宋祺佼+王宇飛+齊曄
摘要
本文以國(guó)家發(fā)展和改革委員會(huì)公布的兩批低碳試點(diǎn)城市(共36個(gè))為研究對(duì)象,基于其2005-2011年間的單位GDP的CO2排放和人均CO2排放數(shù)據(jù)總結(jié)其碳排放水平,從區(qū)域分布、經(jīng)濟(jì)水平和人口規(guī)模三個(gè)方面分析了全國(guó)范圍內(nèi)低碳試點(diǎn)城市的碳排放現(xiàn)狀。通過“十一五”期間碳減排成效和“十二五”期間碳減排目標(biāo)兩個(gè)方面分析了低碳試點(diǎn)城市的碳排放現(xiàn)狀,并推測(cè)了低碳試點(diǎn)城市2015年的碳排放水平。研究顯示,“十一五”期間低碳試點(diǎn)城市單位GDP的CO2排放和人均CO2排放均高于全國(guó)平均水平。2011年低碳試點(diǎn)城市單位GDP的CO2排放和人均CO2排放均高于各城市所在省份的平均水平。低碳試點(diǎn)城市單位GDP的CO2排放平均水平從東部到西部逐漸升高。人均收入高于全國(guó)平均水平的低碳試點(diǎn)城市中92%的城市的人均CO2排放高于全國(guó)水平。而隨著城市常住人口規(guī)模的擴(kuò)大,試點(diǎn)城市單位GDP的CO2排放逐漸降低,人均CO2排放卻隨著城市常住人口規(guī)模的擴(kuò)大呈U型分布,其中大型城市的人均CO2排放水平最低。同時(shí)通過與同類地區(qū)對(duì)比分析,研究表明試點(diǎn)城市的低碳工作成效和減碳目標(biāo)普遍優(yōu)于同類地區(qū)。除直轄市外,32個(gè)低碳試點(diǎn)城市中28個(gè)城市2010-2011年單位GDP的CO2排放下降幅度和2015年單位GDP的CO2排放節(jié)能目標(biāo)高于所在省份。在城鎮(zhèn)化速度繼續(xù)增加和經(jīng)濟(jì)總量保持上升的趨勢(shì)下,到2015年低碳試點(diǎn)城市單位GDP的CO2排放雖然下降,但人均CO2水平仍呈上升趨勢(shì)。我國(guó)的低碳試點(diǎn)城市建設(shè)任重道遠(yuǎn)。
關(guān)鍵詞低碳試點(diǎn)城市;碳排放;單位GDP的CO2排放;人均CO2排放
中圖分類號(hào) ?F293文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼A文章編號(hào)1002-2104(2015)01-0078-05doi:103969/jissn1002-2104201501011
2010年,國(guó)家發(fā)改委確定了廣東、遼寧、湖北、陜西、云南五個(gè)省份以及天津、重慶、深圳、廈門、杭州、南昌、貴陽(yáng)、保定八個(gè)城市作為第一批低碳試點(diǎn)省市。2012年又確定了海南省及包括北京、上海、石家莊等在內(nèi)的28個(gè)城市作為低碳試點(diǎn)省市。兩批試點(diǎn)分布在全國(guó)24個(gè)省、自治區(qū)和直轄市,其中人口約占全國(guó)的185%,GDP約占全國(guó)的33%(基于2011年統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù))。由于我國(guó)幅員遼闊,各地經(jīng)濟(jì)水平、地理?xiàng)l件、能源資源稟賦、人文歷史等存在差異,各個(gè)城市有自身的低碳發(fā)展特征,很難用同樣的方法幫助所有的地區(qū)實(shí)現(xiàn)低碳發(fā)展。因此,分析總結(jié)各個(gè)低碳試點(diǎn)城市當(dāng)前的碳排放水平,了解低碳試點(diǎn)城市的碳排放情況,對(duì)于開展因地制宜的低碳城市建設(shè)有重要意義。
1已有研究基礎(chǔ)
當(dāng)前對(duì)于低碳試點(diǎn)城市建設(shè)的評(píng)估主要集中于低碳建設(shè)工作總結(jié)和城市碳排放影響因素測(cè)度兩個(gè)方面。莊貴陽(yáng)總結(jié)得出低碳試點(diǎn)城市通過尋求地域平衡來(lái)獲得在同等地區(qū)的示范帶頭作用和形成自己獨(dú)特的發(fā)展思路,并從碳生產(chǎn)力、排放水平和資源稟賦三個(gè)方面比較了第一批低碳試點(diǎn)省市的優(yōu)劣[1]。丁丁等通過研究低碳試點(diǎn)省市的工作進(jìn)展,總結(jié)出當(dāng)前低碳試點(diǎn)工作取得兩個(gè)進(jìn)展和三個(gè)不足:建立多樣化的低碳發(fā)展保障與長(zhǎng)效機(jī)制和因地制宜地探索不同發(fā)展模式;存在低碳發(fā)展認(rèn)識(shí)尚未統(tǒng)一,低碳發(fā)展目標(biāo)不夠先進(jìn)和低碳發(fā)展的落實(shí)力度不夠[2]。在低碳試點(diǎn)城市碳排放影響因素測(cè)度上,劉竹等通過脫鉤理論分析了第一批低碳試點(diǎn)省份碳排放和經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的關(guān)系,總結(jié)得出碳排放對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的依賴程度仍較高,在未來(lái)很長(zhǎng)一段時(shí)間內(nèi)將呈增長(zhǎng)趨勢(shì)[3]。劉健等通過STIRPAT模型以第一批五個(gè)試點(diǎn)省份為對(duì)象分析了人口規(guī)模、城市化水平、富裕度、產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)和能源強(qiáng)度對(duì)碳排放的影響,試圖總結(jié)這些省份的低碳發(fā)展路徑[4]。曹桂香以低碳城市南昌為例,將資源耗減價(jià)值、資源生態(tài)退化損失、環(huán)境降級(jí)損失以及資源環(huán)境改善收益等要素加入到GDP核算中測(cè)算低碳試點(diǎn)城市的綠色經(jīng)濟(jì)水平[5]。
當(dāng)前對(duì)低碳試點(diǎn)的現(xiàn)狀分析,多集中在對(duì)低碳規(guī)劃的總結(jié)、低碳經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展及其影響因素的探討上,以城市為單位、有大量數(shù)據(jù)支撐的研究都還十分缺乏。本文基于36個(gè)低碳試點(diǎn)城市的碳排放數(shù)據(jù),分析評(píng)估碳排放現(xiàn)狀,摸清碳排放基礎(chǔ),為政府下一階段的低碳試點(diǎn)工作開展提供依據(jù)和支撐。
