摘要揭示城鎮(zhèn)化進(jìn)程中的關(guān)鍵影響因素及其作用路徑,對(duì)于實(shí)施我國(guó)“十二五”時(shí)期經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展規(guī)劃中的城鎮(zhèn)化戰(zhàn)略,實(shí)現(xiàn)經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)的健康發(fā)展,有著重要的現(xiàn)實(shí)意義?;谌丝诔擎?zhèn)化、經(jīng)濟(jì)城鎮(zhèn)化和社會(huì)城鎮(zhèn)化等三個(gè)緯度的城鎮(zhèn)化度量指標(biāo),再加上考察城鎮(zhèn)化影響因素的諸多變量難以尋找單一數(shù)據(jù)指標(biāo)進(jìn)行衡量,使得傳統(tǒng)計(jì)量方法進(jìn)行城鎮(zhèn)化關(guān)鍵影響因素的分析存在一定局限性。本文在城鎮(zhèn)化影響機(jī)制理論的基礎(chǔ)上,基于結(jié)構(gòu)方程模型方法,采用全國(guó)282個(gè)地級(jí)城市的統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù),對(duì)我國(guó)城鎮(zhèn)化的影響因素及其效應(yīng)進(jìn)行實(shí)證分析,探求推進(jìn)我國(guó)城鎮(zhèn)化進(jìn)程的關(guān)鍵影響因素及其效應(yīng)。研究結(jié)果表明,要素投入、消費(fèi)需求、金融深化、空間聚集、人口素質(zhì)和政府作用等因素對(duì)于城鎮(zhèn)化的發(fā)展都發(fā)揮了積極作用;要素投入、人口素質(zhì)和空間聚集等經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展因素可以促進(jìn)城鎮(zhèn)化程度的提高,并有顯著的影響;而政府作用、消費(fèi)需求和金融深化對(duì)城鎮(zhèn)化程度也有正向的作用,但目前的數(shù)據(jù)顯示,其影響水平并不顯著。從總體上講,生產(chǎn)要素的投入是促進(jìn)城鎮(zhèn)化的根本因素。而2002年與2011年數(shù)據(jù)對(duì)比分析結(jié)果顯示,城鎮(zhèn)的人口素質(zhì)和城鎮(zhèn)的空間聚集效應(yīng)等在城鎮(zhèn)化進(jìn)程中也逐步發(fā)揮了關(guān)鍵作用。據(jù)此,建議決策當(dāng)局在制定和實(shí)施城鎮(zhèn)化戰(zhàn)略時(shí),應(yīng)根據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)模型所展現(xiàn)的路徑關(guān)系和城鎮(zhèn)化進(jìn)程中的內(nèi)部路徑機(jī)理,協(xié)同使用相關(guān)的政策及各項(xiàng)因素的促進(jìn)激勵(lì)措施,優(yōu)先保證內(nèi)生驅(qū)動(dòng)因素作用的有效發(fā)揮。
關(guān)鍵詞城鎮(zhèn)化;結(jié)構(gòu)方程模型;影響路徑;效應(yīng)分析
中圖分類(lèi)號(hào)F061.3 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼文章編號(hào)1002-2104(2014)12-0117-08doi:103969/jissn1002-2104201412016
若以非農(nóng)人口占社會(huì)人口的比率作為城鎮(zhèn)化率的衡量指標(biāo),我國(guó)的城鎮(zhèn)化率從1978年的17.92%發(fā)展到2012年的52.57%, 城鎮(zhèn)人口數(shù)量超過(guò)了農(nóng)業(yè)人口數(shù)量,與世界銀行數(shù)據(jù)公布的2012年世界平均城市化率53%的水平相當(dāng)。誠(chéng)然,社會(huì)人口向城鎮(zhèn)轉(zhuǎn)移確實(shí)是城鎮(zhèn)化的一項(xiàng)內(nèi)容,是實(shí)現(xiàn)城鎮(zhèn)化的一項(xiàng)重要任務(wù),是考察城鎮(zhèn)化的一項(xiàng)重要指標(biāo),但將城鎮(zhèn)化僅僅歸結(jié)為人口比率這一點(diǎn),就是以偏概全了[1]。其實(shí),城鎮(zhèn)化的內(nèi)涵非常豐富,它不僅是一個(gè)地區(qū)人口性質(zhì)的變化,而應(yīng)該全面體現(xiàn)該地區(qū)的人口城鎮(zhèn)化、經(jīng)濟(jì)城鎮(zhèn)化以及社會(huì)城鎮(zhèn)化等多項(xiàng)指標(biāo)。這三個(gè)指標(biāo)是本文對(duì)城鎮(zhèn)化程度概念的界定。
衡量城鎮(zhèn)化程度的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是多指標(biāo)的,而影響城鎮(zhèn)化進(jìn)程的因素也是復(fù)雜多樣的。這些影響因素包括了經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展?fàn)顩r、人口素質(zhì)、政府作用、經(jīng)濟(jì)制度等多個(gè)層面。分析這些層面的因素對(duì)城鎮(zhèn)化進(jìn)程的作用機(jī)制是一個(gè)復(fù)雜的系統(tǒng)性問(wèn)題,需要用更加科學(xué)的方法加以論證,這是本文研究的理論價(jià)值。而且,城鎮(zhèn)化作為我國(guó)“十二五”時(shí)期經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的一個(gè)重要戰(zhàn)略,揭示城鎮(zhèn)化進(jìn)程中的關(guān)鍵因素及其作用路徑,對(duì)于經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)的健康發(fā)展,有著重要的現(xiàn)實(shí)意義。
