記住“轉(zhuǎn)換”“概括”詞，巧解“任務閱讀”題

任務型閱讀題型主要是測試我們學生在閱讀理解能力的基礎上，側(cè)重考查單詞拼寫、詞性轉(zhuǎn)換、句式轉(zhuǎn)換、段落歸納等綜合能力。

對我們考生而言，首先要知曉出題人對我們的要求，即：1. 首先，閱讀短文，對文章整體把握，領(lǐng)略大意。把握文章的結(jié)構(gòu)和層次，弄清局部和整體的關(guān)系。在對文章局部透徹理解的基礎上，提取有用信息。2. 其次，看懂圖表，要迅速把握圖表的結(jié)構(gòu)分布層次，弄清命題人的出題角度，哪個空是考查細節(jié)，哪個空考查結(jié)論，哪個空考轉(zhuǎn)換等要求。3. 最后要求我們對文章進行分析、概括、推斷。圖表試題中的信息，有的可以直接從原文中提取到，有的則需要對原文信息進行再加工處理，得到與原文相一致的文外詞匯。另外，正確書寫很重要，這需要我們具有一定的詞匯儲備，而且能夠認識句子結(jié)構(gòu)和句子成分，根據(jù)句子結(jié)構(gòu)和成分來判斷所填詞的詞性。當然，我們也應該具有構(gòu)詞法的知識。例如，詞性轉(zhuǎn)換，形容詞、副詞的比較級、最高級，名詞的復數(shù)形式等。此外，還要具備提煉出文章主旨或者重要信息的能力，也就是在語篇結(jié)構(gòu)解讀基礎上的信息轉(zhuǎn)換能力。

那么，我們怎樣才能快速地做好這種閱讀題呢？

首先，瀏覽圖表。將板塊劃分為標題塊、結(jié)論塊、主題塊、細節(jié)塊。標題塊和結(jié)論塊里的空放在最后做，然后按主題塊次序先做細節(jié)空，再做主題空。接著，快速略讀全文，把主題塊和相應的段落對應起來。最后，依據(jù)圖表任務中第一主題塊對應的細節(jié)中的空，帶上任務精讀相應的段落的細節(jié)，提取信息，填空完成試題。然后完成主題塊，最后完成標題塊。

其實，具體解題形式不外乎三種，即信息查找，詞形轉(zhuǎn)換和歸納總結(jié)等。

信息查找就是在文中直接找到原詞，這要求我們能快速在文章中查找相關(guān)細節(jié)，鎖定信息來源，并用文章中的詞來填空，該詞不作任何變化，就連大小寫也不需要變化。詞形、詞義或詞組等轉(zhuǎn)換就不一樣，它要求我們根據(jù)句意和文意在知識重組基礎上，運用多種表達方式替換文中信息，突顯對遣詞造句能力的考查。比如，考查學生用意義相同或相反的詞完成句子或用某詞的變化形式進行填空的能力。同時，在限定一空一詞的要求下，更需要我們有逆向思維的能力。這種類型的題目一般不能直接在文章中找到題目給出的句子，需要在捕捉到相關(guān)信息之后，將捕捉到的信息進行加工轉(zhuǎn)換。而信息綜合題是歸納或概括的綜合題。要求我們能夠準確無誤地概括出文章的主題或?qū)δ承﹥?nèi)容進行概括，這是考查我們學生概括與推斷的能力，歸納、抽象并提煉出文章主旨或者重要信息的能力，也就是在語篇結(jié)構(gòu)解讀基礎上的信息轉(zhuǎn)換能力。

事實上，對于此題型要想拿高分，我們還必須做到：1. 注重平時詞匯記憶，熟練掌握考綱詞匯中常用詞匯的詞性轉(zhuǎn)化。2. 了解文章的結(jié)構(gòu)，把握全篇的篇章大意，即句與句、段與段之間的邏輯關(guān)系。3. 加強限時閱讀訓練，尤其是詞數(shù)在400～550之間的較長篇幅的閱讀訓練。4. 系統(tǒng)訓練，循序漸進，最終達到相應的解題能力要求。

為提高準確率，完成題目后考生還需注意以下幾點：1. 根據(jù)圖表所給提示格式保持所填詞性一致性（以名詞、動詞、非謂語或完整句子等不同形式歸納）;2. 兼顧到意思和搭配的雙重準確性;3. 所填單詞是否特殊變形;4. 大小寫是否規(guī)范等;另外，記住下列常用轉(zhuǎn)換形式或概括總結(jié)的一些詞或重要句型，也肯定能提高任務閱讀的得分。

A） 詞類

原因和結(jié)果：reason （for）， result， cause （of）， effect， consequence

異同點與優(yōu)缺點：difference， similarity， advantage / benefit， disadvantage

觀點與態(tài)度：opinion， view （on / about）， viewpoint， idea， attitude to / towards

表方式、方法：means， way， method （of）， solution， approach （to doing sth.）， take measures to do sth.