宋祺佼等:中國(guó)低碳試點(diǎn)城市的碳排放現(xiàn)狀
中國(guó)人口·資源與環(huán)境2015年第1期
2低碳試點(diǎn)城市碳排放水平分析
本文在總結(jié)36個(gè)低碳試點(diǎn)城市的碳排放基本情況的基礎(chǔ)上,從區(qū)域分布、經(jīng)濟(jì)水平和人口規(guī)模三個(gè)角度對(duì)低碳試點(diǎn)城市的碳排放現(xiàn)狀進(jìn)行分析。
21低碳試點(diǎn)城市的碳排放水平高于全國(guó)平均水平
城市碳排放水平是城市低碳發(fā)展的前提和基石,清晰、準(zhǔn)確地把握我國(guó)城市宏觀層面碳排放特征對(duì)我國(guó)政府出臺(tái)低碳發(fā)展規(guī)劃決策和地方制定低碳城市戰(zhàn)略具有非常重要的意義[6]。根據(jù)國(guó)家和各城市公布的2005-2010年的GDP數(shù)據(jù)、單位GDP能耗數(shù)據(jù)以及城市常住人口數(shù)據(jù),“十一五”期間全國(guó)低碳試點(diǎn)城市的單位GDP CO2排放的平均水平為322 t CO2/萬(wàn)元,高于全國(guó)306 t CO2/萬(wàn)元平均水平;全國(guó)低碳試點(diǎn)城市的人均CO2排放的平均水平為996 t CO2/人,高于同期全國(guó)596 t CO2/人的平均水平。單位GDP的CO2排放平均水平和人均CO2排放量均高于全國(guó)平均水平。
22低碳試點(diǎn)城市地域分布平衡,具有示范性
不同地區(qū)的城市有不同的資源稟賦和低碳發(fā)展情況,碳排放評(píng)估需考慮地區(qū)差異,與同類地區(qū)比較更具有參考價(jià)值。以2011年為例,對(duì)東中西部的低碳試點(diǎn)城市的單位GDP的CO2排放平均水平和人均CO2排放平均水平與同地區(qū)省份的平均水平進(jìn)行比較(地區(qū)生產(chǎn)總值按2010年價(jià)格)。東中西部的低碳城市2011年單位GDP的CO2排放分別為196 t CO2/萬(wàn)元,282 t CO2/萬(wàn)元和327 t CO2/萬(wàn)元(見圖1),均高于各低碳試點(diǎn)城市所在省份的平均水平。東中西部低碳試點(diǎn)城市的人均CO2排放2011年分別是1334 t CO2/人,1143 t CO2/人和1202 t CO2/人 (見圖2),均高于各低碳試點(diǎn)城市所在省份的平均水平。同時(shí)可以看出,東中西部三個(gè)區(qū)域低碳試點(diǎn)城市的碳排放水平差異較大,從東部到西部逐漸升高。而這種情況的產(chǎn)生與我國(guó)當(dāng)前的區(qū)域能源供需現(xiàn)狀相關(guān)。東部地區(qū)能耗低的一個(gè)重要原因是東部地區(qū)進(jìn)口了大量的隱含能。也就是說(shuō),中西部的能耗高是由于它們生產(chǎn)了大量的高能耗產(chǎn)品,而這些產(chǎn)品大部分是為東部地區(qū)服務(wù)的,從經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)達(dá)區(qū)域到經(jīng)濟(jì)落后的地區(qū)呈現(xiàn)“碳轉(zhuǎn)移”現(xiàn)象[7]。
23低碳試點(diǎn)城市人均收入水平、人均CO2排放與全國(guó)情況一致
根據(jù)世界銀行2010年劃分不同國(guó)家和地區(qū)的貧富程度標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(按2010年年平均匯率折合1人民幣約等于667美元計(jì)算),人均收入小于28萬(wàn)元為低收入城市,大于等于28萬(wàn)元且小于86萬(wàn)元為中等收入城市,大于86萬(wàn)元為高等收入城市??梢钥闯?,在人均GDP收入高中低的城市中均有低碳試點(diǎn)城市的分布,人均GDP收入高于全國(guó)平均水平(35萬(wàn)元/人)的低碳試點(diǎn)城市有26個(gè),除景德鎮(zhèn)人均CO2排放為667 t CO2/人和溫州人均CO2為666 t CO2/人,其余24個(gè)城市的人均CO2排放均高于全國(guó)平均水平(72 tCO2/人)(圖3)。
圖1分區(qū)域低碳試點(diǎn)城市2011年單位GDP的CO2排放情況
Fig1CO2 emissions per unit of GDP of lowcarbon pilot cities in different regions in 2011
圖2分區(qū)域低碳試點(diǎn)城市2011年人均CO2排放情況
Fig2CO2 emissions per capita of lowcarbon pilot cities in different regions in 2011
圖3按人均收入低碳試點(diǎn)城市2011年人均CO2排放情況
Fig3CO2 emissions per capita in lowcarbon pilot cities
in
2011 based on different income levels
24在不同人口規(guī)模城市中均有低碳試點(diǎn)城市分布
我國(guó)當(dāng)前尚未對(duì)城市規(guī)模在立法層面有清晰的界定,根據(jù)《中國(guó)中小城市發(fā)展報(bào)告(2010):中國(guó)中小城市綠色發(fā)展之路》中對(duì)城市規(guī)模的分類,即城市常住人口在50萬(wàn)以下為小型城市,50-100萬(wàn)為中等城市,100-300萬(wàn)為大型城市,300-1 000萬(wàn)的為特大城市,1 000萬(wàn)以上的為巨大城市[8]。以2011年低碳試點(diǎn)城市常住人口數(shù)據(jù)劃分城市規(guī)模,其中小型城市只有金昌,占低碳試點(diǎn)城市的28%,中等城市有大興安嶺和濟(jì)源,占低碳試點(diǎn)城市的56%,大型城市包括池州和南平等共7個(gè)城市,占低碳試點(diǎn)城市的194%,特大城市包括秦皇島和武漢等共18個(gè)城市,占低碳試點(diǎn)城市的50%,巨大城市包括深圳、北京和重慶等在內(nèi)共8個(gè)城市,占低碳試點(diǎn)城市的222%(表1)。