1文獻(xiàn)綜述
中國(guó)城鎮(zhèn)化快速發(fā)展的歸因,一直是學(xué)術(shù)界關(guān)注的焦點(diǎn)。學(xué)者們分別從要素投入、人口素質(zhì)、政府作用、金融深化、空間聚集、經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展與消費(fèi)需求等對(duì)城鎮(zhèn)化進(jìn)程的影響進(jìn)行了研究。①要素投入是經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)的驅(qū)動(dòng)因素,也是城鎮(zhèn)化發(fā)展的主要因素?;A(chǔ)設(shè)施的建設(shè)不僅是資金、土地等要素的投入,同時(shí)由于經(jīng)濟(jì)環(huán)境的改善而吸引大量外部資本的投入。王志剛等[2]、衛(wèi)興華等[3]和戴永安[4]等學(xué)者將這種高增長(zhǎng)歸因于資本要素投入的高增長(zhǎng)。張光南等[5]認(rèn)為城鎮(zhèn)化程度低的國(guó)家需要更高的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施投入比例。劉生龍[6]認(rèn)為基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施存在外部性,基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的現(xiàn)代化將會(huì)繼續(xù)加速我國(guó)的城鎮(zhèn)化,從而形成未來(lái)我國(guó)持續(xù)、穩(wěn)定高增長(zhǎng)的強(qiáng)大動(dòng)力。②人口素質(zhì)是投資的結(jié)果,也是人力資本積累量的體現(xiàn)。在索洛的擴(kuò)展增長(zhǎng)理論中,人力資本與物質(zhì)資本和勞動(dòng)作為經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)的三大投入要素。趙秋成[7]認(rèn)為人口素質(zhì)低下制約了中西部地區(qū)的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展。李德煌等[8]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)人力資本和技術(shù)進(jìn)步正逐漸成為我國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)的主要影響因素,勞動(dòng)力數(shù)量對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)的影響在逐漸減弱,而提高人口素質(zhì),才能促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)的可持續(xù)發(fā)展。③金融深化程度持續(xù)影響城鎮(zhèn)化的進(jìn)程。蒙蔭莉[9]研究表明金融深化與城鎮(zhèn)化存在雙向因果關(guān)系。楊勝剛等[10]發(fā)現(xiàn)金融深化與城鎮(zhèn)化發(fā)展具有長(zhǎng)期的均衡關(guān)系,盡管短期影響并不顯著。政府通過(guò)政策調(diào)整、制度創(chuàng)新等影響城鎮(zhèn)化進(jìn)程。④政府在推動(dòng)城鎮(zhèn)化中的作用。中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)前沿課題組[11]認(rèn)為政府通過(guò)公共基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施投資的擴(kuò)張,推動(dòng)了城鎮(zhèn)化和區(qū)域經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng),政府的土地財(cái)政,對(duì)城鎮(zhèn)化有直接加速效應(yīng)。但如果政府財(cái)政收支結(jié)構(gòu)和籌資方式不能轉(zhuǎn)變的話,則城鎮(zhèn)的可持續(xù)發(fā)展就會(huì)面臨挑戰(zhàn)。李強(qiáng)等[12]發(fā)現(xiàn)中國(guó)城鎮(zhèn)化的突出特征是政府主導(dǎo)、大范圍規(guī)劃、整體推動(dòng)、土地的國(guó)家或集體所有等。 ⑤空間集聚加速了城鎮(zhèn)化速度。葛立成[13]揭示了產(chǎn)業(yè)空間集聚的指向、類(lèi)型與城鎮(zhèn)化推進(jìn)方式、擴(kuò)張形態(tài)之間的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系,實(shí)證分析了產(chǎn)業(yè)空間集聚與城鎮(zhèn)化的空間關(guān)聯(lián)性。