目的：purpose， aim， goal

積極和消極：positive， negative， optimistic

建議：advice [u]， suggestion， tip

概括、總結(jié)： summary， conclusion

特點：feature， characteristic

種類：kind， type， category， class

精神上與身體上：mentally， physically

影響：influence， impact， effect （on）

情形，狀況：situation， condition

建立：build， create， establish， found

出現(xiàn)：appear， occur （red）

實現(xiàn)，完成：reach， realize， accomplish

必要，必需：must / necessity

方面，項目條款：item / aspect

材料：materials

知識信息：knowledge / information

日程，計劃：schedule / agenda

百分比：percentage

滿意：satisfaction

重要：value， importance

比較：contrast， comparison

B） 轉(zhuǎn)換類常用句型或短語：

1. 100 years = 1 century = 10 decades

2. take advantage of = make use of

3. consider... = take... into consideration / account

4. at the beginning = at first

5. be responsible for = take / shoulder / bear responsibility for

6. be hooked on headphones = be addicted to headphones

7. valuable information = information of great value

8. understand clearly = have a clear understanding of sth.

9. affect = have an effect / influence / impact on sth.

10. matter = count = be very important = be of importance = make sense = make a difference

11. make an apology = apologize to sb.

12. despite = in spite of

13. share less than 2% = account for less than 2%= make up less than 2%

14. learn good citizenship = learn to be good citizens

15. list the things that you are good at = list what / all you are good at

16. offer sth. to sb. = provide / supply sth. for sb.

17. besides = on top of = in addition to = apart from

18. be better than = be superior to

19. approve of = subscribe to = be in favor / support of = favor sth.

20. have access to = be acceptable / accessible / available to

21. stop = quit = give up

22. compensate for = make up for

23. in part = partly

24. every year = yearly = annually

25. use up = run out of （主動）

26. run out = give out = be used up （被動）

27. be accused of = be charged with

28. most of the people = the majority of the people

29. cater to / for ones needs / demands / requirements = satisfy / meet ones...

30. starve to death = die of hunger / starvation

31. be tired out = be worn out = be exhausted = be weary

32. socially responsible = social responsibility

33. sth. benefit sb. = be beneficial to sb. = be of benefit to sb. = sb. benefit from sth.

34. commit oneself to doing sth. = promise to do sth.

35. make full use of = make the most of

實戰(zhàn)演練

請認真閱讀下列短文，并根據(jù)所讀內(nèi)容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一個最恰當?shù)膯卧~。注意：每個空格只填一個單詞。

How to Make the Most of Your Time

Time management is important in our daily life. There never seems to be enough hours in the day to accomplish all you need to do. Here are some tips that might be of some help to you.

1. Set up a plan. Go for a week at a time， and decide the most important ones. Include things you want to accomplish. Focus mostly on the things that are important to you.

2. Control your stress. No matter what kind of pressure mounts on you， try to keep cool. Stressing out can lead to an early breakdown， which is definitely counterproductive when you have a list of things to

do. Its easier to take a 10minute break and cool off than to work all week with stress.

3. Shut your door. When working under a schedule， perform your important tasks with your door shut to get them done. This will ensure a better quality time to get what needs to be done.

4. Focus on one thing at a time. Forget trying to multitask！ You will lose concentration， and it will take you longer to accomplish what you set out to do.

5. Just say “no”. If you are constantly interrupted， and you really dont have the time to help out， just say “no”. Youre only one person， and you cant save the world by yourself！

6. Stop wasting time on the phone. While talking on the phone， keep your conversations short， and to the point and youll waste much less time.

7. Be realistic. You can only do what you can do. Dont set out to accomplish the impossible. Do your best， but keep realistic expectations of yourself.

8. Relax. The most important thing is to remember to take time to relax， and regroup. You need a break every now and then to keep working efficiently. Even if its a 10minute walk， get away from your list and get refreshed.

As families today get busier and busier， its important to your own mental health to keep things on track. Dont delay; Get your life in order now.

ThemeHow to Make the Most of Your Time

There is

some

（1）

on how to

make full

use of time

First of all， make a plan for the things you are （2） " "to do.

However much pressure you bear， you should try to keep cool; otherwise you will （3） " "down sooner or later.

Youd better be （4） " "to your tasks with your door closed in order that you can get them done （5） " .

Try one thing at a time so that you can

（6） " "on it.

You can refuse to help others without

enough time in order that you can （7） " being interrupted.

Make a brief talk on the phone so as not to （8） " "valuable time.

You should not （9） " "too much of yourself; its better to do what you can do.

Its important for you to make yourself （10） " "in daily life.

[參考答案]

1. advice 2. supposed 3. break

4. devoted / dedicated 5. efficiently

6. concentrate / focus 7. avoid 8. waste

9. expect 10. relaxed

（作者：康傳桂，海安縣李堡中學）