從表2可以看到,隨著城市常住人口規(guī)模的增大,城市的單位GDP的CO2排放降低,小型城市的單位GDP的CO2排放均值最高,為464 t CO2/萬(wàn)元;巨大城市的單位GDP的CO2排放均值最低,為188 t CO2/萬(wàn)元。而城市的人均CO2排放卻隨著城市常住人口規(guī)模的增大呈U型分布。大型城市人均CO2排放水平達(dá)到最低值,為1021 t CO2/人。通過分析可以看到,城市的單位GDP CO2排放隨著城市人口規(guī)模的擴(kuò)大而減少,城市的人均CO2排放并沒有隨著城市人口的增加而降低。
3同類地區(qū)低碳試點(diǎn)城市的碳排放分析
31試點(diǎn)城市的低碳工作成效普遍優(yōu)于同類地區(qū)
低碳試點(diǎn)城市政策始于2010年,測(cè)算2010-2011年間低碳試點(diǎn)城市和所在省份的單位GDP的CO2排放下降幅度,評(píng)估其政策執(zhí)行效果和低碳工作成效并進(jìn)行比較分析。除去北京、上海、天津和重慶4個(gè)直轄市,其余32個(gè)低碳試點(diǎn)城市2010-2011年單位GDP的CO2排放下降幅度普遍優(yōu)于所在省份的單位GDP的CO2排放下降幅度。32個(gè)試點(diǎn)城市中有28個(gè)城市的單位GDP的CO2排放下降幅度高于所在省份,占總數(shù)的875%。其中景德鎮(zhèn),遵義,烏魯木齊,武漢和大興安嶺分別比所在省份單位GDP的CO2排放下降幅度高出2447%,2043%,1944%,1912%和1817%,而金昌,晉城,保定和呼倫貝爾分別低于所在省份單位GDP的CO2排放下降幅度的909%,033%,018%和003%。
32試點(diǎn)城市減碳目標(biāo)普遍高于同類地區(qū)
根據(jù)國(guó)家“十二五”節(jié)能減排綜合性工作方案和各低碳試點(diǎn)城市的“十二五”節(jié)能減排綜合性工作方案、“十二五”經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展規(guī)劃和“十二五”能源發(fā)展規(guī)劃等文件,分析低碳試點(diǎn)城市和所在省份2015年單位GDP的CO2排放節(jié)能目標(biāo)。除4個(gè)直轄市,大部分低碳試點(diǎn)城市(28個(gè))的2015年單位GDP的CO2排放節(jié)能目標(biāo)高于所在省份,占32個(gè)城市的875%。其中金昌、南昌、深圳、南平和昆明分別比所在省份公布的2015年單位GDP的CO2排放節(jié)能目標(biāo)高出10%,7%,4%,3%和3%,鎮(zhèn)江,廣元,保定均低于所在省份2015年單位GDP的CO2排放節(jié)能目標(biāo)的1%,而廈門則低于福建省目標(biāo)的6%。
4低碳試點(diǎn)城市碳排放的未來(lái)發(fā)展趨勢(shì)
結(jié)合各城市“十二五”規(guī)劃中對(duì)人口、城鎮(zhèn)化、經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展水平的目標(biāo)設(shè)定,以2011年為基準(zhǔn)年,計(jì)算2015年低碳試點(diǎn)城市單位GDP的CO2排放和人均CO2排放的情況。到2015年,低碳試點(diǎn)城市單位GDP的CO2排放平均水平為220 t CO2/萬(wàn)元,比2010年平均水平降低了063 t CO2/萬(wàn)元。所有低碳試點(diǎn)城市的單位GDP的CO2排放均較2010年有所下降。2015年36個(gè)低碳試點(diǎn)城市中北京、深圳、廣州的單位GDP的CO2排放最低,分別為100 t CO2/萬(wàn)元,104 t CO2/萬(wàn)元和121 t CO2/萬(wàn)元,濟(jì)源、烏魯木齊和金昌的單位GDP的CO2排放最高,分別為438 t CO2/萬(wàn)元,429 t CO2/萬(wàn)元和371 t CO2/萬(wàn)元。
根據(jù)低碳試點(diǎn)城市“十二五”國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展規(guī)劃,預(yù)測(cè)2015年單位GDP的CO2排放情況。到2015年,同“十一五”期間城市本身的單位GDP的CO2排放相比均有下降。結(jié)合各低碳試點(diǎn)城市的“十二五”發(fā)展規(guī)劃以及城鎮(zhèn)化速度,在國(guó)家戰(zhàn)略統(tǒng)籌GDP年增長(zhǎng)率為7%的速度下,2015年低碳試點(diǎn)城市的人均CO2排放均上升。盡管各低碳試點(diǎn)城市的單位GDP的CO2排放逐步下降,但是由于經(jīng)濟(jì)總量保持上升趨勢(shì),人均CO2排放仍呈上升趨勢(shì)。低碳試點(diǎn)城市2015年人均CO2排放平均水平從2010年的1157 t CO2/人增長(zhǎng)到1358 t CO2/人,其中贛州、廣元和大興安嶺人均CO2排放在36個(gè)城市中最低,分別為291 t CO2/人,479 t CO2/人和640 t CO2/人,濟(jì)源、烏魯木齊和蘇州人均CO2排放在36個(gè)城市中最高,分別為2453 tCO2/人,2848 t CO2/人和3037 t CO2/人。
5總結(jié)和展望
首先,36個(gè)低碳試點(diǎn)城市“十一五”期間的單位GDP的CO2排放和人均CO2排放與全國(guó)平均水平相當(dāng)。低碳試點(diǎn)城市分布于東、中、西部三個(gè)地區(qū),人均GDP收入水平分布于低、中和高三個(gè)層面,人口規(guī)模分布于小型、中等、大型和特大及巨大五個(gè)類別。低碳試點(diǎn)城市在全國(guó)不同區(qū)域、不同經(jīng)濟(jì)水平和不同人口規(guī)模的城市中具有代表性。其次,低碳試點(diǎn)城市2010-2011年的單位GDP的CO2排放下降幅度和“十二五”期間單位GDP的CO2排放節(jié)能目標(biāo)均普遍優(yōu)于同類地區(qū)。低碳試點(diǎn)城市的低碳工作成效在同類地區(qū)呈現(xiàn)出先進(jìn)性。最后,在城鎮(zhèn)化速度繼續(xù)增加和經(jīng)濟(jì)總量保持上升的趨勢(shì)下,到2015年低碳試點(diǎn)城市的單位GDP的CO2排放雖然下降,但人均CO2水平仍呈上升趨勢(shì)。低碳試點(diǎn)城市建設(shè)任重道遠(yuǎn)。
(編輯:劉照勝)
參考文獻(xiàn)(References)