朱英明[14]認(rèn)為產(chǎn)業(yè)空間集聚引致的城鎮(zhèn)化經(jīng)濟(jì)與規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)的增長(zhǎng)顯著正相關(guān)。⑥消費(fèi)需求作為經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)的三駕馬車(chē)之一,一方面會(huì)因經(jīng)濟(jì)的增長(zhǎng)而加大城鎮(zhèn)化建設(shè)的資本投入。另一方面,消費(fèi)需求也促進(jìn)了城鎮(zhèn)化的擴(kuò)張。王國(guó)剛[15]認(rèn)為加大消費(fèi)性投資的價(jià)格效應(yīng)和產(chǎn)能效應(yīng),加大消費(fèi)性投資與城市政府的財(cái)力關(guān)系,深化體制機(jī)制創(chuàng)新等會(huì)促進(jìn)城鎮(zhèn)經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展。⑦經(jīng)濟(jì)的不同發(fā)展階段決定了城鎮(zhèn)化的水平。中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)與宏觀穩(wěn)定課題組[16]發(fā)現(xiàn)各國(guó)的城鎮(zhèn)化隨著人均GDP 的增長(zhǎng)而提高。王小魯[17]認(rèn)為城鎮(zhèn)化水平與經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展水平等因素有關(guān)。汪段泳等[18]認(rèn)為城市化的發(fā)展與地方經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展水平和勞動(dòng)力遷移密切相關(guān),中國(guó)城市化進(jìn)程中的一個(gè)顯著特征是區(qū)域差異非常明顯,其根源是在國(guó)內(nèi)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展水平不同的各地區(qū),影響城市化發(fā)展的諸因素之發(fā)育程度及所起作用不同。
總之,上述文獻(xiàn)對(duì)于城鎮(zhèn)化經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的影響因素作了理論分析或?qū)嵶C研究,對(duì)本文的進(jìn)一步研究提供了豐富的借鑒。但大多數(shù)文獻(xiàn)探討的是某一二個(gè)因素與城鎮(zhèn)化發(fā)展的關(guān)系,并且對(duì)城鎮(zhèn)化影響因素的效應(yīng)分析較少涉及。
本文采用結(jié)構(gòu)方程模型的方法,通過(guò)其因果分析與路徑分析的功能,對(duì)以人口城鎮(zhèn)化、經(jīng)濟(jì)城鎮(zhèn)化以及社會(huì)城鎮(zhèn)化作為被解釋變量,上述七個(gè)方面因素作為解釋變量所構(gòu)成的經(jīng)濟(jì)系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)及其影響機(jī)制進(jìn)行探索,期望能夠揭示我國(guó)城鎮(zhèn)化的關(guān)鍵影響因素及其作用路徑,進(jìn)而給出相關(guān)的政策建議。
馬孝先:中國(guó)城鎮(zhèn)化的關(guān)鍵影響因素及其效應(yīng)分析中國(guó)人口·資源與環(huán)境2014年第12期2假設(shè)推演
結(jié)構(gòu)方程模型(Structural Equation Modeling, SEM)是一項(xiàng)重要的多元線性統(tǒng)計(jì)建模技術(shù)。它基于變量的協(xié)方差矩陣來(lái)分析變量之間關(guān)系,具有同時(shí)處理多個(gè)相關(guān)因變量、同時(shí)估計(jì)因子結(jié)構(gòu)及因子關(guān)系、可對(duì)模型擬合程度進(jìn)行整體估計(jì)等三個(gè)優(yōu)點(diǎn),并且允許數(shù)據(jù)估計(jì)存在誤差,是各學(xué)科尤其是經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)領(lǐng)域多元分析的重要工具。城鎮(zhèn)化發(fā)展系統(tǒng)就是一個(gè)涉及主體眾多、關(guān)系復(fù)雜的復(fù)雜系統(tǒng),采用結(jié)構(gòu)方程模型研究城鎮(zhèn)化發(fā)展系統(tǒng)是一項(xiàng)有益的探索。結(jié)構(gòu)方程模型方法的一般研究思路是先根據(jù)經(jīng)濟(jì)理論設(shè)定模型,然后進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià)與修正。
