劉禮軍,杜萬紅,*,劉小陽,張 勇,郭 賽,羅昔金
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十兩茶提取物抗氧化型低密度脂蛋白誘導(dǎo)的內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞衰老機(jī)制研究
劉禮軍1,杜萬紅1,2*,劉小陽2,張 勇2,郭 賽1,羅昔金1
(1湖南師范大學(xué)第二附屬醫(yī)院老年病科,長沙 410003;2解放軍第163醫(yī)院老年病科,長沙 410003)
探討十兩茶提取物對氧化型低密度脂蛋白(ox-LDL)誘導(dǎo)衰老細(xì)胞模型的影響及其可能的機(jī)制。將人臍靜脈內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞(HUVECs)株于含有10%牛血清的DMEM培養(yǎng)液中培養(yǎng),使用ox-LDL孵育建立衰老細(xì)胞模型,用β?半乳糖苷酶染色法評價內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞的衰老狀態(tài),分別予以不同劑量十兩茶提取物及辛伐他汀預(yù)處理,檢測培養(yǎng)液中活性氧(ROS)、非對稱二甲基精氨酸(ADMA)、二甲基精氨酸二甲胺水解酶(DDAH)以及端粒酶活性水平。ox-LDL誘導(dǎo)的內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞衰老模型中β?半乳糖苷酶染色陽性的細(xì)胞數(shù)量顯著增加,細(xì)胞內(nèi)ROS水平、ADMA水平增強(qiáng),DDAH和端粒酶活性降低,而十兩茶提取物預(yù)處理可明顯抑制這一過程(<0.05)。十兩茶提取物在ox-LDL誘導(dǎo)的內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞衰老進(jìn)程中起抑制作用,其機(jī)制可能與降低細(xì)胞內(nèi)ROS、ADMA水平以及提高DDAH水平和端粒酶活性有關(guān)。
十兩茶提取物;內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞;衰老;抑制
十兩茶產(chǎn)于湖南安化一帶,是安化的傳統(tǒng)黑茶,又名花卷茶,因每卷茶的凈含量為過去的十兩而得名。有文獻(xiàn)報道,十兩茶提取物在動物模型中能改善血管內(nèi)皮依賴性舒張功能,并有抑制動脈粥樣斑塊形成的作用,還能顯著降低血脂和非對稱二甲基精氨酸(asymmetric dimethylarginine,ADMA)水平[1]。本實(shí)驗(yàn)使用氧化型低密度脂蛋白(oxidative low density lipoprotein,ox-LDL)誘導(dǎo)建立人臍靜脈內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞(human umbilical vein endothelial cells,HUVECs)株衰老模型[2],對模型細(xì)胞添加十兩茶提取物進(jìn)行處理,研究其在內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞衰老進(jìn)程中的作用和機(jī)制,為心血管疾病的治療和預(yù)防提供一定的依據(jù)。
HUVECs(北京腫瘤研究所);DMEM培養(yǎng)基(美國Gibco公司);辛伐他汀[3](德國默克公司);牛血清(杭州四季青公司);胰蛋白酶(美國Sigma公司);活性氧檢測試劑盒(碧云天生物研究所);十兩茶(湖南茶葉股份有限公司白沙溪茶廠)提供;倒置相差顯微鏡(日本Olympus公司)。
1.2.1 細(xì)胞培養(yǎng) HUVECs細(xì)胞用含10%牛血清的DMEM細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)液培養(yǎng),調(diào)整細(xì)胞濃度后隨機(jī)分成正常組、模型組、實(shí)驗(yàn)組和陽性藥物對照組,實(shí)驗(yàn)組再分成3個不同的劑量組,十兩茶提取物劑量分別是1.0,2.5和5.0g/L。
1.2.2 十兩茶提取物的制備及其有效成分含量測定 十兩茶研碎,置于電子天平上稱重,每克茶葉加入12ml沸水,1h后,將茶葉水緊密過濾,冷卻,采用低溫真空濃縮設(shè)備對濾液濃縮,冷凍干燥后得到十兩茶提取物。用高效液相色譜分析儀檢測兒茶酚胺含量為22.43%;紫外分光光度計(jì)檢測提取物的茶多酚含量為52.1%。
1.2.3 ox-LDL誘導(dǎo)衰老細(xì)胞模型的建立 取健康新鮮血漿,用密度梯度法制備ox-LDL[4],Lowry法測定LDL蛋白的含量,加入10mol/L 硫酸銅37℃下孵育24h,測定丙二醛含量,評價其氧化程度。將辛伐他汀用蒸餾水配成10μmol/L濃度。
1.2.4 實(shí)驗(yàn)分組及處理 將模型組、實(shí)驗(yàn)組和陽性藥物對照組加入ox-LDL誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞衰老,實(shí)驗(yàn)組加十兩茶提取物(劑量分別為1,2.5和5g/L)處理48h,陽性藥物對照組加入辛伐他汀處理。
1.2.5 觀察指標(biāo)的測定 β?半乳糖苷酶活性測定法檢測細(xì)胞衰老,化學(xué)熒光法測定細(xì)胞內(nèi)的氧自由基;測定被二甲基精氨酸二甲胺水解酶(DDAH)代謝的ADMA的量可以計(jì)算出DDAH的活性,將正常對照組的DDAH活性定為100%,其他各組的DDAH活性以與正常對照組的百分比表示[5,6];高效液相色譜法測定ADMA含量。端粒酶活性使用TRAP-銀染法測定,結(jié)果使用GelPro軟件進(jìn)行分析。
使用β?半乳糖苷酶染色法評價細(xì)胞衰老狀態(tài)。如圖1所示,β?半乳糖苷酶染色后,正常對照組僅見少量陽性細(xì)胞(圖1A),而ox-LDL(100mg/L)處理組細(xì)胞胞漿藍(lán)色沉淀著色加深,陽性細(xì)胞數(shù)明顯增多(圖1B)。加入十兩茶提取物處理后,β?半乳糖苷酶染色陽性的細(xì)胞數(shù)明顯降低,呈濃度依賴性,陽性細(xì)胞數(shù)量按照十兩茶提取物1.0,2.5和5.0g/L的濃度依次遞減(圖1C,圖1D,圖1E)。陽性藥物對照組加入10μmol/L的辛伐他汀后,也明顯抑制了β?半乳糖苷酶染色陽性細(xì)胞的增多(圖1F)。