[1]莊貴陽(yáng).低碳試點(diǎn)城市低碳發(fā)展指標(biāo)比較[J].中國(guó)建設(shè)信息,2010,(21):36-39.[Zhuang Guiyang Comparison of Low Carbon Pilot City Low Carbon Development Indicators in Carbon Pilot Cities[J] Information of China Construction, 2010,(21): 36-39]
[2]丁丁,楊秀.我國(guó)低碳發(fā)展試點(diǎn)工作進(jìn)展分析及政策建議[J].經(jīng)濟(jì)研究參考,2013,(43):92-96.[Ding Ding, Yang Xiu Analysis on Chinas Lowcarbon Pilot Cities Development and Policy Recommendations[J] Economic Research Reference, 2013,(43): 92-96]
[3]劉竹,耿涌,薛冰,等.中國(guó)低碳試點(diǎn)省份經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)與碳排放關(guān)系研究[J].資源科學(xué),2011,(4):620-625.[Liu Zhu, Geng Yong, Xue Bing, et al Relationships between Economic Growth and CO2 Emissions for Lowcarbon Pilot Provinces in China[J] Resources Science, 2011,(4): 620-625]
[4]劉健,王潤(rùn),孫艷偉,等.中國(guó)低碳試點(diǎn)省份發(fā)展路徑研究[J].中國(guó)人口·資源與環(huán)境,2012,22(3):56-62.[Liu Jian, Wang Run, Sun Yanwei, et al Analysis of Development Path for Lowcarbon Pilot Provinces in China[J] China Population, Resources and Environment, 2012(03): 56-62]
[5]曹桂香.低碳試點(diǎn)城市的綠色GDP核算研究[D]. 北京:中國(guó)地質(zhì)大學(xué)(北京),2013.[Cao Guixiang Research on Green GDP Accounting of Lowcarbon Pilot Cities[D]Beijing: China University of Geosciences (Beijing),2013]
[6]譚峰.低碳城市規(guī)劃:中國(guó)城市低碳發(fā)展的探索[J].環(huán)境經(jīng)濟(jì),2011,(6):68-69.[Tan Feng Lowcarbon City Planning: Exploration of Chinas Lowcarbon Cities Development[J] Environmental Economy, 2011,(6): 68-69]
[7]Qi Y, Li H, Wu T Interpreting Chinas Carbon Flows[J] Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 2013, 110(28): 11122-11221
[8]中小城市綠皮書·中國(guó)中小城市發(fā)展報(bào)告(2010):中小城市綠色發(fā)展之路[M].北京:社會(huì)科學(xué)文獻(xiàn)出版社,2010.[Annual Report on Development of Small and Mediumsized Cities in China(2010)[M]Beijing:Social Science Academic Press, 2010]
Study on Present Status of Carbon Emissions in Chinas Lowcarbon Pilot Cities
SONG QijiaoWANG YufeiQI Ye
(School of Public Policy and Management, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China)
AbstractIn this study, we investigated CO2 emissions levels in 36 cities, which are national pilot cities for lowcarbon development announced by the National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) Based on CO2 emissions per unit of GDP and CO2 emissions per capita data during 2005-2011, we summarized the carbon emissions level of the lowcarbon pilot cities and evaluated the carbon emissions from the perspective of regional distribution, economic development and urban population scale Their decrease range of CO2 emission reduction during the ‘11th Five Year Plan Period and future targets of CO2 emission reduction during the ‘12th Five Year Plan Period was compared with provinces where the cities locate Furthermore, the paper measured the CO2 emission levels of lowcarbon pilot cities in 2015 Results reveal that CO2 emissions per unit of GDP and CO2 emissions per capita of lowcarbon pilot cities were both higher than those of the national average level during the ‘11th Five Year Plan Period Lowcarbon