(1)要素投入。經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)的發(fā)展首先需要各種生產(chǎn)要素的投入,而要素投入包括勞動(dòng)人口、資本投入、土地投入等方面。人口的集聚是城鎮(zhèn)形成與發(fā)展的重要?jiǎng)恿?,人口的不斷集聚和城?zhèn)的規(guī)模擴(kuò)張存在循環(huán)推動(dòng)作用;城鎮(zhèn)化實(shí)際上是經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換與升級(jí)過(guò)程,這一過(guò)程的核心問(wèn)題是區(qū)域的工業(yè)化過(guò)程,這個(gè)過(guò)程導(dǎo)致對(duì)資金的強(qiáng)烈需求。一方面,工業(yè)化特別是農(nóng)村工業(yè)化需要足夠的資金積累用于發(fā)展制造業(yè)及相關(guān)的資金密集、周轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)間長(zhǎng)的基礎(chǔ)產(chǎn)業(yè)和基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)。另一方面,城鎮(zhèn)化要為農(nóng)村人口的轉(zhuǎn)移提供足夠的城鎮(zhèn)基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施,城鎮(zhèn)要成為現(xiàn)代化經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的中心就需要建設(shè)現(xiàn)代化設(shè)施,發(fā)展現(xiàn)代服務(wù)業(yè),這些都需要足夠的資金投入;社會(huì)人口的非農(nóng)轉(zhuǎn)移所產(chǎn)生的住房、交通等設(shè)施的需求都指向了土地供應(yīng)的增加,土地也是擴(kuò)大生產(chǎn)規(guī)模的關(guān)鍵要素。上述三個(gè)方面生產(chǎn)要素的投入都會(huì)積極推進(jìn)城鎮(zhèn)化進(jìn)程,生產(chǎn)要素投入影響城鎮(zhèn)化進(jìn)程的假設(shè)如下:
β是結(jié)果潛在變量η的系數(shù)矩陣,也是結(jié)果潛在變量間的通徑系數(shù)矩陣;Γ是原因潛變量ξ的系數(shù)矩陣,也是原因潛在變量對(duì)相應(yīng)內(nèi)源潛在變量的通徑系數(shù)矩陣;ζ為殘差,是模式內(nèi)未能解釋的部分。
3.2數(shù)據(jù)的選取
基于結(jié)構(gòu)方程模型對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)樣本的要求及數(shù)據(jù)的可得性,本文選擇全國(guó)282個(gè)地級(jí)市作為研究樣本(包括省會(huì)城鎮(zhèn),但不包括直轄市和拉薩市等)。數(shù)據(jù)取自2002年與2011年中國(guó)城市統(tǒng)計(jì)年鑒,具體數(shù)據(jù)根據(jù)研究變量的不同取自于城鎮(zhèn)區(qū)數(shù)據(jù)或全城區(qū)數(shù)據(jù)。
3.3城鎮(zhèn)化影響因素測(cè)量指標(biāo)的選取
城鎮(zhèn)化程度潛變量用人口城鎮(zhèn)化指標(biāo)、經(jīng)濟(jì)城鎮(zhèn)化指標(biāo)和社會(huì)城鎮(zhèn)化指標(biāo)三個(gè)顯變量進(jìn)行考察。人口城鎮(zhèn)化指標(biāo)采用區(qū)域內(nèi)城鎮(zhèn)常住人口總數(shù)除以區(qū)域內(nèi)的社會(huì)人口總數(shù)(采用此指標(biāo)測(cè)算的結(jié)果與國(guó)家統(tǒng)計(jì)局的統(tǒng)計(jì)結(jié)果相當(dāng)。而若采用戶(hù)籍人口數(shù)據(jù)測(cè)算的話,這一比例大約有10%的差異)。經(jīng)濟(jì)城鎮(zhèn)化指標(biāo)采用非農(nóng)產(chǎn)值比率顯變量考察,即用區(qū)域內(nèi)的二、三產(chǎn)業(yè)產(chǎn)值除以區(qū)域內(nèi)的GDP總值。社會(huì)城鎮(zhèn)化主要指居民的生活方式和社會(huì)治理模式的城鎮(zhèn)化,其難以找到絕對(duì)代表性的指標(biāo),鑒于數(shù)據(jù)的可得性,采用人均可支配收入觀測(cè);經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展這個(gè)潛變量用城鎮(zhèn)的GDP數(shù)據(jù)和人均GDP數(shù)據(jù)兩個(gè)顯變量進(jìn)行觀測(cè)。
城鎮(zhèn)化影響因素潛變量為要素投入、消費(fèi)需求、金融深化、空間聚集、人口素質(zhì)和政府作用。要素投入潛變量通過(guò)土地投入、勞動(dòng)力投入、資本投入進(jìn)行觀測(cè)。土地投入指標(biāo)采用各城鎮(zhèn)建成區(qū)面積數(shù)據(jù)觀測(cè),勞動(dòng)力投入指標(biāo)采用市區(qū)非農(nóng)從業(yè)人員數(shù)觀測(cè),資本投入用固定資產(chǎn)投入數(shù)據(jù)代替;消費(fèi)需求潛變量用居民消費(fèi)傾向、影院與劇院數(shù)量、百人擁有的藏書(shū)量、移動(dòng)電話用戶(hù)數(shù)和互聯(lián)網(wǎng)用戶(hù)數(shù)進(jìn)行觀測(cè),度量居民在文化娛樂(lè)等方面的消費(fèi)滿足情況。消費(fèi)傾向指標(biāo)用社會(huì)平均消費(fèi)數(shù)量除以社會(huì)平均收入水平表示;金融深化潛變量用貸款深度、存款深度和儲(chǔ)蓄深度三個(gè)顯變量進(jìn)行觀測(cè)。金融深化就是放開(kāi)利率管制,取消信貸配給制,實(shí)行金融適度自由化。通過(guò)儲(chǔ)蓄效應(yīng)、投資效應(yīng)、就業(yè)效應(yīng)、收入分配效應(yīng)等,促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展。