重視高考新題型，提高“讀寫”真水平

讀寫任務(wù)型的書面表達(dá)是我們江蘇的新題型。它主要是先閱讀短文，然后概括全文，最后按要求完成寫作任務(wù)。

首先是如何概括。第一要看清楚文章的結(jié)構(gòu)，設(shè)法反映出原文中作者的觀點(diǎn)。第二要具有意義篩選的能力，學(xué)會(huì)區(qū)分事實(shí)和觀點(diǎn)、重要和次要、普遍與特殊、相關(guān)與不相關(guān)、原因和結(jié)果等復(fù)雜的邏輯關(guān)系。第三要有用英文解釋英文的能力，用自己簡(jiǎn)單的語言解釋比較復(fù)雜的語言文字，不能抄襲原文。

讀寫任務(wù)的寫作內(nèi)容一般分為兩個(gè)部分，即寫作內(nèi)容（1）為概括短文要點(diǎn)，還有寫作內(nèi)容（2） 則是就某個(gè)主題發(fā)表看法。然而，絕大部分的考生會(huì)忽略了寫作內(nèi)容（2）對(duì)寫作內(nèi)容（1）的導(dǎo)航作用，而一頭扎進(jìn)了閱讀材料直接去閱讀文章得出要點(diǎn)。事實(shí)上，所謂“讀寫任務(wù)”其實(shí)是“讀”和“寫”的有機(jī)結(jié)合，“讀”的材料是為了后面的“寫”提供情景，同樣，“寫”也是對(duì)“讀”的材料的思考和延伸。故希望大家在概括文章時(shí)，可考慮命題人提供的寫作內(nèi)容（2）的導(dǎo)航作用，因?yàn)樗軌驇椭蠹腋斓靥岣卟蹲轿恼乱c(diǎn)的速度與準(zhǔn)確性。

記住概括的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是：拋棄次要，瞄準(zhǔn)寫作目的。

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的概括采用的第一句話是主題句，清楚明白地告訴了讀者文章的寫作目的，這句話的質(zhì)量決定了概括的成敗。后面的句子對(duì)主題句進(jìn)行解釋和支撐，凡是意義在主題之外的要毫不吝嗇地予以刪除。

概括的寫作步驟：1.首先確定主題句。確定閱讀文章的主題句，一般在段首。沒有主題句的需要自己組合，尋找關(guān)鍵詞。分析主題句意義，確定關(guān)鍵詞，關(guān)鍵詞一般體現(xiàn)為名詞、形容詞，關(guān)鍵詞的數(shù)目決定了概括的信息濃度。2.重構(gòu)主題句。概括的主題句邏輯上要統(tǒng)攝后面所有的支撐句?？梢詮淖髡叩膶懽髂康哪嫱?，反映寫作目的主題句是高度抽象的，它基本決定了概括的質(zhì)量。3.重組支撐句。支撐句的意義在邏輯上受制于主題句，可以是補(bǔ)充過程或者提供證據(jù)。

接下來按要求來寫后三段，包括自己的看法等。下面看讀寫任務(wù)寫作技巧。

細(xì)讀文章，把握大意，精準(zhǔn)轉(zhuǎn)述。準(zhǔn)確地把握閱讀材料的結(jié)構(gòu)和思路，了解作者的觀點(diǎn)和意圖是轉(zhuǎn)述好原材料的必要途徑。一般情況下，文章體裁不同，概括大意的方法也不同。

對(duì)于故事性、記敘性的文體，其要點(diǎn)渙散，有可能遍布文章每一角落。因此，我們?cè)诟爬〞r(shí)應(yīng)抓住兩個(gè)要點(diǎn)：1.找出文中的時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、人物、事件（過程），原因、結(jié)果（影響、感悟、啟發(fā)、啟迪、結(jié)論）;2.找出文中、段中的主題句。學(xué)生結(jié)合這兩個(gè)要點(diǎn)，用自己的語言，把文章內(nèi)容介紹清楚，做到言簡(jiǎn)意賅。

實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練

A

閱讀下面的短文，然后按照要求寫一篇150詞左右的英語短文。

Should China Encourage Private Cars？

With the living standards rising rapidly， more and more Chinese people can afford cars. But the increase of private cars produces unfavorable effects in many aspects. I think private cars should not be encouraged in China.