pilot cities CO2 emissions per unit of GDP and CO2 emissions per capita in 2011 were both higher than those of their comparable areas and the CO2 emissions per unit of GDP gradually rises from east to west 92% of the lowcarbon pilot cities whose per capita income were higher than the national average, have a higher CO2 emissions per capita than the national average With the increase of urban resident population scale, pilot cities CO2 emissions per unit of GDP gradually reduced, nevertheless, their CO2 emissions per capita was ‘Utype distribution at the lowest point in large scale cities Results show that pilot cities lowcarbon performances and future carbon reduction targets are better than their belonged provinces Expect 4 Municipalities, there are 28 pilot cities whose decrease range of CO2 emission reduction and future targets of CO2 emission reduction in 2010-2011 were higher than their provinces This paper also measured the CO2 emission levels of lowcarbon pilot cities in 2015 based on the population, urbanization and economy development goals in the “12th Five Year Plan” Period, with 2001 as the base year The result shows that with the growth of urbanization and economy, CO2 emissions per unit of GDP of lowcarbon pilot cities would decrease, but CO2 emissions per capita levels are still on the rise It still has a challenge that those lowcarbon cities would undergone a high CO2 emission process
Key wordslowcarbon pilot cities; CO2 emissions; CO2 per unit GDP; CO2 per capita
5總結(jié)和展望
首先,36個(gè)低碳試點(diǎn)城市“十一五”期間的單位GDP的CO2排放和人均CO2排放與全國(guó)平均水平相當(dāng)。低碳試點(diǎn)城市分布于東、中、西部三個(gè)地區(qū),人均GDP收入水平分布于低、中和高三個(gè)層面,人口規(guī)模分布于小型、中等、大型和特大及巨大五個(gè)類別。低碳試點(diǎn)城市在全國(guó)不同區(qū)域、不同經(jīng)濟(jì)水平和不同人口規(guī)模的城市中具有代表性。其次,低碳試點(diǎn)城市2010-2011年的單位GDP的CO2排放下降幅度和“十二五”期間單位GDP的CO2排放節(jié)能目標(biāo)均普遍優(yōu)于同類地區(qū)。低碳試點(diǎn)城市的低碳工作成效在同類地區(qū)呈現(xiàn)出先進(jìn)性。最后,在城鎮(zhèn)化速度繼續(xù)增加和經(jīng)濟(jì)總量保持上升的趨勢(shì)下,到2015年低碳試點(diǎn)城市的單位GDP的CO2排放雖然下降,但人均CO2水平仍呈上升趨勢(shì)。低碳試點(diǎn)城市建設(shè)任重道遠(yuǎn)。
(編輯:劉照勝)
參考文獻(xiàn)(References)
[1]莊貴陽(yáng).低碳試點(diǎn)城市低碳發(fā)展指標(biāo)比較[J].中國(guó)建設(shè)信息,2010,(21):36-39.[Zhuang Guiyang Comparison of Low Carbon Pilot City Low Carbon Development Indicators in Carbon Pilot Cities[J] Information of China Construction, 2010,(21): 36-39]
[2]丁丁,楊秀.我國(guó)低碳發(fā)展試點(diǎn)工作進(jìn)展分析及政策建議[J].經(jīng)濟(jì)研究參考,2013,(43):92-96.[Ding Ding, Yang Xiu Analysis on Chinas Lowcarbon Pilot Cities Development and Policy Recommendations[J] Economic Research Reference, 2013,(43): 92-96]
[3]劉竹,耿涌,薛冰,等.中國(guó)低碳試點(diǎn)省份經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)與碳排放關(guān)系研究[J].資源科學(xué),2011,(4):620-625.[Liu Zhu, Geng Yong, Xue Bing, et al Relationships between Economic Growth and CO2 Emissions for Lowcarbon Pilot Provinces in China[J] Resources Science, 2011,(4): 620-625]