貸款深度、存款深度和儲(chǔ)蓄深度反應(yīng)了金融深化程度的三個(gè)主要側(cè)面,其測(cè)度指標(biāo)分別采用貸款總額、存款總額和儲(chǔ)蓄總額與GDP的比值確定;空間聚集潛變量用人口密度、人均道路面積和綠地面積三個(gè)顯變量進(jìn)行觀測(cè);人口素質(zhì)潛變量采用身體素質(zhì)與科學(xué)技術(shù)素質(zhì)兩個(gè)指標(biāo)觀測(cè)。身體素質(zhì)指標(biāo)用平均預(yù)期壽命度量,科學(xué)技術(shù)素質(zhì)指標(biāo)用大學(xué)畢業(yè)生比例度量;政府作用潛變量采用財(cái)政支出占GDP的比例與財(cái)政收入占GDP的比例進(jìn)行觀測(cè)。
3.4數(shù)據(jù)處理與信度檢驗(yàn)
由于各個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)的單位不同,首先需要對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)指標(biāo)進(jìn)行無(wú)量綱化處理。無(wú)量綱化處理常用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化或均值化方法,而最常使用的是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化方法。但標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化方法處理后的各指標(biāo)均值都為0,標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差都為1,它只反映了各指標(biāo)之間的相互影響,在無(wú)量綱化的同時(shí)也抹殺了各指標(biāo)之間變異程度上的差異。因此,標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化方法并不適用于多指標(biāo)系統(tǒng)的綜合評(píng)價(jià)。而經(jīng)過(guò)均值化方法處理的各指標(biāo)數(shù)據(jù)構(gòu)成的協(xié)方差矩陣既可以反映原始數(shù)據(jù)中各指標(biāo)變異程度上的差異,也包含各指標(biāo)相互影響程度差異的信息。因此,本文采用均值化無(wú)量綱處理方法。
因?yàn)閿?shù)據(jù)涉及范圍廣,統(tǒng)計(jì)口徑多,為確保數(shù)據(jù)的有效性,對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行了信度、效度檢驗(yàn),采用SPSS20.0 進(jìn)行信度分析,統(tǒng)計(jì)分析結(jié)果表明所采用的數(shù)據(jù)有良好的信度。模型總體及各潛變量的信度統(tǒng)計(jì)指標(biāo)見(jiàn)表1。
4結(jié)論與啟示
本文以人口城鎮(zhèn)化、經(jīng)濟(jì)城鎮(zhèn)化和社會(huì)城鎮(zhèn)化三個(gè)層面度量城鎮(zhèn)化程度,在研究城鎮(zhèn)化進(jìn)程影響機(jī)制理論的基礎(chǔ)上,探討了要素投入、消費(fèi)需求、金融深化、空間聚集、人口素質(zhì)和政府作用等對(duì)城鎮(zhèn)化進(jìn)程的影響,根據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)方程模型的檢驗(yàn)結(jié)果,得到了它們對(duì)城鎮(zhèn)化進(jìn)程的影響程度。研究結(jié)果表明,要素投入、人口素質(zhì)和空間聚集等經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展因素可以促進(jìn)城鎮(zhèn)化程度的提高。與此同時(shí),政府作用、消費(fèi)需求和金融深化對(duì)城鎮(zhèn)化進(jìn)程也有正向作用,但目前數(shù)據(jù)顯示,其影響水平并不顯著,這些因素對(duì)于城鎮(zhèn)化的發(fā)展都發(fā)揮了積極的作用。從總體上講,生產(chǎn)要素的投入以及經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展是促進(jìn)城鎮(zhèn)化的根本因素。而城鎮(zhèn)的人口素質(zhì)和城鎮(zhèn)的空間聚集效應(yīng)等在城鎮(zhèn)化進(jìn)程中的也逐步發(fā)揮了關(guān)鍵作用。
通過(guò)上述城鎮(zhèn)化影響因素及其作用機(jī)制的研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)了城鎮(zhèn)化的關(guān)鍵影響因素及其影響路徑,這對(duì)于我國(guó)的城鎮(zhèn)化建設(shè)具有以下幾點(diǎn)啟示:
第一,要素投入。客觀認(rèn)識(shí)生產(chǎn)要素對(duì)城鎮(zhèn)化進(jìn)程的根本作用,勞動(dòng)人口、資本投入、土地投入是城鎮(zhèn)化進(jìn)程的根本要素。勞動(dòng)人口的集聚是城鎮(zhèn)形成與發(fā)展的重要?jiǎng)恿?,資本投入是城鎮(zhèn)化的保障,土地投入是城鎮(zhèn)化的基礎(chǔ)。這三個(gè)要素的投入需要協(xié)調(diào)進(jìn)行,才能最大程度地推進(jìn)城鎮(zhèn)化進(jìn)程。
