀能力和英語(yǔ)運(yùn)用能力。要加強(qiáng)對(duì)學(xué)生進(jìn)行語(yǔ)篇整體感知能力的訓(xùn)練，從多方面培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的思維、記憶、分析、對(duì)比、判斷和綜合能力;要廣泛開展課外泛讀活動(dòng)，提倡學(xué)生自主學(xué)習(xí)，對(duì)語(yǔ)言知識(shí)不超綱且語(yǔ)篇結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜，隱含意思較多或寓意深刻的文章要通過分析讓學(xué)生熟悉設(shè)題思路和掌握解題技巧;此外，要對(duì)學(xué)生的閱讀速度和猜測(cè)生詞進(jìn)行訓(xùn)練。閱讀理解訓(xùn)練中應(yīng)培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的語(yǔ)篇意識(shí)、訓(xùn)練學(xué)生的閱讀理解思維。要求學(xué)生堅(jiān)持每天進(jìn)行限時(shí)限量的閱讀訓(xùn)練、每天反復(fù)朗讀課文、補(bǔ)充范文等，堅(jiān)持培養(yǎng)語(yǔ)篇意識(shí)。假以時(shí)日，考生定會(huì)獲益匪淺！

（作者：李曉華，江蘇省金湖中學(xué)）