[4]劉健,王潤(rùn),孫艷偉,等.中國(guó)低碳試點(diǎn)省份發(fā)展路徑研究[J].中國(guó)人口·資源與環(huán)境,2012,22(3):56-62.[Liu Jian, Wang Run, Sun Yanwei, et al Analysis of Development Path for Lowcarbon Pilot Provinces in China[J] China Population, Resources and Environment, 2012(03): 56-62]
[5]曹桂香.低碳試點(diǎn)城市的綠色GDP核算研究[D]. 北京:中國(guó)地質(zhì)大學(xué)(北京),2013.[Cao Guixiang Research on Green GDP Accounting of Lowcarbon Pilot Cities[D]Beijing: China University of Geosciences (Beijing),2013]
[6]譚峰.低碳城市規(guī)劃:中國(guó)城市低碳發(fā)展的探索[J].環(huán)境經(jīng)濟(jì),2011,(6):68-69.[Tan Feng Lowcarbon City Planning: Exploration of Chinas Lowcarbon Cities Development[J] Environmental Economy, 2011,(6): 68-69]
[7]Qi Y, Li H, Wu T Interpreting Chinas Carbon Flows[J] Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 2013, 110(28): 11122-11221
[8]中小城市綠皮書·中國(guó)中小城市發(fā)展報(bào)告(2010):中小城市綠色發(fā)展之路[M].北京:社會(huì)科學(xué)文獻(xiàn)出版社,2010.[Annual Report on Development of Small and Mediumsized Cities in China(2010)[M]Beijing:Social Science Academic Press, 2010]
Study on Present Status of Carbon Emissions in Chinas Lowcarbon Pilot Cities
SONG QijiaoWANG YufeiQI Ye
(School of Public Policy and Management, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China)
AbstractIn this study, we investigated CO2 emissions levels in 36 cities, which are national pilot cities for lowcarbon development announced by the National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) Based on CO2 emissions per unit of GDP and CO2 emissions per capita data during 2005-2011, we summarized the carbon emissions level of the lowcarbon pilot cities and evaluated the carbon emissions from the perspective of regional distribution, economic development and urban population scale Their decrease range of CO2 emission reduction during the ‘11th Five Year Plan Period and future targets of CO2 emission reduction during the ‘12th Five Year Plan Period was compared with provinces where the cities locate Furthermore, the paper measured the CO2 emission levels of lowcarbon pilot cities in 2015 Results reveal that CO2 emissions per unit of GDP and CO2 emissions per capita of lowcarbon pilot cities were both higher than those of the national average level during the ‘11th Five Year Plan Period Lowcarbon pilot cities CO2 emissions per unit of GDP and CO2 emissions per capita in 2011 were both higher than those of their comparable areas and the CO2 emissions per unit of GDP gradually rises from east to west 92% of the lowcarbon pilot cities whose per capita income were higher than the national average, have a higher CO2 emissions per capita than the national average With the increase of urban resident population scale, pilot cities CO2 emissions per unit of GDP gradually reduced, nevertheless, their CO2 emissions per capita was ‘Utype distribution at the lowest point in large scale cities Results show that pilot cities lowcarbon performances and future carbon reduction targets are better than their belonged provinces Expect 4 Municipalities, there