第二,人口素質(zhì)。人口素質(zhì)在社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展中起著主導(dǎo)作用,世界已經(jīng)進(jìn)入知識(shí)化、信息化時(shí)代,經(jīng)濟(jì)的增長(zhǎng)不再靠一般的人力資源來(lái)推動(dòng),主要靠科學(xué)技術(shù)發(fā)展來(lái)推動(dòng),而人口素質(zhì)是科技創(chuàng)新的源動(dòng)力。我國(guó)是目前世界上城鎮(zhèn)化速度最快的國(guó)家,人口素質(zhì)將越來(lái)越成為推動(dòng)城鎮(zhèn)化建設(shè)的最主要因素,消除經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展過(guò)程中的人口素質(zhì)瓶頸,合理調(diào)整城鎮(zhèn)人口布局,形成支撐城鎮(zhèn)化建設(shè)的人口數(shù)量和質(zhì)量。人口素質(zhì)對(duì)城鎮(zhèn)化的影響已經(jīng)得到了實(shí)證檢驗(yàn)。
第三,金融支持??焖俚某擎?zhèn)化進(jìn)程帶來(lái)了對(duì)資源環(huán)境、社會(huì)保障、基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施、公共服務(wù)設(shè)施等巨大的投資需求和消費(fèi)需求,政府財(cái)政無(wú)法滿足,需要強(qiáng)有力的金融支持。金融業(yè)的發(fā)展水平和規(guī)模決定著現(xiàn)代工業(yè)和現(xiàn)代服務(wù)業(yè)發(fā)展的水平和規(guī)模,進(jìn)而決定著城鎮(zhèn)化的水平。由于城鎮(zhèn)建設(shè)項(xiàng)目普遍具有超前性、社會(huì)性、公益性,并且投入量大、沉淀成本高、需求彈性小等特點(diǎn)。因此,應(yīng)充分發(fā)揮中長(zhǎng)期金融機(jī)構(gòu)的信貸支持,完善基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施資產(chǎn)證券化運(yùn)行的制度基礎(chǔ),提高基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施投資基金管理專(zhuān)業(yè)性,推行市政債券市場(chǎng)化融資手段的逐步實(shí)施。
第四,政府作用。政府通過(guò)財(cái)政支出,對(duì)城鎮(zhèn)化進(jìn)程的總效應(yīng)達(dá)到了0.799,但其顯著水平并沒(méi)有得到驗(yàn)證。這說(shuō)明可能財(cái)政支出比重提高的作用較大,但由于財(cái)政支出是一個(gè)長(zhǎng)期累積的過(guò)程,其顯著水平的體現(xiàn)也需要一個(gè)持續(xù)的過(guò)程。當(dāng)然,由于經(jīng)濟(jì)系統(tǒng)運(yùn)行的相關(guān)性、復(fù)雜性,政府作用也有可能通過(guò)其它影響得以體現(xiàn)或部分體現(xiàn)。
第五,空間集聚水平。與理論預(yù)期相同,城鎮(zhèn)的空間集聚水平可以顯著提高城鎮(zhèn)化水平,空間集聚水平效應(yīng)達(dá)到了0.299。城鎮(zhèn)的區(qū)位條件和初始發(fā)展水平、城鎮(zhèn)規(guī)模等都會(huì)影響城鎮(zhèn)的產(chǎn)業(yè)聚集水平和空間聚集效應(yīng)。但城鎮(zhèn)人口規(guī)模在不同的城鎮(zhèn)化階段,存在正反兩個(gè)方面的影響,因此,城鎮(zhèn)布局與城鎮(zhèn)規(guī)模也需要平衡發(fā)展。
第六,消費(fèi)需求的拉動(dòng)作用。城鎮(zhèn)化建設(shè)拉動(dòng)了居民的消費(fèi)需求,這是眾所周知的。反過(guò)來(lái),農(nóng)業(yè)人口向城鎮(zhèn)遷移,農(nóng)村人口的消費(fèi)方式由鄉(xiāng)村模式轉(zhuǎn)化為城鎮(zhèn)模式的消費(fèi)升級(jí),也推動(dòng)了城鎮(zhèn)化進(jìn)程。雖然目前消費(fèi)需求對(duì)城鎮(zhèn)化的影響還不顯著,但隨著城鎮(zhèn)化進(jìn)程的推進(jìn),這個(gè)拉動(dòng)作用將越來(lái)越顯著。
總之,城鎮(zhèn)化建設(shè)取決于上述多個(gè)因素的共同作用,決策當(dāng)局在制定和實(shí)施城鎮(zhèn)化戰(zhàn)略時(shí),建議根據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)模型所展現(xiàn)的路徑關(guān)系,協(xié)同使用相關(guān)的政策及各項(xiàng)因素的促進(jìn)激勵(lì)措施,避免作用相互抵消,可使城鎮(zhèn)化進(jìn)程取得最大程度的效果;同時(shí),建議基于城鎮(zhèn)化進(jìn)程中的內(nèi)部路徑機(jī)理,匹配性地采取措施保證驅(qū)動(dòng)因素作用的有效發(fā)揮。當(dāng)然,采用結(jié)構(gòu)方程模型探討城鎮(zhèn)化的影響因素,還有許多方面值得進(jìn)一步研究。如采用面板數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行探討,可以獲取更多的數(shù)據(jù)信息,對(duì)于政策的制定會(huì)提供更大的參考價(jià)值。