Private cars have to be restricted in China. To begin with， the sharp increase of private cars worsens the already terrible traffic situation in China. China has the largest population in the world. The number of vehicles is increasing much more rapidly than building roads. Mass transportation vehicles are more suitable means to solve the traffic problems in China. However， more traffic jams will happen， which is really a public hazard to all of us. The number of private cars in urban areas should be limited while the number of buses should be increased. Secondly， private cars contribute to air pollution. A lot of big cities in China are now plagued by serious air pollution. If people are to have cars of their own; the already contaminated atmosphere will get even dirtier. Finally， more and more traffic accidents occur due to poor driving skills of inexperienced private car owners.

In short， China should not encourage private cars. As far as the great demand for means of transport is concerned， we can develop mass transportation system to take the place of private cars.

參考范文：

This paper tries to explain the reasons to limit the number of private cars.More private cars may cause heavier traffic jams， more serious air pollution and more serious traffic accidents.

I usually travel on foot or by bus， with which Im not satisfied because it takes me too much time. Personally， I agree to increase private cars. First， owning private cars is a demand from the Chinese people， who are getting richer day by day. Second， private cars are a symbol of a countrys modernization. However， I dont take environmental protection as a valid reason to limit the development of private cars. We can solve this problem by using science and technology. For example， we can run cars with green fuels， and also improve public transportation systems for more efficient service. In my opinion， the factor that counts should be peoples demand of cars.

B

Honesty is one of the most treasured traditional values in China. The children are taught to be honest when they are very young. At schools the students are also instructed to be honest.

However， with the development of society， we often hear complaints about dishonesty. Reports with the theme of dishonesty often appear in the media. For example， some people try to get rich and live a comfortable life. But they do not work hard honestly， instead they cheat others. They sell something quite ordinary at a very high price. Some peoples delaying paying back the loan can serve as another example. Some people， including some college students， get loan from the bank， and promise to pay within， say， 3 years. However， they dont do that.

The dishonest people sometimes can get benefit from their behaviors. So some people assert that dishonesty can bring people benefit， while honesty only makes people suffer. Is that so？ Definitely not. It is always true that honesty is the best policy. It pays to be honest. The cheater selling “the treasure” mentioned above will surely be disclosed and punished some day.

On the contrary， if he had been honest， neither the buyer nor he himself would have suffered. The people who do not return money in time will sooner or later become infamous， and will not get the money from others again. If he had acted differently， he would have earned respect and trust， meanwhile， the bank would not have suffered from loss.

[寫作內(nèi)容]

1. 以約30個(gè)詞概括短文的要點(diǎn)。

2. 然后以約120個(gè)詞就“誠(chéng)實(shí)“的主題發(fā)表看法，并包括以下要點(diǎn)：

（1） 你對(duì)不誠(chéng)實(shí)現(xiàn)象的看法;

（2） 誠(chéng)實(shí)的重要性是什么;

（3） 作為中學(xué)生，該如何做一個(gè)誠(chéng)實(shí)的人。

范文：

The passage mainly tells us that nowadays many people are dishonest for their own benefit. Because not only do they neglect our traditional values， but also they want to escape being punished.

Dishonesty does great harm to our society. It can destroy our good relationship with others， bringing lots of unstable factors to the society. Sometimes， it may even affect peoples health.

Why should we be honest？ Firstly， being honest is one of Chinese traditional virtues which we should carry forward. Secondly， friendship is based on honesty. Seeing that the honest person is reliable， most of the people are willing to make friends with them. Thirdly， honesty is very important for us to build a harmonious society and realize our spiritual civilization.

As students， we should act honestly every day and never cheat others， including cheat in exams. Besides， we should help those who are dishonest correct their mistakes. Only in this way can we win respect from others.

（作者：孫志洋，啟東市東南中學(xué) ）