are 28 pilot cities whose decrease range of CO2 emission reduction and future targets of CO2 emission reduction in 2010-2011 were higher than their provinces This paper also measured the CO2 emission levels of lowcarbon pilot cities in 2015 based on the population, urbanization and economy development goals in the “12th Five Year Plan” Period, with 2001 as the base year The result shows that with the growth of urbanization and economy, CO2 emissions per unit of GDP of lowcarbon pilot cities would decrease, but CO2 emissions per capita levels are still on the rise It still has a challenge that those lowcarbon cities would undergone a high CO2 emission process
Key wordslowcarbon pilot cities; CO2 emissions; CO2 per unit GDP; CO2 per capita
5總結(jié)和展望
首先,36個(gè)低碳試點(diǎn)城市“十一五”期間的單位GDP的CO2排放和人均CO2排放與全國(guó)平均水平相當(dāng)。低碳試點(diǎn)城市分布于東、中、西部三個(gè)地區(qū),人均GDP收入水平分布于低、中和高三個(gè)層面,人口規(guī)模分布于小型、中等、大型和特大及巨大五個(gè)類別。低碳試點(diǎn)城市在全國(guó)不同區(qū)域、不同經(jīng)濟(jì)水平和不同人口規(guī)模的城市中具有代表性。其次,低碳試點(diǎn)城市2010-2011年的單位GDP的CO2排放下降幅度和“十二五”期間單位GDP的CO2排放節(jié)能目標(biāo)均普遍優(yōu)于同類地區(qū)。低碳試點(diǎn)城市的低碳工作成效在同類地區(qū)呈現(xiàn)出先進(jìn)性。最后,在城鎮(zhèn)化速度繼續(xù)增加和經(jīng)濟(jì)總量保持上升的趨勢(shì)下,到2015年低碳試點(diǎn)城市的單位GDP的CO2排放雖然下降,但人均CO2水平仍呈上升趨勢(shì)。低碳試點(diǎn)城市建設(shè)任重道遠(yuǎn)。
(編輯:劉照勝)
參考文獻(xiàn)(References)
[1]莊貴陽(yáng).低碳試點(diǎn)城市低碳發(fā)展指標(biāo)比較[J].中國(guó)建設(shè)信息,2010,(21):36-39.[Zhuang Guiyang Comparison of Low Carbon Pilot City Low Carbon Development Indicators in Carbon Pilot Cities[J] Information of China Construction, 2010,(21): 36-39]
[2]丁丁,楊秀.我國(guó)低碳發(fā)展試點(diǎn)工作進(jìn)展分析及政策建議[J].經(jīng)濟(jì)研究參考,2013,(43):92-96.[Ding Ding, Yang Xiu Analysis on Chinas Lowcarbon Pilot Cities Development and Policy Recommendations[J] Economic Research Reference, 2013,(43): 92-96]
[3]劉竹,耿涌,薛冰,等.中國(guó)低碳試點(diǎn)省份經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)與碳排放關(guān)系研究[J].資源科學(xué),2011,(4):620-625.[Liu Zhu, Geng Yong, Xue Bing, et al Relationships between Economic Growth and CO2 Emissions for Lowcarbon Pilot Provinces in China[J] Resources Science, 2011,(4): 620-625]
[4]劉健,王潤(rùn),孫艷偉,等.中國(guó)低碳試點(diǎn)省份發(fā)展路徑研究[J].中國(guó)人口·資源與環(huán)境,2012,22(3):56-62.[Liu Jian, Wang Run, Sun Yanwei, et al Analysis of Development Path for Lowcarbon Pilot Provinces in China[J] China Population, Resources and Environment, 2012(03): 56-62]
[5]曹桂香.低碳試點(diǎn)城市的綠色GDP核算研究[D]. 北京:中國(guó)地質(zhì)大學(xué)(北京),2013.[Cao Guixiang Research on Green GDP Accounting of Lowcarbon Pilot Cities[D]Beijing: China University of Geosciences (Beijing),2013]
[6]譚峰.低碳城市規(guī)劃:中國(guó)城市低碳發(fā)展的探索[J].環(huán)境經(jīng)濟(jì),2011,(6):68-69.[Tan Feng Lowcarbon City Planning: Exploration of Chinas Lowcarbon Cities Development[J] Environmental Economy, 2011,(6): 68-69]
[7]Qi Y, Li H, Wu T Interpreting Chinas Carbon Flows[J] Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 2013, 110(28): 11122-11221