在顯微鏡下隨機(jī)挑選5個高倍視野,在200個細(xì)胞中計(jì)數(shù)陽性細(xì)胞數(shù)量,算出陽性率,繪制成柱狀圖(圖2)。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),ox-LDL處理組與正常對照組比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(<0.01),ox-LDL處理組的陽性細(xì)胞數(shù)量遠(yuǎn)多于正常對照組。2.5和5.0g/L劑量的十兩茶提取物預(yù)處理組,β?半乳糖苷酶染色陽性細(xì)胞數(shù)呈明顯降低,并呈濃度依賴性(<0.05)。陽性藥物對照組也能顯著降低ox-LDL誘導(dǎo)的β?半乳糖苷酶陽性細(xì)胞增加(<0.05)。
ROS是細(xì)胞衰老過程中的一個重要機(jī)制。經(jīng)ox-LDL誘導(dǎo)的HUVECs細(xì)胞顯示強(qiáng)信號的熒光。而2.5和5.0g/L的十兩茶提取物預(yù)處理組和10μmol/L辛伐他汀處理組的細(xì)胞熒光信號顯著減弱,說明兩者能明顯抑制氧化應(yīng)激(表1)。
ox-LDL(100mg/L)孵育HUVECs 48h,檢測發(fā)現(xiàn)培養(yǎng)液中ADMA水平明顯增高。然而,經(jīng)2.5和5.0g/L的十兩茶提取物和10μmol/L辛伐他汀藥物處理后,細(xì)胞中由ox-LDL誘導(dǎo)增高的ADMA明顯被抑制,DDAH以及端粒酶活性的降低也顯著被抑制(表1)。
圖1 各組衰老細(xì)胞數(shù)目
Figure 1 Senescent cells number of all groups (×200)
A: control group; B: ox-LDL group; C, D, E: Shiliang tea groups (1.0, 2.5 and 5.0g/L); F: simvastatin group
圖2 十兩茶提取物對ox-LDL誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞β?半乳糖苷酶活性增加的影響
Figure 2 Effects of water extract of Shiliang tea on beta-galactosidase activity increased in ox-LDL induced cells
A: control group; B: ox-LDL group; C, D, E: Shiliang tea groups (1.0, 2.5 and 5.0g/L); F: simvastatin group. Compared with control group,**<0.01; compared with ox-LDL group,#<0.05,##<0.01
大量研究表明,動脈粥樣硬化發(fā)生發(fā)展的高危因素之一就是衰老[7]。血管細(xì)胞衰老的特征性變化與很多年齡相關(guān)性血管疾病的變化都是相符合的,這些變化包括抗衰老基因表達(dá)下調(diào),NO生物利用度降低,氧化應(yīng)激增高等等。衰老相關(guān)的心血管異常和動脈粥樣硬化的一個重要的病理生理學(xué)特征就是內(nèi)皮功能發(fā)生異常[8],很多心血管疾病中都發(fā)現(xiàn)有血管內(nèi)皮功能的紊亂;體外實(shí)驗(yàn)中發(fā)現(xiàn),一些損傷因素如ox-LDL能導(dǎo)致內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞加速衰老,研究也發(fā)現(xiàn)ox-LDL濃度依賴性地上調(diào)內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞血凝素ox-LDL受體-1的表達(dá),激活凋亡信號,最終導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞的凋亡,而辛伐他汀在降脂作用外還可以降低血漿ox-LDL濃度,調(diào)節(jié)大鼠動脈內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞的ROS和ADMA水平,從而抵抗ox-LDL誘導(dǎo)的HUVECs衰老,且其作用呈濃度依賴性[9?11]。本實(shí)驗(yàn)用ox-LDL誘導(dǎo)產(chǎn)生衰老細(xì)胞模型,使用辛伐他汀處理組作為陽性藥物對照組。
表1 十兩茶提取物對ox-LDL誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞ROS、ADMA、DDAH、端粒酶活性水平的影響
ROS: reactive oxygen species; ADMA: asymmetric dimethylarginine; DDAH: dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase. Compared with control group,**<0.01; compared with ox-LDL group,#<0.05,##<0.01
茶葉具有抗衰老作用,因其富含多酚類化合物[12],其單體成分表沒食子兒茶素和沒食子酸酯能延緩神經(jīng)元衰老。產(chǎn)于湖南安化的十兩茶是黑茶的一種,有文獻(xiàn)報道十兩茶提取物在動物模型中有改善血管內(nèi)皮依賴性舒張功能的作用,還能降低血脂和ADMA水平[1]。本實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明,十兩茶提取物對ox-LDL所誘導(dǎo)的內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞β?半乳糖苷酶的活性有抑制作用,提示十兩茶提取物能夠抑制ox-LDL誘導(dǎo)的內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞衰老。