(編輯:劉呈慶)
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Analysis on the Key Influence Factors of Urbanization and Its Effects in China
MA Xiaoxian
(College of Finance, Shandong University of Finance and Economics, Jinan Shandong 250014,China)
AbstractAs part of the ‘twelfth five-year plan of the economic development in China, urbanization is an important strategy. It is of great practical significance for the healthy operation of the economy and the society to find out the key influential factors and the resulting effects of the urbanization process. There are some limitations for the traditional statistical methods to examine the relevant influential factors because of the difficulties in the measurement of urbanization with the multiple dimensions of economic urbanization, population urbanization and social urbanization and in the setting of a single indicator to represent multiple variables of a number of influential factors. Based on the study of the influence mechanism theory of urbanization and the structural equation model method, this paper collects nearly 10 years of statistical data of 282 cities in China and analyses empirically the critical influential factors of urbanization and its effects. The results show that the process of urbanization can be promoted by many economic development factors including the input of the factors of production, the consumer demand, the deepening of finance, the spatial clustering, the educational quality of people, and the role of the government, among which the input of the factors of production, the educational quality of people and the spatial clustering appear to have significant influence, while the role of the government, the consumer demand and the deepening of finance appear to have positive influence but the level of influence is not significant. Generally speaking, the input of factors of production is the basic factor in the promotion of the urbanization. The comparison of the data of 2002 and 2011 shows that urban population quality and urban space aggregation effects gradually play more critical roles in the urbanization process. We suggest that decision-making authorities should make collaborative use of relevant policies and the incentive measures of various promotion factors according to the path relationships and the internal path mechanisms shown by the structural model and take measures to ensure the effective roles of the endogenous driving factors.