[8]中小城市綠皮書·中國(guó)中小城市發(fā)展報(bào)告(2010):中小城市綠色發(fā)展之路[M].北京:社會(huì)科學(xué)文獻(xiàn)出版社,2010.[Annual Report on Development of Small and Mediumsized Cities in China(2010)[M]Beijing:Social Science Academic Press, 2010]
Study on Present Status of Carbon Emissions in Chinas Lowcarbon Pilot Cities
SONG QijiaoWANG YufeiQI Ye
(School of Public Policy and Management, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China)
AbstractIn this study, we investigated CO2 emissions levels in 36 cities, which are national pilot cities for lowcarbon development announced by the National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) Based on CO2 emissions per unit of GDP and CO2 emissions per capita data during 2005-2011, we summarized the carbon emissions level of the lowcarbon pilot cities and evaluated the carbon emissions from the perspective of regional distribution, economic development and urban population scale Their decrease range of CO2 emission reduction during the ‘11th Five Year Plan Period and future targets of CO2 emission reduction during the ‘12th Five Year Plan Period was compared with provinces where the cities locate Furthermore, the paper measured the CO2 emission levels of lowcarbon pilot cities in 2015 Results reveal that CO2 emissions per unit of GDP and CO2 emissions per capita of lowcarbon pilot cities were both higher than those of the national average level during the ‘11th Five Year Plan Period Lowcarbon pilot cities CO2 emissions per unit of GDP and CO2 emissions per capita in 2011 were both higher than those of their comparable areas and the CO2 emissions per unit of GDP gradually rises from east to west 92% of the lowcarbon pilot cities whose per capita income were higher than the national average, have a higher CO2 emissions per capita than the national average With the increase of urban resident population scale, pilot cities CO2 emissions per unit of GDP gradually reduced, nevertheless, their CO2 emissions per capita was ‘Utype distribution at the lowest point in large scale cities Results show that pilot cities lowcarbon performances and future carbon reduction targets are better than their belonged provinces Expect 4 Municipalities, there are 28 pilot cities whose decrease range of CO2 emission reduction and future targets of CO2 emission reduction in 2010-2011 were higher than their provinces This paper also measured the CO2 emission levels of lowcarbon pilot cities in 2015 based on the population, urbanization and economy development goals in the “12th Five Year Plan” Period, with 2001 as the base year The result shows that with the growth of urbanization and economy, CO2 emissions per unit of GDP of lowcarbon pilot cities would decrease, but CO2 emissions per capita levels are still on the rise It still has a challenge that those lowcarbon cities would undergone a high CO2 emission process
Key wordslowcarbon pilot cities; CO2 emissions; CO2 per unit GDP; CO2 per capita