研究發(fā)現(xiàn),ADMA水平增加與衰老密切相關(guān)[13]。很多老年人血管內(nèi)膜增厚,球囊擴(kuò)張引起血管損傷時內(nèi)膜會發(fā)生增生,兩者是類似的,而在球囊損傷血管內(nèi)膜后再生的內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞內(nèi)發(fā)現(xiàn)ADMA水平增加[14]。ADMA水平增加還出現(xiàn)在傳代誘導(dǎo)的衰老內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞內(nèi),另外,常規(guī)培養(yǎng)內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞后,加入外源性ADMA能直接加速內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞衰老,其原因可能是ADMA誘導(dǎo)了氧化應(yīng)激[15,16],端粒酶可以維持端粒的穩(wěn)定性,當(dāng)端粒酶缺乏或者失活時,端粒DNA不能得到及時的修復(fù),細(xì)胞從而走向衰老和死亡。綜上所述,ADMA、ROS、端粒酶活性是細(xì)胞衰老過程中的重要調(diào)節(jié)因子,而十兩茶提取物通過對這些因子的調(diào)節(jié)可以對ox-LDL誘導(dǎo)的內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞衰老過程起抑制作用。
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(編輯: 周宇紅)
Effect of Shiliang tea extracts on ox-LDL-induced senescence in endothelial cells and underlying mechanism
LIU Li-Jun1, DU Wan-Hong1, 2*, LIU Xiao-Yang2, ZHANG Yong2, GUO Sai1, LUO Xi-Jin1
(1Department of Geriatrics, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410003, China;2Department of Geriatrics, Chinese PLA Hospital No.163, Changsha 410003, China)
To determine the effect of the extract of Shiliang tea (atraditional tea from Anhua county, Hunan Province, China) on the senescence cells induced by oxidized low density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) and investigate the underlying potential mechanism.Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were cultured in the DMEM containing 10% bovine serum, and then treated with ox-LDL to establish the model of senescent cells. β-galactose glucoside enzyme staining was used to evaluate the senescence of the endothelial cells. Simvastatin (10μmol/L, positive control) and different doses of the extract of Shiliang tea (1.0,2.5 and 5.0g/L) were used to treat the cells before ox-LDL inducement. The levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), and the activities of dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase (DDAH) and telomerase in culture medium were detected.In the senescence model of the endothelial cells induced by ox-LDL, the amount of positive cells of β-galactose glucoside enzyme staining was significantly increased, the levels of ROS and ADMA were enhanced, and the activities of DDAH and telomerase were reduced. However, the pretreatment of the extract of Shiliang tea restrained the process apparently (<0.05).The extract of Shiliang tea plays a restraining role in the senescence process of endothelial cells induced by ox-LDL, which might be through reducing the levels of ROS and ADMA and improving the activities of DDAH and telomerase.
extract of Shiliang tea; endothelial cells; senescence; inhibition
R363
A
10.11915/j.issn.1671-5403.2015.02.033
2014?10?29;
2015?01?16
杜萬紅, E-mail: duge@263.net