Key wordsurbanization; structural equation model; path of influence; effect analysis
[18]汪段泳,朱農(nóng). 中國(guó)城市化發(fā)展決定因素的地區(qū)差異[J].中國(guó)人口·資源與環(huán)境, 2007,17(1):66-71.[Wang Duanyong, Zhu Nong. Regional Differences in Chinas Urbanization and Its Determinants[J].China Population, Resources and Environment, 2007, 17(1):66-71.]
Analysis on the Key Influence Factors of Urbanization and Its Effects in China
MA Xiaoxian
(College of Finance, Shandong University of Finance and Economics, Jinan Shandong 250014,China)
AbstractAs part of the ‘twelfth five-year plan of the economic development in China, urbanization is an important strategy. It is of great practical significance for the healthy operation of the economy and the society to find out the key influential factors and the resulting effects of the urbanization process. There are some limitations for the traditional statistical methods to examine the relevant influential factors because of the difficulties in the measurement of urbanization with the multiple dimensions of economic urbanization, population urbanization and social urbanization and in the setting of a single indicator to represent multiple variables of a number of influential factors. Based on the study of the influence mechanism theory of urbanization and the structural equation model method, this paper collects nearly 10 years of statistical data of 282 cities in China and analyses empirically the critical influential factors of urbanization and its effects. The results show that the process of urbanization can be promoted by many economic development factors including the input of the factors of production, the consumer demand, the deepening of finance, the spatial clustering, the educational quality of people, and the role of the government, among which the input of the factors of production, the educational quality of people and the spatial clustering appear to have significant influence, while the role of the government, the consumer demand and the deepening of finance appear to have positive influence but the level of influence is not significant. Generally speaking, the input of factors of production is the basic factor in the promotion of the urbanization. The comparison of the data of 2002 and 2011 shows that urban population quality and urban space aggregation effects gradually play more critical roles in the urbanization process. We suggest that decision-making authorities should make collaborative use of relevant policies and the incentive measures of various promotion factors according to the path relationships and the internal path mechanisms shown by the structural model and take measures to ensure the effective roles of the endogenous driving factors.
Key wordsurbanization; structural equation model; path of influence; effect analysis
[18]汪段泳,朱農(nóng). 中國(guó)城市化發(fā)展決定因素的地區(qū)差異[J].中國(guó)人口·資源與環(huán)境, 2007,17(1):66-71.[Wang Duanyong, Zhu Nong. Regional Differences in Chinas Urbanization and Its Determinants[J].China Population, Resources and Environment, 2007, 17(1):66-71.]
Analysis on the Key Influence Factors of Urbanization and Its Effects in China
MA Xiaoxian
(College of Finance, Shandong University of Finance and Economics, Jinan Shandong 250014,China)
AbstractAs part of the ‘twelfth five-year plan of the economic development in China, urbanization is an important strategy. It is of great practical significance for the healthy operation of the economy and the society to find out the key influential factors and the resulting effects of the urbanization process. There are some limitations for the traditional statistical methods to examine the relevant influential factors because of the difficulties in the measurement of urbanization with the multiple dimensions of economic urbanization, population urbanization and social urbanization and in the setting of a single indicator to represent multiple variables of a number of influential factors. Based on the study of the influence mechanism theory of urbanization and the structural equation model method, this paper collects nearly 10 years of statistical data of 282 cities in China and analyses empirically the critical influential factors of urbanization and its effects. The results show that the process of urbanization can be promoted by many economic development factors including the input of the factors of production, the consumer demand, the deepening of finance, the spatial clustering, the educational quality of people, and the role of the government, among which the input of the factors of production, the educational quality of people and the spatial clustering appear to have significant influence, while the role of the government, the consumer demand and the deepening of finance appear to have positive influence but the level of influence is not significant. Generally speaking, the input of factors of production is the basic factor in the promotion of the urbanization. The comparison of the data of 2002 and 2011 shows that urban population quality and urban space aggregation effects gradually play more critical roles in the urbanization process. We suggest that decision-making authorities should make collaborative use of relevant policies and the incentive measures of various promotion factors according to the path relationships and the internal path mechanisms shown by the structural model and take measures to ensure the effective roles of the endogenous driving factors.
Key wordsurbanization; structural equation model; path of influence; effect analysis